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What changed in Nuburu, Inc.'s 10-K — 2024 vs 2025

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Paragraph-level year-over-year comparison of Nuburu, Inc.'s 2024 and 2025 10-K annual filings, covering the Business, Risk Factors, Legal Proceedings, Cybersecurity, MD&A and Market Risk sections. Every new, removed and edited paragraph is highlighted side-by-side so you can see exactly what management changed in the 2025 report.

+487 added−296 removedSource: 10-K (2026-03-31) vs 10-K (2025-04-15)

Top changes in Nuburu, Inc.'s 2025 10-K

487 paragraphs added · 296 removed · 114 edited across 9 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

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Biggest changeWe view our human capital investments as crucial for our success; however, we have had to implement furloughs of employees during the year ended December 31, 2024 due to lack of funding as described in greater detail below. None of our employees are either represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement.
Biggest changeEmployees and Human Capital As of December 31, 2025, we had nine total employees, five of which were full-time employees. We view our human capital investments as crucial for our success; however, we had to implement furloughs of employees during the year ended December 31, 2024 due to lack of funding.
All statements made in any of our securities filings, including all forward-looking statements or information, are made as of the date of the document in which the statement is included, and we do not assume or undertake any obligation to update any of those statements or documents unless we are required to do so by law. 8 Table of Contents
All statements made in any of our securities filings, including all forward-looking statements or information, are made as of the date of the document in which the statement is included, and we do not assume or undertake any obligation to update any of those statements or documents unless we are required to do so by law.
The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statement, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically, which may be accessed through the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.
The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically, which may be accessed through the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.
The Company’s Executive Chairman is the founder and current Chief Executive Officer of SYME, and as a result, the proposed investment was negotiated and approved by the independent board members.
Our Executive Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer is the founder and current Chief Executive Officer of SYME, and as a result, the proposed investment was negotiated and approved by our independent board members.
ITEM 1. BUS INESS Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “Nuburu,” “we,” “us,” or “our” in this section are to the business and operations of Legacy Nuburu prior to the Business Combination and to the Company and its subsidiaries following the Business Combination.
Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “Nuburu,” “we,” “us,” or “our” in this section are to the business and operations of Legacy Nuburu prior to the Business Combination and to Nuburu, Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries following the Business Combination.
Laser Business Prior to the Foreclosure, Nuburu had approximately 220 granted and pending patents and patent applications globally, which included: blue laser applications such as welding, blue laser technologies, single mode blue laser technology, blue Raman laser technologies, addressable array technologies, and 3D printing using blue lasers.
In 2024, we had approximately 220 granted and pending patents and patent applications globally, which included: blue laser applications such as welding, blue laser technologies, single mode blue laser technology, blue Raman laser technologies, addressable array technologies, and 3D printing using blue lasers.
Corporate History and Background We were originally incorporated in Delaware on July 21, 2020 under the name “Tailwind Acquisition Corp.” as a special purpose acquisition company, formed for the purpose of effecting an initial business combination with one or more target businesses. On September 9, 2020 (the “IPO Closing Date”), we consummated our initial public offering (the “IPO”).
ITEM 1. B USINESS Corporate History and Background We were originally incorporated in Delaware on July 21, 2020 under the name “Tailwind Acquisition Corp.” as a special purpose acquisition company, formed for the purpose of effecting an initial business combination with one or more target businesses.
On January 31, 2023, we consummated a business combination with Nuburu Subsidiary, Inc. f/k/a Nuburu, Inc. (“Legacy Nuburu”), a privately held operating company which merged into our subsidiary Compass Merger Sub, Inc.
On September 9, 2020 (the “IPO Closing Date”), we consummated our initial public offering (the “IPO”). On January 31, 2023, we consummated a business combination with Nuburu Subsidiary, Inc. f/k/a Nuburu, Inc. (“Legacy Nuburu”), a privately held operating company which merged into our subsidiary Compass Merger Sub, Inc.
Overview During the reporting period, our focus was on developing and delivering high-power, high-brightness blue laser technology with a broad range of high value applications that include welding and 3D printing, which is described in greater detail below.
During 2024, our focus was on developing and delivering high-power, high-brightness blue laser technology with a broad range of high value applications that included welding and 3D printing.
We anticipate that in order to reach our strategic objectives, we will be required to recruit and retain additional management, human resources, accounting, finance, technical, engineering and sales personnel. Recent Developments Liquidity Constraints and Outstanding Obligations We have not yet achieved commercialization and expect continued losses until we can do so.
We anticipate that in order to reach our strategic objectives, we will be required to recruit and retain additional management, human resources, accounting, finance, technical, engineering and sales personnel.
SYME Strategic Investment On March 14, 2025, we entered into an up to $5.15 million in aggregate convertible facility with Supply@ME Capital Plc (“SYME”), a fintech platform focused on Inventory Monetisation© solutions for manufacturing and trading companies.
SYME Convertible Note Receivable and Strategic Investment (Related Party) On March 14, 2025, we entered into a convertible note receivable with SYME to invest up to $5,150,000 in SYME. As of the date hereof, we have invested the full $5,150,000. SYME is a fintech platform focused on Inventory Monetisation© solutions for manufacturing and trading companies.
During the reporting period, we shipped blue laser systems for applications including EV batteries, medical device production, large screen displays, and cell phone components. Following the Foreclosure, we anticipate licensing certain intellectual property, as well as using retained intellectual property primarily for purposes of product development specific to the defense industry.
We shipped blue laser systems for applications including EV batteries, medical device production, large screen displays, and cell phone components.
As a result of the Foreclosure, we are adjusting our laser business to focus on licensing and joint development within specific verticals, as described below.
Following the Foreclosure, we have adjusted our laser business to focus on licensing certain intellectual property, as well as using retained intellectual property primarily for purposes of product development related to our new dual-use Defense and Security Platform, as described below.
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During the second quarter of 2024, we announced that we intend to diversify our asset base by investing in other businesses that include potential synergies with our existing business.
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On February 27, 2026, we effected a 1-for-4.99 reverse stock split of our Common Stock (the “2026 Reverse Stock Split”). The 2026 Reverse Stock Split has been reflected retroactively to all Common Stock and per share amounts.
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Also in the first quarter of 2025, we announced several acquisitions that are part of our previously announced strategy to diversify our assets and expand our business through acquisition, each of which is described in greater detail below.
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Proportional adjustments were made to the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise, vesting, or conversion of our outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, warrants, convertible notes, preferred stock, and other instruments convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, as well as the applicable exercise prices, conversion prices, and per share grant date fair values.
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A fundamental physical characteristic is that metals absorb blue laser light better than infrared (“IR”) laser light. In the case of materials such as gold, copper, silver, and aluminum, the advantage of blue laser light is substantial.
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Our Transformation Plan In January 2025, we adopted a new business plan focused on building a stable foundation for the future business, including addressing outstanding payables, entering into joint development agreements, and investing in controlling interests in strategic targets (the “Transformation Plan”).
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The better absorption results in substantial improvements in the quality of the part produced, the yield of parts during production and the speed at which the part can be produced. We believe that these characteristics are advantageous to users, whether upgrading existing manufacturing processes or enabling entirely new approaches to manufacturing through the use of blue laser systems.
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In connection with the Transformation Plan, we agreed to certain governance changes, including the appointment of Alessandro Zamboni as our Executive Chairman and changes to our Board of Directors.
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Industry Background Industrial markets have been a major focus for laser applications ever since the invention of the laser. In the early 1970s, lasers emerged as a useful source for cutting and welding.
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Overview of Our Dual-Use Defense and Security Platform Pursuant to our Transformation Plan, we have become a defense, security, and critical-infrastructure technology company focused on the development, integration, and deployment of dual-use, non-kinetic, and software-orchestrated solutions addressing modern security and resilience challenges across military, governmental, and civilian domains.
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However, the material systems were limited to steel and other materials with low reflectivity given the long wavelengths of the Infrared Carbon Dioxide (IR CO 2 ) lasers that were the mainstay of that era.
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We operate a modular, platform-based business model that integrates directed-energy technologies, electronic-warfare capabilities, and a software-centric command, control, and orchestration layer through a combination of wholly owned subsidiaries, strategic investments and partnerships, and industrial cooperation arrangements.
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The first era was followed by the introduction of lamp-pump yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers in the late 1970s with a shorter wavelength and more compact size, which resulted in an expansion of applications into cutting, welding, and drilling.
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During 2025, we undertook a comprehensive strategic transformation designed to reposition us from a legacy industrial laser manufacturer into a dual-use defense and security platform (“Defense and Security Platform”).
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The lamp pumped lasers were superseded in the 1980s by the invention of diode pumped solid state lasers which offered higher efficiency and superior reliability. However, the lamp pump lasers still had poor absorption in materials such as aluminum and copper given the IR wavelength of these lasers.
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As part of this transformation, we realigned our operating model toward licensing, joint development, system integration, and asset-light manufacturing, while retaining and expanding core non-patent intellectual property, engineering know-how, software capabilities, and system-architecture expertise. Our Defense and Security Platform operates as a vertically integrated stack of capabilities, with each layer building upon foundational elements to deliver comprehensive mission capability.
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In the early 2000s, the fiber laser was introduced into the industrial laser market and offered superior efficiency, reliability, and scalability than the diode pumped solid state lasers and was rapidly adopted because of its compact size.
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Our platform is designed to provide separate layers of distinct functional capabilities while integrating with adjacent layers through a unified software-defined control infrastructure, which enables both independent operation of specific capabilities and coordinated multi-layer mission execution.
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The fiber laser with its improved performance displaced the CO 2 lasers in welding and ushered in a new era for additive manufacturing (3D printing). Key Trends Over time, manufacturing operations have begun to integrate lasers into material processing applications.
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These layers consist of software governance, including AI-driven orchestration software, risk management platforms, unified command and full auditability; directed energy and electronic warfare (EW) effects, including laser systems, electro-magnetic capabilities and sensor integration; physical integration, including vehicle systems, tactical deployment and field operations; mobile manufacturing, including deployable production and rapid capability deployment; and commercial acceleration, including market access, regulatory expertise and defense partnerships.
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In addition to such long-standing trends of manufacturing ecosystems in converting to superior production technologies, there are two global macro trends that we believe will serve as powerful tailwinds driving growth in the market for laser systems, including (i) energy de-carbonization and electrification and (ii) supply chain improvements and manufacturing reshoring.
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In connection with this transformation, in early 2026, we completed the acquisition of Lyocon S.r.l. (“Lyocon”), an Italian photonics and laser-engineering company specializing in the design, development, and production of advanced laser sources, optics, electronics, and customized laser systems for industrial, medical, and high-reliability applications.
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Nuburu believes both of these trends will serve as drivers to the attractiveness and adoption of blue laser products. With respect to the trend of energy de-carbonization and electrification, many nations with large economies have announced and begun implementing, in varying degrees, energy policies directed at decreasing carbon emissions.
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This acquisition has expanded our in-house engineering, assembly, testing, and demonstration capabilities for laser-based and directed-energy systems applicable to both defense and civilian security use cases.
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The paths to executing these policies include increasing the electrification of certain modes of transportation. We expect to benefit from this trend, as key applications of laser technology are included in these policies. 3 Table of Contents There is also a global trend towards making supply chain improvements and reshoring manufacturing to domestic production.
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These use cases include the protection of critical infrastructure, ports, borders, transportation hubs, and other sensitive assets, as well as applications in agri-tech and food-system resilience, where laser-based technologies may be applied to mitigate operational, environmental, and supply-chain risks. We also entered into industrial and network cooperation arrangements with defense and technology partners, including Tekne S.p.A.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, and the related widespread lockdowns, combined with global military actions, exposed vulnerabilities and weaknesses in global supply chains across an array of products.
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(“Tekne”), a defense-tech 3 Table of Contents company that specializes in the design, production, and outfitting of a diverse range of vehicles, including industrial and military applications, as well as electronic devices for defense and security, advanced telecommunications, and tracking systems. These arrangements are intended to support scalable production, system integration, and access to established defense and dual-use supply chains.
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This has led companies and governments to reconsider their existing supply chains and has led to an uptick in business planning and policy-making that aims to relocate the manufacturing of key components and sub-assembly lines within domestic markets, closer to downstream assembly and manufacturing plants.
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A central pillar of our platform is our software and data-orchestration capability, which is being developed and expanded through Orbit S.r.l. (“Orbit”), an Italian software company specializing in digitalizing operational resilience solutions for mission-critical corporations. We acquired a 10.7% ownership interest in Orbit in October 2025 and an additional 11.3% ownership interest in January 2026.
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Laser products offer meaningful solutions to this trend, as such technology can help provide the means to cost effectively produce parts on demand.
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As a result of owning an approximate 22% ownership interest in Orbit in January 2026, we obtained control of Orbit’s board of directors and now hold a controlling position in Orbit. Orbit provides a software platform focused on operational resilience, data integration, and decision support, enabling the coordination, monitoring, and governance of complex systems and assets.
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Key Advantages Blue industrial laser provides the following key advantages: • High energy process efficiency due to the high absorption of the blue laser light; • Higher speed because there is no need for pre-heating; • Greater part strength due to minimal voids; • Lower electrical resistance due to minimal voids; • Superior part quality due to lack of ejected material during the welding process; and • Smaller part size as the blue laser can be focused on a tighter spot size.
