All indebtedness for borrowed money including, but not limited to, reimbursement obligations in respect of letters of credit and guarantees of any such indebtedness. 2. Net income plus interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation, amortization, share compensation expense and extraordinary non-recurring losses/gains.
All indebtedness for borrowed money including, but not limited to, reimbursement obligations in respect of letters of credit and guarantees of any such indebtedness. 2. Net income plus interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation, amortization, share-based compensation expense and extraordinary non-recurring losses/gains.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts (the “Allowance”) is established at the origination of an account or note receivable in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification subtopic 326 Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASC 326”).
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts (the “Allowance”) is established at the origination of an account or note receivable in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) subtopic 326 Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASC 326”).
Recently, our claims experiences have been favorable, as a result of our ongoing initiative to promote safety and accident prevention in