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Within our platform architecture, Orbit’s software capabilities are intended to function as a unifying software-defined control layer supporting sensor fusion, situational awareness, workflow orchestration, and auditability across both kinetic and non-kinetic components, as well as across defense, civilian, and critical-infrastructure environments.
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Legacy Products In 2017, Nuburu launched the world’s first commercially available high-power blue industrial laser, the Nuburu AO-150. This laser demonstrated the ability to weld the thin foils used in lithium-ion batteries. In 2018, Nuburu launched the higher power AO-500 and additional supporting hardware, extending the range of applications for the blue industrial laser.
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Our Defense and Security Platform is designed to be applicable not only in military and governmental contexts, but also in civilian critical sectors where regulatory frameworks increasingly emphasize operational resilience, continuity of essential services, and systemic risk management. These sectors include financial services, energy, transportation, agriculture and food systems, and other critical-infrastructure operators.
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A single blue industrial laser can perform multiple welds with straightforward adjustments of laser power and other parameters. This provides the direct advantage of high-quality connections produced at high speeds, and the indirect advantages associated with reduced production line footprint, and decreased maintenance and training costs.
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In this context, certain agri-tech applications—such as precision laser-based systems aimed at reducing dependency on chemical inputs, improving crop reliability, and mitigating environmental and operational risks—are viewed by us as part of a broader security and resilience framework related to food security and supply-chain stability.
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In 2019, Nuburu was able to integrate the next generation of laser diodes into the AO-150 and AO-500 products producing 200 Watt and 650 Watts respectively, which enabled us to introduce the AO-200 and the AO-650. Subsequently, an entirely new product design approach was adopted, focused on providing higher brightness and rapid scalability to multi-kilowatt (“kW”) power levels.
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This regulatory and risk-management focus underpins Orbit’s current portfolio of customers, which consists primarily of financial institutions and selected critical-infrastructure service providers, and informs our broader strategy of addressing converging defense, security, environmental, and civilian resilience requirements through a common, software-orchestrated platform approach.
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This is the BL TM series laser, where the beam quality has been improved by a factor of 3x and the output power of the base model has been upgraded to 250 Watts. Nuburu announced the commercial launch of the first laser in the NUBURU BL TM Series, the BL-250, in January 2023.
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In addition, we recognize that certain portions of our business—particularly those involving hardware-intensive solutions such as directed-energy systems, special-purpose platforms, and integrated defense or security assets—require capital-intensive supply chains and careful management of inventory, procurement cycles, and working capital in order to scale effectively.
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BL-250 can serve as the base building block for additional products. For example, combining four BL-250 modules into a single laser system would allow for a product with over 1,000 Watts of continuous power. In light of the Foreclosure, we are adapting our research and development to focus on strategic licensing and applications in the defense (including defense-related vehicles) space.
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As part of our long-term platform strategy, we have made a strategic investment in a single financial-technology platform, Supply@ME Capital Plc ("SYME"), as further described below, which is focused on working-capital solutions with particular emphasis on inventory-related financing and optimization.
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Manufacturing and Supply Nuburu is located in Centennial, Colorado and previously conducted manufacturing operations at such location. Following the Foreclosure, it is anticipated that manufacturing operations will be discontinued and we will instead focus on licensing and joint development of our intellectual property, as well as outsourced production.
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This SYME investment is intended to support the scaling of our operating businesses by enhancing supply-chain resilience, liquidity management, and capital efficiency, particularly in contexts where inventory ownership, production lead times, and delivery cycles are material to execution.
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We anticipate continuing existing underlying manufacturing and supply arrangements with respect to our recently announced agreements to acquire controlling interests in certain target entities. Research and Development Research During the reporting period, we conducted research and development efforts on our laser technology for new products at our headquarters in Colorado.
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Our investment in SYME is positioned as a supporting, integrated capability enabler within our platform and does not represent a broader financial-services business or investment strategy to us.
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We anticipate coordinating future research and development through our partnerships and key subsidiaries. Product Development During the reporting period, Nuburu’s product development activities were focused on the BL TM product line, which consisted of a high brightness 250-Watt laser system. Nuburu focused on developing laser modules that are intended to be scalable.
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In furtherance of our Defense and Security Platform, in January 2026, we partnered with Maddox Defense Incorporated (“Maddox”) on a contractual joint venture for the development of a modular, containerized, mobile additive manufacturing platform capable of producing drone components, pods, mission-critical structural parts and related components for defense and security applications.
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This modularity means that the system output power can be rapidly scaled from today’s single module system to a system that would encompass 16 modules and produce over 4-5kW of laser power. Nuburu designed all of the mechanical components and electronic components with system scalability in mind.
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We continue to evaluate and pursue strategic investments, acquisitions, joint ventures, and cooperation initiatives that complement our platform strategy, expand our technological and software capabilities, and support long-term participation in defense and dual-use security, resilience, and food-system stability programs in the United States, Europe, and other allied markets.
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This modular design approach means that the next generation of higher power products that are needed to address a broad market need can be rapidly and efficiently developed.
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Key Technology and Platform Advantages Our technology portfolio is built around a combination of directed-energy laser systems, electronic-warfare capabilities, and software-based orchestration and analytics, designed to operate as individual components or as part of an integrated Defense and Security Platform.
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Following the Foreclosure, Nuburu will shift its focus to laser applications specific to defense industry applications. 4 Table of Contents Competition The laser system industry in which we have operated historically has significant price and technological competition.
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While laser technology remains a foundational element of our offerings, our competitive positioning is based on the coordinated use of multiple technologies rather than reliance on a single component. Our Defense and Security Platform enables progressive deployment, flexible scaling, and adaptive configuration based on operational requirements and threat environments.
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Mature competitors include Coherent, Inc., nLight, Inc., IPG Photonics Corporation, Laserline GmbH, Lumentum Holdings Inc., Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies Co., Ltd. and Trumpf SE + Co. KG, which are well established and have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial and operational resources, and name recognition, which we do not have. Development-stage competitors include TeraDiode Inc. and others.
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Directed-Energy and Laser Technologies Directed-energy systems based on blue and green laser technologies provide several advantages in defense, security, and dual-use applications, particularly in non-kinetic (i.e. information and electronic focused, rather than physical force or destruction) scenarios: • high optical absorption in common sensor materials, enabling effective sensor denial at lower power levels compared to infrared systems; • rapid engagement capability without the need for pre-heating or kinetic interceptors; • low cost per engagement relative to kinetic interception systems; • precision and controllability, enabling graduated responses and reduced collateral effects; • applicability across multiple operational domains, including land, maritime, and certain underwater environments; and • suitability for integration within layered defense architectures and escalation-control doctrines. 4 Table of Contents Electronic Warfare and Spectrum-Related Capabilities In addition to laser-based effects, our platform approach incorporates electronic-warfare and electromagnetic-spectrum-related capabilities designed to support detection, disruption, protection, and coordination functions.
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A number of these competitors are seeking to improve conventional IR lasers or to develop new laser technologies, including blue laser technology. Competition includes not only companies providing conventional lasers, but also companies offering non-laser solutions.
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These capabilities are intended to complement directed-energy systems by enabling multi-layered responses to threats, improving situational awareness, and supporting coordinated engagement strategies across sensors and effectors. Software-Based Orchestration and SaaS Capabilities A key differentiator of our approach is the integration of software-based command, orchestration, and analytics capabilities, including software-as-a-service models delivered through cloud and hybrid architectures.
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Examples of current technologies used or expected to be used as alternatives to conventional lasers include: Infrared Fiber and Disc Lasers: Infrared lasers are the current predominant incumbent technology. However, when used on reflective material, the laser intensity must be increased to a level where the metal vaporizes, which creates spatter on the surface and pores in the weld itself.
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Through Orbit, we develop software platforms focused on operational resilience, data integration, decision support, and governance. These platforms enable: • aggregation and correlation of data from multiple sensors and systems; • workflow orchestration and coordinated tasking across kinetic and non-kinetic components; • auditability, logging, and governance of operational activities; and • scalability across defense, governmental, and regulated civilian environments.
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A higher intensity also results in a smaller spot size and smaller melt area. In order to increase the melt area a scan head is used to “wobble” the beam in a pattern on the workpiece. This technique still creates a weld with excessive porosity and spatter.
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Software-based delivery models allow for modular deployment, recurring revenue structures, and continuous enhancement without the need for full system replacement. Dual-Use Platform-Level Integration The combined use of directed-energy, electronic-warfare, and software technologies enables us to offer a modular, platform-based architecture, in which individual capabilities can be deployed independently or progressively integrated over time for both defense and civilian commercial applications.
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In addition, the need for a scan head for wobbling increases weld time by up to 10x compared with blue and the capital cost of the scan head and driving software is substantial. Infrared Fiber Ring Lasers: Another way to improve the absorption of infrared wavelength into reflective material is to increase the temperature of the material prior to welding.
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This “building-block” approach is intended to provide customers with flexibility, scalability, and adaptability as operational requirements, threat environments, and regulatory constraints evolve. Together, these technologies support our strategy of addressing converging defense, security, and civilian resilience needs through a unified, software-orchestrated platform rather than through stand-alone products.
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A specially developed custom fiber laser or processing head is used to produce a ring of laser light around the main processing beam. This enables pre-heating of the metal before the processing beam. This is still a keyhole process but with some reduction in the heat input.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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Biggest changeThese sales could also cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline if such equity holders sell or are perceived by the market as intending to sell any such securities, and make it more difficult for you to sell your shares of Common Stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. 18 Table of Contents In addition, we have reserved a total of up to 66,000 and 10,000 shares of our Common Stock for future issuance under the Nuburu, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Equity Incentive Plan") and the Nuburu, Inc. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase (the "ESPP"), respectively, which will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable.
Biggest changeIn addition, we have reserved a total of up to 15,300 and 151,000 shares of our Common Stock for future issuance under the Nuburu, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Equity Incentive Plan") and the Nuburu, Inc. 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), respectively, which will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable.
Antitrust and other legal challenges We may face antitrust and other legal challenges when acquiring controlling interests in other businesses, which could negatively impact our ability to close acquisition transactions. Antitrust enforcement is currently a priority of the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice and many state agencies.
We may face antitrust and other legal challenges when acquiring controlling interests in other businesses, which could negatively impact our ability to close acquisition transactions. Antitrust enforcement is currently a priority of the Federal Trade Commission, the Department of Justice and many state agencies.
Proceedings challenging patents could result in either loss of the patent, or denial or the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own may not provide any protection against competitors.
Proceedings challenging patents could result in either loss of the patent, or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own may not provide any protection against competitors.
Certain provisions of our Governing Documents may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, defer or prevent a merger, acquisition, tender offer, takeover attempt or other change of control transaction that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by the Company’s stockholders.
Certain provisions of our Governing Documents may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, defer or prevent a merger, acquisition, tender offer, takeover attempt or other change of control transaction that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by our stockholders.
Pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, on January 31, 2025, which was the two-year anniversary of the issuance of our Preferred Stock, because the conversion price exceeded the VWAP of Common Stock, we became obligated to redeem all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock for $10.00 in cash per share, subject to the Company having legally available funds to pay such amount.
Pursuant to the Certificate of Designations, on January 31, 2025, which was the two-year anniversary of the issuance of our Preferred Stock, because the conversion price exceeded the VWAP of Common Stock, we became obligated to redeem all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock for $10.00 in cash per share, subject to our having legally available funds to pay such amount.
The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain. Our secured lenders obtained our existing patent portfolio in connection with the Foreclosure sale. While we retain our trademarks, trade secrets, know-how, and other intellectual property rights, we may have to initiate legal action in order to clearly establish ownership rights with respect to such intellectual property.
The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain. Our former secured lenders obtained our existing patent portfolio in connection with the Foreclosure sale. While we retain our trademarks, trade secrets, know-how, and other intellectual property rights, we may have to initiate legal action in order to clearly establish ownership rights with respect to such intellectual property.
The period between initial discussions with a potential customer and the sale of our product typically depends on a number of factors, including the potential customer’s attitude towards innovative products, the potential customer’s budget and whether the potential customer requires financing arrangements. Prospective customers often undertake a significant evaluation process, which may further extend the sales cycle.
The period between initial discussions with a potential customer and the sale of our products typically depends on a number of factors, including the potential customer’s attitude towards innovative products, the potential customer’s budget and whether the potential customer requires financing arrangements. Prospective customers often undertake a significant evaluation process, which may further extend the sales cycle.
In addition, if adequate capital is not available to us, it may create substantial doubt among third parties, including suppliers and potential customers. Such doubt could adversely impact our business, reputation, prospects, and our financial statements.
In addition, if adequate capital is not available to us, it may create substantial doubt among third parties, including suppliers and potential customers. Such doubt could adversely impact our business, reputation, prospects, and our consolidated financial statements.
For example, we are exposed to the risk that the day-to-day management, oversight, and operation of our business and our financial results may be adversely affected by: • the time and attention spent by our senior management and leadership in the identification and evaluation of prospective strategic initiatives, and the negotiation, funding and closing of those we choose to pursue; • the time, attention and resources diverted to the integration of acquired businesses; • the need to secure funding for new acquisitions and strategic investments or transactions; 9 Table of Contents • the exposure to successor liabilities not sufficiently identified, quantified or understood prior to the closing of a strategic transaction; • the financial needs and management and operational improvements that may be necessary with respect to targets that are start-ups or emerging growth investments; and • the potential loss of valuable existing employees or customers as a result of our entering into a strategic transaction with a counterparty with whom they may not wish to continue in an employment or commercial relationship.
For example, we are exposed to the risk that the day-to-day management, oversight, and operation of our business and our financial results may be adversely affected by: • the time and attention spent by our senior management and leadership in the identification and evaluation of prospective strategic initiatives, and the negotiation, funding and closing of those we choose to pursue; • the time, attention and resources diverted to the integration of acquired businesses; • the need to secure funding for new acquisitions and strategic investments or transactions; • the exposure to successor liabilities not sufficiently identified, quantified or understood prior to the closing of a strategic transaction; • the financial needs and management and operational improvements that may be necessary with respect to targets that are start-ups or emerging growth investments; and • the potential loss of valuable existing employees or customers as a result of our entering into a strategic transaction with a counterparty with whom they may not wish to continue in an employment or commercial relationship.
Anti-Bribery Act; • greater difficulties in securing or enforcing our intellectual property rights in certain jurisdictions, or in potential infringement of third-party intellectual property rights in new jurisdictions; • difficulties in collecting payments in foreign currencies and associated foreign currency exposure; • increases or decreases in our expenses caused by fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates; • restrictions on repatriation of foreign earnings; • compliance with potentially conflicting and changing laws of taxing jurisdictions where we conduct business and compliance with applicable U.S. tax laws as they relate to international operations, including product transfer pricing, the complexity and adverse consequences of such tax laws, and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in such tax laws; • changes in import and export controls and tariffs imposed by the United States or foreign governments; • changes in regulations that would prevent us from doing business in specified countries; and • regional economic and political conditions We use novel technologies to produce blue wavelength lasers, and potential customers may be hesitant to make a significant investment in our technology or switch from the technology they are currently using.
Anti-Bribery Act; • greater difficulties in securing or enforcing our intellectual property rights in certain jurisdictions, or in potential infringement of third-party intellectual property rights in new jurisdictions; • difficulties in collecting payments in foreign currencies and associated foreign currency exposure; • increases or decreases in our expenses caused by fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates; • restrictions on repatriation of foreign earnings; • compliance with potentially conflicting and changing laws of taxing jurisdictions where we conduct business and compliance with applicable U.S. tax laws as they relate to international operations, including product transfer pricing, the complexity and adverse consequences of such tax laws, and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in such tax laws; • changes in import and export controls and tariffs imposed by the United States or foreign governments; • changes in regulations that would prevent us from doing business in specified countries; and • regional economic and political conditions We use novel technologies, and potential customers may be hesitant to make a significant investment in our technology or switch from the technology they are currently using.
If a claim is successfully brought in the future and we or our products are determined to have infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following: • cease selling or using our products that incorporate the challenged intellectual property; • pay substantial damages, including lost profits of the holder of the intellectual property rights (as well as, increased damages up to treble damages and attorneys’ fees if our infringement is determined to be willful); • obtain a license from the holder of the intellectual property right, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or • redesign our products or means of production, which may not be possible or cost-effective.
If a claim 18 Table of Contents is successfully brought in the future and we or our products are determined to have infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following: • cease selling or using our products that incorporate the challenged intellectual property; • pay substantial damages, including lost profits of the holder of the intellectual property rights (as well as, increased damages up to treble damages and attorneys’ fees if our infringement is determined to be willful); • obtain a license from the holder of the intellectual property right, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or • redesign our products or means of production, which may not be possible or cost-effective.
Our efforts to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the intellectual property, proprietary information, know how or trade secrets of others in their work for us may not be successful, and we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have, inadvertently or otherwise, misappropriated the intellectual property or disclosed the alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information, of these former employers or competitors.
Our efforts to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the intellectual property, proprietary information, know how or trade secrets of others in their work for us may not be successful, and we may be 19 Table of Contents subject to claims that we or these individuals have, inadvertently or otherwise, misappropriated the intellectual property or disclosed the alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information, of these former employers or competitors.
Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 16 Table of Contents Further, it is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or products or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties.
Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, it is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or products or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties.
We have not been profitable historically and may not be able to achieve profitability in the future. Our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern.
We have not been profitable historically and may not be able to achieve profitability in the future. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern.
These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for the Company to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that it deems appropriate.
These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that it deems appropriate.
Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to the Company’s stockholders. Anti-takeover provisions in our Governing Documents could delay or prevent a change of control.
Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Anti-takeover provisions in our Governing Documents could delay or prevent a change of control.
For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, and similar legislation adopted in the U.K., impose stringent data protection requirements and provides for significant penalties for noncompliance.
For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, and similar legislation adopted in the U.K., impose stringent data protection requirements and provide for significant penalties for noncompliance.
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to sustain our operations or raise additional capital in the form of debt or equity financing, this could affect our ability to continue as a going concern in the future. Since its inception in 2015, Nuburu has incurred significant net losses and has used significant cash in its business.
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to sustain our operations or raise additional capital in the form of debt or equity financing, this could affect our ability to continue as a going concern in the future. Since our inception in 2015, we have incurred significant net losses and have used significant cash in our business.
You should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties emerging companies encounter when introducing new technologies into a competitive landscape. Our products and services involve a lengthy sales and installation cycle, and if we fail to close sales on a regular and timely basis it could harm our business.
You should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties companies encounter when introducing new technologies into a competitive landscape. 12 Table of Contents Our products and services involve a lengthy sales and installation cycle, and if we fail to close sales on a regular and timely basis it could harm our business.
Any investment in our Company is therefore highly speculative and could result in the loss of your entire investment. Expanding operations internationally will subject us to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business and operating results. As we expand our business we may seek to partner with customers, suppliers and other partners around the world.
Any investment in our Company is therefore highly speculative and could result in the loss of your entire investment. Expanding operations internationally will subject us to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business and operating results. As we expand our business, we intend to work with customers, suppliers and other partners around the world.
These products or trademarks may compete with our products or trademarks, and our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. 15 Table of Contents Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions.
These products or trademarks may compete with our products or trademarks, and our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions.
If the NYSE American delists the Company’s Common Stock from trading on its exchange and the Company is not able to list its securities on another national securities exchange, we expect our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market.
If the NYSE American delists our Common Stock from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we expect our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market.
As disclosed in this Report and prior filings with the SEC, the Company has issued a significant number of shares of Common Stock and warrants and convertible notes that may be converted into shares of Common Stock.
As disclosed in this report and prior filings with the SEC, we have issued a significant number of shares of Common Stock and warrants and convertible notes that may be converted into shares of Common Stock.
Our market is subject to rapid innovation and technological change. While we intend to invest substantial resources to remain on the forefront of technological development, continuing advances in technology, changes in customer requirements and preferences and the emergence of new standards, regulations and certifications could adversely affect adoption of our products either generally or for particular applications.
While we intend to invest substantial resources to remain on the forefront of technological development, continuing advances in technology, changes in customer requirements and preferences and the emergence of new standards, regulations and certifications could adversely affect adoption of our products either generally or for particular applications.
If we are unable to successfully or timely integrate acquired assets with our business, we may incur unanticipated liabilities and be unable to realize the anticipated benefits, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
If we are unable to successfully or timely integrate acquired assets with our business, we may incur unanticipated liabilities and be unable to realize the anticipated benefits, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. We may face antitrust and other legal challenges.
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about the Company’s business or if they downgrade the Company’s stock or the Company’s industry, the Company’s stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for Common Stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about the Company or its business.
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our stock or our industry, our stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for Common Stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business.
ITEM 1A. RIS K FACTORS An investment in our Common Stock or Preferred Stock involves risks. Prior to making a decision about investing in our Common Stock or Preferred Stock, you should consider carefully the risks together with all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including any risks described below.
Prior to making a decision about investing in our Common Stock or Preferred Stock, you should consider carefully the risks together with all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including any risks described below.
In connection with any such redemption, we may also be required, pursuant to the IRA, to pay an excise tax of 1% on the fair market value of any Preferred Stock redeemed. The redemption of the Preferred Stock and the payment of any excise tax would adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position and results of operations.
In connection with any such redemption, we may also be required, pursuant to the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, to pay an excise tax of 1% on the fair market value of any Preferred Stock redeemed. The redemption of the Preferred Stock and the payment of any excise tax would adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations.
Our operating expenses are based on anticipated sales levels, and certain of our expenses are fixed. If we are unsuccessful in closing sales after expending significant resources or if we experience delays or cancellations, we may incur significant expenses without ever receiving revenue to offset those expenses, which would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
If we are unsuccessful in closing sales after expending significant resources or if we experience delays or cancellations, we may incur significant expenses without ever receiving revenue to offset those expenses, which would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover the Company downgrade its stock or industry, or the stock of any of its competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about its business, the price of the Company’s stock could decline.
Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock or industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our stock could decline.
If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of the Company or fails to publish reports on it regularly, the Company could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause its stock price or trading volume to decline.
If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
Whether we will achieve these objectives when we expect depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including, but not limited to: • success and timing of our development activity and ability to develop systems that achieve our desired performance metrics and achieve any requisite industry validations; • unanticipated technical or manufacturing challenges or delays; • adverse developments in relationships with any partners, including termination of any partnerships or changes in our partners’ timetables and business plans, which could hinder our development efforts; and • whether we can manage relationships with key suppliers and the availability of the raw materials and components we need; Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond our control, could materially and adversely affect our ability to achieve our objectives when planned and our business, results of operations and financial results. 11 Table of Contents We expect to incur significant research and development expenses and devote substantial resources to commercializing new products, which could increase our losses and negatively impact our ability to achieve or maintain profitability.
Whether we will achieve these objectives when we expect depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including, but not limited to: • success and timing of our development activity and ability to develop systems that achieve our desired performance metrics and achieve any requisite industry validations; • unanticipated technical or manufacturing challenges or delays; • adverse developments in relationships with any partners, including termination of any partnerships or changes in our partners’ timetables and business plans, which could hinder our development efforts; and • whether we can manage relationships with key suppliers and the availability of the raw materials and components we need; 13 Table of Contents Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond our control, could materially and adversely affect our ability to achieve our objectives when planned and our business, results of operations and financial results.
The Company’s Common Stock is publicly traded on the NYSE American under the symbol “BURU.” In order to continue listing its securities on the NYSE American, the Company is required to maintain certain financial, distribution and stock price levels.
Our Common Stock is publicly traded on the NYSE American under the symbol “BURU.” In order to continue listing our securities on the NYSE American, we are required to maintain certain financial, distribution and stock price levels.
Laws, regulations, and rules relating to privacy, information security, and data protection could increase our costs and adversely affect our business opportunities. In addition, the ongoing costs of complying with such laws, regulations, and rules could be significant. We are subject to various laws regarding privacy, information security and data protection.
In addition, the ongoing costs of complying with such laws, regulations, and rules could be significant. We are subject to various laws regarding privacy, information security and data protection.
The Company will not control these analysts. In addition, some financial analysts may have limited expertise with Nuburu’s model and operations.
We will not control these analysts. In addition, some financial analysts may have limited expertise with our model and operations.
Those laws and regulations and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments, and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Those laws and regulations and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments, and results of operations.
Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable.
In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable.
We may be subject to claims that we or our employees have misappropriated the intellectual property of a third party, including trade secrets or know-how, or are in breach of non-competition or non-solicitation agreements with our competitors. Many of our employees and consultants were previously employed at or engaged by other technology-based companies, including our competitors or potential competitors.
We may be subject to claims that we or our employees have misappropriated the intellectual property of a third party, including trade secrets or know-how, or are in breach of non-competition or non-solicitation agreements with our competitors.
Our limited operating history make evaluating our business, the risks and challenges we may face and our future prospects difficult. From our inception in 2015 to the present, we have focused principally on developing our blue laser systems.
Our limited operating history makes evaluating our business, the risks and challenges we may face and our future prospects difficult. From our inception in 2015 to early 2025, we focused principally on developing our blue laser systems. We are now diversifying our business as described in our Transformation Plan.
If we lose a member of our management team or other key employee, it may prove difficult for us to replace him or her with a similarly qualified individual with experience in the laser industry, which could impact our business and operating success.
If we lose a member of our management team or other key employee, it may prove difficult for us to replace him or her with a similarly qualified individual, which could impact our business and operating success. In addition, we do not have “key person” life insurance policies covering any of our officers or other key employees.
These laws can give rise to liability for administrative oversight costs, cleanup costs, property damage, bodily injury, fines, and penalties. Capital and operating expenses needed to comply with environmental laws and regulations can be significant, and violations may result in substantial fines and penalties or third-party damages.
Capital and operating expenses needed to comply with environmental laws and regulations can be significant, and violations may result in substantial fines and penalties or third-party damages.
As of December 31, 2024, Nuburu had an accumulated deficit of approximately $131.8 million, and for the year ended December 31, 2024, Nuburu had a net loss of approximately $34.5 million. We anticipate that we will incur net losses for the foreseeable future and, even if we increase our revenues, there is no guarantee that we will ever become profitable.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, we incurred a net loss of $79,071,276 (including significant non-cash expenses), and we had an accumulated deficit of $200,479,831 as of December 31, 2025. We anticipate that we will incur net losses for the foreseeable future and, even if we increase our revenues, there is no guarantee that we will ever become profitable.
We may be unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees.
We may be unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees. Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.
In the future, the Company may also issue its securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of shares of Common Stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of the Company’s then-outstanding shares of Common Stock.
As described above, we have issued some of our securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of shares of Common Stock issued in connection with an investment or acquisition has and could in the future constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of Common Stock.
If our technology does not achieve market acceptance then our business and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. 12 Table of Contents Our market is characterized by rapid technological changes demanding a significant investment in research and development, and, if we fail to address changing market conditions, our business and operating results will be harmed.
Our market is characterized by rapid technological changes demanding a significant investment in research and development, and, if we fail to address changing market conditions, our business and operating results will be harmed. Our market is subject to rapid innovation and technological change.
To achieve our growth objectives, our management will rely on a rapid succession of strategic acquisitions, investments and procurement arrangements, the pace and scope of which may have the potential to adversely affect the day-to-day operation of our business, and our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.
For additional information, refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included herein, for the Company’s evaluation of the events and conditions and its plans regarding the going concern matter. 11 Table of Contents To achieve our growth objectives, our management will rely on a rapid succession of strategic acquisitions, investments and procurement arrangements, the pace and scope of which may have the potential to adversely affect the day-to-day operation of our business, and our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.
If the Company was involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from the Company’s business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.
In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we are involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.
These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of Common Stock, regardless of the Company’s actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of Common Stock is low. In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation.
The trading price of the Common Stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market recently has experienced extreme volatility. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of Common Stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of Common Stock is low.
The provisions include, among others, those summarized in the “Description of Registrant’s Securities” filed as Exhibit 4.6 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The provisions include, among others, those summarized in the “Description of Registrant’s Securities” filed as Exhibit 4.6 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our outstanding convertible notes, preferred stock, and warrants contain anti-dilution protection, which may cause significant dilution to our stockholders.
The costs of complying with environmental laws, regulations, and customer requirements, and any claims concerning noncompliance or liability with respect to contamination in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our operating results.
The costs of complying with environmental laws, regulations, and customer requirements, and any claims concerning noncompliance or liability with respect to contamination in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our operating results. 17 Table of Contents Risk Relating to Intellectual Property We may be unable to protect, defend, maintain, or enforce our intellectual property rights for the intellectual property on which our business depends, including against existing or future competitors.
We are subject to laws and regulations enacted by national, regional, and local governments. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws and regulations may be difficult, time consuming, and costly.
Risks Relating to Litigation and Regulation Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with any laws and regulations, may adversely affect our business and results of operations. We are subject to laws and regulations enacted by national, regional, and local governments. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws and regulations may be difficult, time-consuming, and costly.
This lengthy sales and installation cycle is subject to a number of significant risks over which we have little or no control.
This lengthy sales and installation cycle is subject to a number of significant risks over which we have little or no control. Because of both the long sales and installation cycles, we may expend significant resources on attracting prospective customers without having certainty of generating sales.
Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining trademarks and other intellectual property rights in the United States and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology.
Failure to protect defend, maintain and enforce that intellectual property could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially adversely affecting our growth and success. Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining trademarks and other intellectual property rights in the United States and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology.
It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods. The redemption of our Preferred Stock may require a significant amount of cash and may result in adverse tax consequences.
It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods. Our quarterly results and key metrics are likely to fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.
If a customer terminates for convenience, we may be unable to recover some of our costs that we incurred prior to cancellation. We may need to procure long lead time items or place large order lot quantities for critical material well in advance of a termination leaving us with excess inventory.
We may need to procure long lead time items or place large order lot quantities for critical material well in advance of a termination leaving us with excess inventory. Our operating expenses are based on anticipated sales levels, and certain of our expenses are fixed.
Some of these employees, consultants and contractors, may have executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment.
Many of our current and former employees and consultants were previously employed at or engaged by other technology-based companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees, consultants and contractors, may have executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment.
Even if our products are superior to existing lasers, potential customers may choose products from our competitors that are based on existing technologies, such as infrared fiber laser technology, due to wider market acceptance and familiarity with such technologies. Moreover, given the limited history of our technology, potential customers may be hesitant to make a significant investment in our products.
We use novel technologies that are deployed in a novel way and will compete with currently existing technologies. Even if our products are superior to existing products, potential customers may choose products from our competitors that are based on existing technologies due to wider market acceptance and familiarity with such technologies.
Because of both the long sales and installation cycles, we may expend significant resources on attracting prospective customers without having certainty of generating sales. 10 Table of Contents These lengthy sales and installation cycles also increase the risk that our customers fail to satisfy their payment obligations or cancel orders before the completion of the transaction or delay the planned date for installation.
These lengthy sales and installation cycles also increase the risk that our customers fail to satisfy their payment obligations or cancel orders before the completion of the transaction or delay the planned date for installation. If a customer terminates for convenience, we may be unable to recover some of our costs that we incurred prior to cancellation.
The report from our auditors for our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included a qualification expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The inclusion of a going concern qualification could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or debt securities or otherwise.
The report from our auditors for our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
While certain holders of Preferred Stock have issued a demand for redemption, we do not believe that we currently have funds legally available to pay the redemption amount. NYSE American may delist the Company’s securities from trading on its exchange, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in its securities and subject the Company to additional trading restrictions.
Risks Relating to Being a Public Company We have received a Notice of Noncompliance from the NYSE American and the NYSE American may delist our securities from trading on its exchange, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.
We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations and may become subject to environmental laws in foreign jurisdictions in which we may operate or into which we ship our products. Environmental laws and regulations can be complex and may often change.
We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations depending on where our operations are located and where we ship our products. Environmental laws and regulations can be complex and may often change. These laws can give rise to liability for administrative oversight costs, cleanup costs, property damage, bodily injury, fines, and penalties.
For example, the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 and regulatory guidance have imposed additional controls, and may result in the imposition of further additional controls, on the export of certain “emerging and foundational technologies.” Our current and future products may be subject to these heightened regulations, which could increase our compliance costs. 13 Table of Contents We could be liable for environmental damages resulting from our operations, which could impact our reputation, our business, and our operating results.
For example, the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 and regulatory guidance have imposed additional controls, and may result in the imposition of further additional controls, on the export of certain “emerging and foundational technologies.” Violations of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”) or other applicable trade compliance regulations could result in significant sanctions including fines, more onerous compliance requirements and debarments from export privileges or loss of authorizations needed to conduct our international business.
However, we may not be able to develop cost-effective new products and technologies that address the increasingly complex needs of prospective customers. Risks Relating to Litigation and Regulation Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with any laws and regulations, may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
However, we may not be able to develop cost-effective new products and technologies that address the increasingly complex needs of prospective customers. There is no guarantee that our acquisitions of interests in Tekne, SYME or Orbit will close. We have executed the Tekne Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which we intend to acquire a controlling interest in Tekne.
Removed
In addition, we do not have “key person” life insurance policies covering any of our officers or other key employees.
Added
ITEM 1A. RIS K FACTORS An investment in our Common Stock or preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“Preferred Stock”) involves risks.
Removed
We use novel technologies that are deployed in a novel way and will compete with currently existing technologies, such as infrared fiber lasers.
Added
These conditions and the related uncertainty regarding our ability to continue operations may materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or debt securities or through other financing arrangements.
Removed
Risk Relating to Intellectual Property We may be unable to protect, defend, maintain, or enforce our intellectual property rights for the intellectual property on which our business depends, including against existing or future competitors. Failure to protect defend, maintain and enforce that intellectual property could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially adversely affecting our growth and success.
Added
We expect to incur significant research and development expenses and devote substantial resources to commercializing new products, which could increase our losses and negatively impact our ability to achieve or maintain profitability.
Removed
Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. 14 Table of Contents In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly.
Added
Moreover, given the limited history of our technology, potential customers may be hesitant to make 14 Table of Contents a significant investment in our products. If our technology does not achieve market acceptance, then our business and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.
Removed
Risks Relating to Being a Public Company We are an “emerging growth company,” and our election to comply with the reduced disclosure requirements as a public company may make our Common Stock less attractive to investors.
Added
The Tekne acquisition requires, among other things, approvals by the Italian government and approval of our stockholders prior to closing. There can be no assurance that the Tekne transaction will close in the expected timeframe or at all.
Removed
For so long as we remain an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including not being required to comply with the independent auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, being required to provide fewer years of audited financial statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.
Added
We have entered into a convertible note receivable with SYME to invest up to $5,150,000 in exchange for receiving a controlling interest in SYME.
Removed
Accordingly, the information we provide to our stockholders may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock. If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
Added
The acquisition of the ownership interest remains subject to receipt of approval from SYME stockholders and certain foreign regulatory approvals and there can be no assurance that the investment will close in the expected timeframe or at all.
Removed
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of NYSE American’s listing standards.
Added
On October 31, 2025, we entered into the Orbit Agreement to purchase all of the ownership interests in Orbit owned by Vanguard in a transaction scheduled to close by December 31, 2026. There is no guarantee that the acquisition of Orbit will close in the time frame expected or at all.
Removed
We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources. 17 Table of Contents Our management has limited experience in operating a public company.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

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Biggest change" Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein. The Company outsources around-the-clock coverage to a third-party managed service provider who provides timely alerting and notification of potential cybersecurity issues. We continually work with third-party experts to advise on new threats and cybersecurity strategy best practices for specific capabilities.
Biggest changeWe outsource around-the-clock coverage to a third-party managed service provider who provides timely alerting and notification of potential cybersecurity issues. We continually work with third-party experts to advise on new threats and cybersecurity strategy best practices for specific capabilities.
We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats have or that are reasonably likely to affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, under the heading “Cyber-attacks and other disruptions, security breaches, and incidents could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation, and expose us to liability” included as part of our Item 1A.
We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats have or are reasonably likely to affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, under the heading “Cyber-attacks and other disruptions, security breaches, and incidents could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation, and expose us to liability” included as part of our Item 1A.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program is aligned with the Company’s business strategy.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program is aligned with our business strategy.
Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program include: • risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise information technology environment; • the use of external service providers , where appropriate, to assess, test, or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls; • training and awareness programs for team members that include periodic and ongoing assessments to drive adoption and awareness of cybersecurity processes and controls; • a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and • a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors.
Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program include: • risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise information technology environment; • the use of external service providers , where appropriate, to assess, test, or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls; 24 Table of Contents • training and awareness programs for team members that include periodic and ongoing assessments to drive adoption and awareness of cybersecurity processes and controls; • a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and • a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors.
Periodically each year, the Audit Committee receives an overview from our Chief Executive Officer of our cybersecurity threat risk management and strategy processes, including potential impact on the Company, the efforts of management to manage the risks that are identified, and our disaster recovery preparations .
Periodically each year, the Audit Committee receives an overview from one or both of our Co-Chief Executive Officers of our cybersecurity threat risk management and strategy processes, including potential impact on the Company, the efforts of management to manage the risks that are identified, and our disaster recovery preparations.
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In the last three fiscal years, the Company has not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents.
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" Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein. Except for a wire-transfer authorization that resulted in a fraudulent disbursement as set forth in such risk factor, in the last three fiscal years, to our knowledge we have no t experienced any material cybersecurity incidents.

Item 2. Properties

Properties — owned and leased real estate

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ITEM 2. PR OPERTIES Our corporate headquarters are located in Centennial, Colorado where we lease approximately 30,000 square feet of space pursuant to a lease that expires in 2025. When the lease expires, we will seek alternate facilities for our operations, including utilizing space owned or leased by strategic partners and subsidiaries.
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ITEM 2. PR OPERTIES Our corporate headquarters are leased and are located in Denver, Colorado.
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On January 15, 2026, we completed the acquisition of Lyocon, which leases facilities in Italy, including approximately 27,000 square feet of warehouse space in Vigevano (PV) pursuant to a lease with an annual lease rate of EUR14,400, paid monthly, which renews automatically and may be terminated with six months advance notice.
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We are seeking additional facilities for our operations, including potentially utilizing space owned or leased by strategic partners and subsidiaries.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings — active lawsuits and investigations

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEE DINGS Nuburu has been and expects to continue to become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings from time to time.
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEE DINGS In the normal course of business, we may become involved in legal proceedings. We will accrue a liability for legal proceedings when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount.
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Regardless of outcome on the merits, litigation and other legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on Nuburu because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, possible restrictions on our business as a result of settlement or adverse outcomes, and other factors.
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When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.
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Nuburu is subject to two separate actions seeking default judgments for the alleged failure to pay amounts when due.
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For information regarding our legal proceedings, refer to Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements included herein. On September 19, 2025, J.H. Darbie and Co., Inc. (“Darbie”) filed a claim in the U.S.
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CFGI, LLC is seeking a total judgment in the amount of $86,826 through the Superior Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and Centennial Tech Industrial Owner, LLC is seeking a total judgment in the amount of $409,278 through the Arapahoe County Colorado District Court. ITEM 4. MINE SAF ETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 20 Table of Contents ​PA RT II
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District Court of the Southern District of Florida, West Palm Beach Division, alleging breach of contract under a Finder’s Fee Agreement entered into between us and Darbie in May 2024 and under a Financial Advisory Agreement, dated June 10, 2024, between the parties. Darbie voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit due to lack of jurisdiction in Florida on January 7, 2026.
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On March 10, 2026, Darbie initiated an arbitration in FINRA’s dispute resolution forum. ITEM 4. MINE SAF ETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 25 Table of Contents PA RT II

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Mine Safety Disclosures — required of mining issuers

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Biggest changeFINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 32 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE 32 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 33 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION 33 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTION THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS. 34 PART III 35 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 35 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 35 ITEM 12.
Biggest changeFINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 37 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE 37 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 38
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES 20 PART II 21 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES 21 ITEM 6. [RESERVED] 21 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 22 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK 32 ITEM 8.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES 25 PART II 26 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES 26 ITEM 6. [RESERVED] 26 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 27 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK 37 ITEM 8.
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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS 35 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE 35 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES 35 PART IV 36 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCHEDULES 36 ITEM 16.
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FORM 10-K SUMMARY 40 ​ i Table of Contents SPECIAL NOTE R EGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which statements involve substantial risk and uncertainties.
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Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance.
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In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions.
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Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about: • our ability to obtain required financing; • our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock, par value of $0.0001 per share (the "Common Stock") on a securities exchange; • our ability to successfully implement key acquisitions; • our success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees, or directors, including the transition to a new management team in the first half of 2025; • our public securities’ potential liquidity and trading; • our ability to implement our announced business plan, including diversifying our assets; • the fact that we have not achieved commercialization and our ability to achieve commercialization in the future; • the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us related to the Business Combination; • existing regulations and regulatory developments in the United States and other jurisdictions; • the need to hire additional personnel and our ability to attract and retain such personnel; • our plans and ability to obtain, maintain, enforce, or protect intellectual property rights; • our business, operations and financial performance, including: • expectations with respect to financial and business performance, including financial projections and business metrics and any underlying assumptions thereunder; • expectations regarding future acquisitions, partnerships, or other relationships with third parties; • future business plans and growth opportunities; • expectations regarding product development and pipeline; • expectations regarding research and development efforts; • expectations regarding market size; • expectations regarding the competitive landscape; • future capital requirements and sources and uses of cash, including the ability to obtain additional capital in the future; and • other statements detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” and in other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements which speak only as of the date hereof.
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You should understand that the following important factors, in addition to those discussed under the heading “ Risk Factors ” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, could affect our future results, and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K: • our ability to obtain financing; • our ability to meet NYSE American’s continued listing standards; • our ability to protect our intellectual property; • whether the market embraces our products and investments; • whether we achieve commercialization in a timely manner; • the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us; 1 Table of Contents • our ability to retain or recruit key employees; • costs related to being a public company; • changes in applicable laws or regulations; • the possibility that we may be adversely affected by economic, business, or competitive factors; • volatility in the markets caused by geopolitical and economic factors; and • other risks and uncertainties set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” and in other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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These and other factors that could cause actual results to differ from those implied by the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are more fully described under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” are not exhaustive.
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Other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K describe additional factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
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New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business, or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
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All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on their behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. We undertake no obligations to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
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In addition, statements of belief and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions, as applicable, on the relevant subject.
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These statements are based upon information available to us, as applicable, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information.
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These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.
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Frequently Used Terms Unless otherwise stated in the Financial Statements and accompanying footnotes, or the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report to: “Business Combination” are to the business combination of Legacy Nuburu with a subsidiary of Tailwind, with Legacy Nuburu surviving such business combination as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tailwind; “Business Combination Agreement” are to that certain Business Combination Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2022, by and among Tailwind, Nuburu, and Merger Sub, Inc., as the same has been or may be amended, modified, supplemented, or waived from time to time; “Closing” are to the consummation of the Transactions; “Closing Date” are to January 31, 2023, the date on which the Transactions were consummated; "Common Stock" are to the Company's common stock, par value of $0.0001 per share, listed on the New York Stock Exchange after the Business Combination; “Exchange Ratios” are to the quotients as defined in, and calculated in accordance with, the Business Combination Agreement, which was included as an exhibit to our Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-39489) filed with the SEC on February 6, 2023; “Legacy Nuburu” are to Nuburu Subsidiary, Inc., a Delaware corporation (f/k/a Nuburu, Inc. before the Closing Date); “Public Warrants” are to the 16,710,785 whole warrants of the Company sold to public investors in the Tailwind IPO (defined below); “SEC” is the Securities and Exchange Commission; “Tailwind” are to Tailwind Acquisition Corp, a Delaware corporation and our predecessor company prior to the consummation of the Transactions, which changed its name to Nuburu, Inc. following the consummation of the Transactions, and its consolidated subsidiaries; “Tailwind IPO” are to the initial public offering by Tailwind which closed on September 9, 2020; and “Transactions” are to the Business Combination, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement and the related agreements.
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Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “Nuburu,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and other similar terms refer to: (i) Legacy Nuburu and its subsidiaries prior to the Closing, and (ii) Nuburu, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiary, Nuburu Subsidiary, Inc., after the Closing. 2 Table of Contents PA RT I

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

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Biggest changeRecent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Offerings Descriptions of unregistered issuances of securities related to the April 2024 SPA Agreement, Warrant Issuances, Note Extinguishments and August 2024 Convertible Notes described below under " Recent Developments ", unregistered issuances of securities described below under “ Financing Transactions ”, as well as share-based compensation arrangements described in Note 11, Stock-Based Compensation , to the consolidated financial statements are incorporated into this Item 5 by reference.
Biggest changeRecent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Offerings Descriptions of the financing transactions described below under " Recent Financing Transactions, Settlements and Debt Extinguishments ", as well as share-based compensation arrangements described in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements are incorporated herein by reference.
The information required to be provided regarding Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which we intend to hold during the second quarter of 2025. Performance Graph Not applicable.
The information required to be provided regarding Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we intend to hold during the second quarter of 2026. Performance Graph Not applicable.
The Public Warrants were traded on the NYSE American under the symbol "BURU WS." On December 12, 2023, the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) notified the Company, and publicly announced, that the NYSE had determined to (a) commence proceedings to delist the Company’s Public Warrants, and (b) immediately suspend trading in the Public Warrants due to “abnormally low” trading price levels.
Our warrants (the “Public Warrants”) sold to public investors in our IPO were traded on the NYSE American under the symbol "BURU WS." On December 12, 2023, the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) notified us, and publicly announced, that the NYSE had determined to (a) commence proceedings to delist the Public Warrants, and (b) immediately suspend trading in the Public Warrants due to “abnormally low” trading price levels.
As such, the Public Warrants are no longer trading on a public exchange. Prior to January 31, 2023, Tailwind's Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants were listed on the NYSE American under the symbols "TWND" and "TWND WS" respectively. Holders As of April 11, 2025, there were 46 holders of record of our Common Stock.
As such, the Public Warrants are no longer trading on a public exchange. Prior to the Business Combination on January 31, 2023, our name was “Tailwind Acquisition Corp.” and our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants were listed on the NYSE American under the symbols "TWND" and "TWND WS" respectively.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Our stockholders approved our Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP in connection with the Closing of the Business Combination.
Dividends We do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Our stockholders approved our Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP in connection with the closing of the Business Combination.
The actual number of stockholders of our Common Stock is greater than this number of record holders and includes holders who are beneficial owners but whose shares of Common Stock are held in street name by banks, brokers and other nominees. Dividends We do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Holders As of March 26, 2026, there were 46 holders of record of our Common Stock. The actual number of stockholders of our Common Stock is greater than this number of record holders and includes holders who are beneficial owners but whose shares of Common Stock are held in street name by banks, brokers and other nominees.
Such transactions were conducted as private placements to accredited investors exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers None.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers None.
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The Nuburu, Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Legacy Plan”) of Legacy Nuburu was terminated as of immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination; however, the Legacy Plan continues to govern the terms and conditions of the outstanding awards previously granted thereunder.
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The shares issued were made pursuant to exemptions from registration under (i) Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions not involving a public offering, (ii) Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act as exchanges with existing security holders or (iii) Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act as transactions approved by a court or authorized governmental entity.

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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Biggest changeEquity Investments SARL (“SFE EI”), pursuant to which SFE EI agreed to engage in efforts and commit capital to finance the operations of the Company for the next twelve months pursuant to a business plan focused on building a stable foundation for the future business (the “Transformation Plan”) to be agreed by the parties.
Biggest changeFor additional information, see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included herein. SFE EI Agreement and Company Funding On January 13, 2025, we entered into a letter agreement with SFE EI, pursuant to which SFE EI agreed to engage in efforts and commit capital to finance our operations for the next twelve months pursuant to the Transformation Plan.
A comparison of the results for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is provided below. An analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and can be found under Part II, Item 7.
A comparison of the results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is provided below. An analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 can be found under Part II, Item 7.
We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we scale headcount with the growth of our business, and as a result of operating as a public company, including compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, legal, audit, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities, and other administrative and professional services.
We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we scale headcount with the growth of our business through acquisitions and investments, and as a result of operating as a public company, including compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, legal, audit, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities, and other administrative and professional services.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF F INANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to "Nuburu," "we," "us," "our" and "the Company" refer to Nuburu, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, Nuburu, Subsidiary, Inc.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF F INANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to "Nuburu," "we," "us," "our" and "the Company" refer to Nuburu, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, Nuburu, Subsidiary, Inc. and Nuburu Defense, LLC.
Selling and Marketing Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our direct sales force, sales management, and marketing and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits, and travel for selling and marketing employees as well as costs related to trade shows, marketing programs. third-party consulting expenses, and application lab depreciation expenses.
Selling and Marketing Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our direct sales force, sales management, and marketing and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits, and travel for selling and marketing employees as well as costs related to trade shows, marketing programs. third-party consulting expenses, branding and public relations activities, and application lab depreciation expenses.
Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “ Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements ,” “ Item 1A. Risk Factors ” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “ Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements ,” “ Item 1A. Risk Factors ” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We have customers in the United States, Europe, and Asia. In all sales arrangements, revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services.
In all sales arrangements, revenue was recognized when control of the promised goods or services was transferred to customers, in an amount that reflected the consideration we expected to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services.
Operating Expenses Research and Development Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, employee benefits, training, travel, third-party consulting services, laboratory supplies, and research and development equipment depreciation incurred to further our commercialization development efforts. We expense research and development costs as incurred.
This significantly impacted commercialization and operations, particularly in the second half of 2024 and continuing in 2025. Research and Development Research and development expenses ("R&D") consist primarily of compensation and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, employee benefits, training, travel, third-party consulting services, laboratory supplies, and research and development equipment depreciation incurred to further our commercialization development efforts.
The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes related thereto which are included in “ Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Defined terms used herein and not otherwise defined are as defined in Part I of this Annual Report. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the notes thereto which are included in “ Item 8.
Given the lack of funding, management initiated measures designed to reduce costs, which included implementing a furlough of employees. This significantly impacted commercialization and operations, particularly in the second half of 2024. In response to the furloughs and financing challenges, several key employees have resigned entirely.
During 2024 and 2025, due to the lack of sufficient funding, management initiated measures designed to reduce costs, which included implementing a furlough of employees beginning in 2024. In response to the furloughs and financing challenges, several key employees resigned.
Product cost also includes lower of cost or net realizable value inventory (“LCNRV”) adjustments if the carrying value of the inventory is greater than its net realizable value as well as adjustments for excess or obsolete inventory.
Product cost also includes lower of cost or net realizable value inventory (“LCNRV”) adjustments if the carrying value of the inventory is greater than its net realizable value as well as adjustments for excess or obsolete inventory. Operating Expenses As described above, during 2024, management initiated measures designed to reduce costs, which included implementing a furlough of employees.
The auction resulted in the transfer of collateral to an affiliate of the senior secured lenders in exchange for a full discharge and extinguishment of the Company’s Junior and Senior Convertible Notes.
On March 5, 2025, our former secured lenders concluded the Foreclosure sale, which resulted in the transfer of our patent portfolio to an affiliate of the senior secured lenders in exchange for a full discharge and extinguishment of our junior and senior secured notes.
We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, as we: • continue our research and development efforts; • devote substantial resources to implement our announced strategic plan and related acquisitions; and • operate as a public company.
We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, as we devote substantial resources to implement our Transformation Plan, as described in “Item 1. Business” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and operate as a public company.
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is available through the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at www.sec.gov. As we have disclosed previously, we have not yet achieved commercialization and expect continued losses until we can do so.
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as amended, which is available through the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at www.sec.gov. On February 27, 2026, we effected a 1-for-4.99 reverse stock split of our Common Stock (the “2026 Reverse Stock Split”).
We expense selling and marketing costs as incurred. We expect selling and marketing expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our sales force, marketing, and customer support organizations and increase our participation in trade shows and marketing programs. As described above, during 2024, management initiated measures designed to reduce costs, which included implementing a furlough of employees.
We expect selling and marketing expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our sales force, marketing, and customer support organizations and increase 29 Table of Contents our participation in trade shows and marketing programs. Selling and marketing costs are charged to the statement of operations as incurred and are included in operating expenses.
This significantly impacted commercialization and operations, particularly in the second half of 2024. General and Administrative Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our finance, human resources and other administrative personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses.
General and Administrative Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our finance, human resources and other administrative personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. In addition, general and administrative expenses include our third-party consulting and advisory services, legal, audit, accounting services and facilities costs, as well as transaction expenses.
Note Extinguishments During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 19,234,912 shares to noteholders to extinguish an aggregate $5,645,471 of principal and accrued interest under the Senior Notes and Junior Notes.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $20,504,307, which primarily related to the issuance of shares to noteholders of the Senior Notes and Junior Notes to extinguish principal and accrued interest under the Senior Notes and Junior Notes.
We anticipate research and development expenses to increase significantly as we expand our product portfolio. As described above, during 2024, management initiated measures designed to reduce costs, which included implementing a furlough of employees. This significantly impacted commercialization and operations, particularly in the second half of 2024.
We anticipate research and development expenses to increase significantly as we expand our product portfolio. R&D costs are charged to the statement of operations as incurred and are included in operating expenses.
We generated total revenue of $152,127 and $2,085,532 and had net losses of $34,515,754 and $20,710,446 during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we incurred a net loss of $79,071,276 and $34,515,754 (including significant non-cash expenses), respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of $200,479,831 and $131,806,605 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We generated total revenue of nil and $152,127 during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
As described above, during 2024, management initiated measures designed to reduce costs, which included implementing a furlough of employees. This significantly impacted commercialization and operations, particularly in the second half of 2024. Interest Income Interest income consists primarily of interest income received on our cash and cash equivalents.
General and administrative costs are charged to the statement of operations as incurred and are included in operating expenses. Interest Income Interest income consists primarily of interest income received on our cash and cash equivalents.
Following the Settlement with Liqueous, as amended, the ELOC will not be implemented and no additional equity will be sold to Liqueous, other than as set forth in the Settlement, as amended. NYSE American Delisting and Reinstatement On June 13, 2024, NYSE American LLC announced that it had determined to commence proceedings to delist our Common Stock.
Following the Liqueous Settlement Agreement, the ELOC will not be implemented and no additional equity will be sold to Liqueous, other than as set forth in the Liqueous Settlement Agreement. For additional information, see Notes 7, 9, and 11 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Interest Expense Interest expense consists primarily of interest owed on our outstanding debt and amortization of deferred financing costs, as further described in Note 8 in the consolidated financial statements included in “
Interest Expense Interest expense consists primarily of (i) interest owed on our outstanding debt, (ii) through the first quarter of 2025, amortization of deferred financing costs and (iii) during 2025, interest expense incurred in connection with the amounts payable to the landlord as part of the lease settlement for our expired lease in Centennial, Colorado.
Additional Warrant Issuances Further, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued certain additional warrants. For additional information, see notes 8 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements.
For additional information, see Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
We must rely on capital from investors to support our operations. During 2024 and early 2025, management negotiated several funding agreements with multiple investors. Certain of these investors have not fully performed their obligations under such agreements. As a result, the Company has not received the funding necessary to maintain operations, fill orders or implement its sales and marketing program.
Added
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements.
Removed
Accordingly, we may seek to fund our operations through public or private equity financings, debt financings, or other sources. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all.
Added
The 2026 Reverse Stock Split has been reflected retroactively in all Common Stock and per share amounts for all periods presented.
Removed
Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition.
Added
Proportional adjustments were made to the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise, vesting, or conversion of our outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, warrants, convertible notes, preferred stock, and other instruments convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, as well as the applicable exercise prices, conversion prices, and per share grant date fair values.
Removed
Restatement See Note 15, “ Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements and Previously Issued Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements ”, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the restatement of amounts included in the Company's previously issued financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 and for each of the quarterly periods ended March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024.
Added
All share and per share amounts presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including but not limited to earnings per share, weighted-average shares outstanding, shares reserved under equity incentive plans and the employee stock purchase plan, and shares issuable under outstanding derivative and convertible instruments, have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the 2026 Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.
Removed
The Business Combination On January 31, 2023, we consummated the Business Combination. We received net proceeds from the Business Combination totaling $3,243,079, prior to deducting transaction and issuance costs. The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization for financial statement reporting purposes with Legacy Nuburu deemed to be the acquirer and Tailwind deemed to be the acquiree.
Added
LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS We have not yet achieved commercialization and expect continued losses until we can do so. We must rely on capital from investors to support operations. From inception, we have continued to incur operating losses and negative cash flows from operating activities.
Removed
Under this method of accounting, Tailwind will be treated as the acquired company for financial statement reporting purposes. Being an SEC-registered and publicly traded company has required us to hire additional personnel and to implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices.
Added
Until we can generate sufficient revenue, we plan to finance our business with the proceeds from the issuance and sale of debt or equity securities, including sales pursuant to the SEPA, as defined and discussed below, and borrowings under credit facilities.
Removed
Compared to the operations of Legacy Nuburu, we have incurred and expect to incur additional annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, and additional internal and external accounting, legal, and administrative resources, including increased personnel costs, audit, and other professional service fees.
Added
There is no assurance that management's plans to obtain additional debt or equity financing or credit facilities will be successfully implemented or implemented on terms favorable to us. Even if we generate revenue, there is no guarantee that we will ever become profitable.
Removed
Reverse Stock Split On February 22, 2024, we held a special meeting of stockholders where stockholders approved proposals to authorize the Company to effect a reverse stock split of the Company's issued and outstanding Common Stock within a range from 1-for 30 to 1-for-75, with the exact ratio of the reverse stock split to be determined by the Company's board of directors.
Added
While we are pursuing a Transformation Plan intended to address aspects of our financial condition and operations, there can be no assurance that these efforts will be successful or that they will alleviate the substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.
Removed
On July 23, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-40 reverse stock split (the "Reverse Stock Split"). 22 Table of Contents Financing Transactions April 2024 SPA Agreement On April 3, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with certain accredited investors named therein pursuant to which the investors agreed to purchase from the Company $3,000,000 of newly issued shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s Common Stock, at a per Share purchase price of $5.00 per Share.
Added
If we are unable to obtain additional financing, or otherwise implement our Transformation Plan, we will not be able to sustain operations and will need to consider alternatives, which could include a sale, liquidation, or dissolution of the business.
Removed
Only a portion of the purchase price ($644,936) has been advanced. In October 2024, a notification of default was sent to the investors for failure to provide the remainder of the purchase price.
Added
For additional information, refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included herein, for the Company’s evaluation of the events and conditions and its plans regarding the going concern matter. ACQUISITION, INVESTMENT AND JOINT VENTURE PLANS Orbit (Related-Party), Tekne, Lyocon and Maddox For information related to certain acquisition, investment-related and joint venture transactions with Orbit S.r.l.
Removed
Warrant Issuances and Note Extinguishments Pre-Funded Warrants On May 1, 2024, we entered into a Pre-Funded Warrant Purchase Program (the “Program”) with strategic investors, pursuant to which from time-to-time the Company sold and the investors acquired pre-funded warrants.
Added
(“Orbit”), Tekne S.p.A (“Tekne”), Lyocon S.r.l. (“Lyocon”) and Maddox Defense Incorporated (“Maddox”), including our investment in Orbit accounted for under the equity-method through January 2026, see Notes 4, 6 and 17 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
The exercise price for the pre-funded warrants is substantially paid by the purchaser at closing and, as a result, such warrants may be exercised in the future with a nominal exercise price payment.
Added
SYME Convertible Note Receivable and Strategic Investment (Related Party) For information regarding (i) the Convertible Note Receivable with SYME, as defined and described in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, and (ii) the SYME inventory advance, see Notes 6 , 7 and 17 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
Investors also received a warrant to acquire the same number of shares covered by the pre-funded warrant for a purchase price equal to 150% of the relevant pre-funded warrant purchase price exercisable for a period of 5 years.
Added
Heckler & Koch AG Investment As part of ongoing efforts to invest our assets to build out our Defense and Security Platform, on February 6, 2026, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Brick Lane pursuant to which we acquired from Brick Lane 295,000 shares (or approximately 0.8% of the outstanding common shares) of Heckler & Koch AG, a leading manufacturer of small firearms for NATO and EU countries whose shares are listed on Euronext Paris under the ticker MLHK, for an aggregate purchase price of $15,000,000, which was paid by Subordinated Convertible Note.
Removed
Each specific transaction was entered into on terms agreed by the parties; provided however, that in no case was the purchase price per share to be less than 110% of the closing price per share of the Company’s common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the date of purchase.
Added
Business” and Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included herein. 27 Table of Contents RECENT FINANCING TRANSACTIONS, SETTLEMENTS AND DEBT EXTINGUISHMENTS Transfer of Outstanding Preferred Stock As part of our ongoing efforts to eliminate liabilities and return to compliance with NYSE American stockholder equity requirements, on February 6, 2026, we entered into an exchange agreement with Indigo Capital LP ("Indigo"), pursuant to which we agreed to issue a pre-funded warrant to Indigo in exchange for the extinguishment and cancellation of 844,938 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock held by Indigo.
Removed
Contemporaneously with the acquisition of pre-funded warrants, the investors were also permitted to voluntarily convert outstanding notes previously issued by the Company; provided that such transactions, as a whole, did not result in an effective direct or indirect discount to market price to the investors of greater than 30%.
Added
For additional information, see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included herein. February 2026 Offering and 2025 Offerings In February 2026 and September 2025, we consummated a best efforts public offering of Common Stock and certain warrants. For additional information, see Notes 10, 11 and 17 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 837,116 pre-funded warrants, for total cash proceeds of $2,139,866 in pre-funded warrants pursuant to the Program. Each pre-funded warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price ranging from 125% to 140% of the relevant pre-funded warrant purchase price.
Added
December 2025 YA Financing Transaction On December 17, 2025, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with YA, pursuant to which we completed a $25,000,000 financing transaction (the "December 2025 YA Financing Transaction").
Removed
The pre-funded warrant is exercisable any time after issuance through five years. No pre-funded warrants were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2024. The proceeds from the issuance of the pre-funded warrants were recorded to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets.
Added
In connection with the December 2025 YA Financing Transaction, we issued (i) a debenture with an aggregate principal amount of $25,000,000 (the “December 2025 YA Debenture”) at an original issue discount of 7.0%, resulting in gross cash proceeds to us of $23,250,000, which is further described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, and (ii) the December 2025 YA Warrants, as defined and described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, to purchase an aggregate of 46,092,188 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $0.05 to $2.35 per share, which were determined to be equity-classified and are further described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included herein. 3(a)(10) Claims Settlement On July 17, 2025, we and Silverback Capital Corporation (“Silverback”) agreed to settle outstanding claims in an amount of $5,662,479 (the “Claims”) owed to Silverback in exchange for a settlement amount payable in shares of Common Stock, subject to court approval.
Removed
In early 2025, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Settlement with Liqueous, which among other things modified the Company's Pre-Funded Warrants. For additional information, see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included herein. The Program is no longer being utilized.
Added
The settlement was approved by the state court on July 30, 2025, after a fairness hearing pursuant to the requirements of Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Silverback program was performed and concluded. For additional information, see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
August 2024 Convertible Notes On August 6, 2024 and August 19, 2024, the Company entered into the August 2024 Convertible Note Agreement with Esousa for the sale of the August 2024 Convertible Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $673,000, issued at a discount of $25,000.
Added
Standby Equity Purchase Agreement On May 30, 2025, we entered into the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA (the “SEPA Investor”), pursuant to which we have the right to sell to the SEPA Investor up to $100,000,000 of Common Stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the SEPA, from time to time during the term of the SEPA.
Removed
The August 2024 Convertible Notes bear interest at 15% per annum, with principal and accrued interest due at maturity on February 6, 2025, unless earlier paid or converted into common stock. The notes are prepayable at any time prior to the maturity date without penalty.
Added
We are not obligated to make any sales under the SEPA. The SEPA will terminate on the earlier of 36 months from execution or full utilization of the $100,000,000 commitment amount, and may be terminated earlier by us with five trading days’ written notice, subject to certain conditions.
Removed
Upon the occurrence and continuance of an event of default or spin-off of a subsidiary, a default interest rate of an additional 5% per annum may be applied to any outstanding borrowings and the investor may declare all outstanding principal plus accrued interest immediately due.
Added
For additional information regarding the SEPA, see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
Additionally, at any point after issuance, the investor has the option to convert the August 2024 Convertible Notes into common stock at the lower of (i) a fixed price of $2.03 or (ii) 80% of the lowest daily volume weighted-average price in the 10 trading days prior to such conversion date, subject to certain adjustments.
Added
December 2025 YA Debenture, Indigo Capital Convertible Notes, AZ Promissory Note (Related-Party), TAG Promissory Note (Related-Party), Agile Note, Diagonal Convertible Notes, Boot Convertible Note, Brick Lane Convertible Notes, Bomore Convertible Notes, Torcross Convertible Note and YA Debenture (each, as defined in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein) During the year ended December 31, 2025, we entered into certain debt instruments with various third parties.
Removed
Esousa also purchased $687,315 of outstanding principal and accrued interest under the Senior Convertible Notes from an existing investor and subsequently exchanged such notes for the Additional August 2024 Convertible Notes.
Added
Additionally, we entered into two related-party convertible notes, the TAG Promissory Note and the AZ Promissory Note, with the Company's Executive Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer. For additional information, see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
The Additional August 2024 Convertible Notes may be prepaid at any time without penalty, do not accrue interest, mature on February 6, 2025 and may be converted at any time on or after the issuance date into common stock at a conversion price of 25% of the closing price of the common stock on the trading day prior to such conversion date, subject to certain adjustments.
Added
Junior Notes, Senior Notes, August 2024 Convertible Notes and Foreclosure Collateral Sale (each, as defined in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein) During the first quarter of 2025, we fully extinguished our (i) Junior Notes and Senior Notes in connection with certain conversions and as part of the Foreclosure and (ii) August 2024 Convertible Notes.
Removed
The August 2024 Convertible Notes and Additional August 2024 Convertible Notes are unsecured and subordinated to the Company’s outstanding senior convertible notes and junior bridge notes in right of payment, whether in respect to payment or redemptions, interest, damages, upon liquidation or dissolution or otherwise.
Added
Liqueous Settlement Agreement In the first quarter of 2025, we entered into a settlement agreement, as amended (the “Liqueous Settlement Agreement”), with Liqueous LP (“Liqueous”), whereby we (i) received certain cash payments during the year ended December 31, 2025, as further described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, (ii) modified and issued certain warrants, which were subsequently exercised into Common Stock, and (iii) agreed to issue shares of Common Stock to extinguish the Liqueous Obligation, as defined and described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Removed
In March 2025, the remaining August 2024 Convertible Notes were purchased by Indigo Capital and subsequently extinguished, as further described in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements. 23 Table of Contents Promissory Note In October 2024, the Company entered into an unsecured promissory note (the "Promissory Note") with an investor for a principal amount of $1,053,824.
Added
During the third quarter of 2025, the Liqueous Obligation was assigned to Redstone Group I LLC (“Redstone”) and $1,097,113 of outstanding principal and accrued interest was settled through the issuance of 1,803,608 shares of Common Stock to Redstone.
Removed
The Promissory Note is subordinated to the Company's other outstanding debt instruments, accrues interest at 8% per annum and matures in October 2025. The notes are prepayable at any time prior to the maturity date without penalty. Upon an event of default, the investor may require all outstanding and accrued interest immediately due and payable.
Added
In October 2024, we entered into the Master Agreement with Liqueous pursuant to which, among other things, we agreed to implement a $50,000,000 equity line of credit (“ELOC”) pursuant to which we could require Liqueous to purchase Common Stock from time-to-time in the amounts and for 28 Table of Contents the prices determined in accordance with the terms of the ELOC.
Removed
In early 2025, the Company entered into the Amendment with Liqueous, pursuant to which the parties agreed to settle the Promissory Note through the issuance of the February 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants, as defined and further described in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.
Added
ADDITIONAL RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Halting of Trading on NYSE American and February 2026 Reverse Stock Split Trading of our Common Stock was halted by NYSE American on February 13, 2026, because the trading price dropped below NYSE American’s Minimum Trading Price of $0.10.
Removed
Master Agreement On October 1, 2024, the Company entered into the Master Agreement with Liqueous LP (the “Investor”) pursuant to which, the Company and the Investor established a strategic financing framework for short-term and long-term financing for the Company.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk — interest-rate, FX, commodity exposure

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Biggest changeFINANCIAL STATEMENT S AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA This information appears following Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is included herein by reference.
Biggest changeFINANCIAL STATEMENT S AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA This information appears following the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.

Other BURU 10-K year-over-year comparisons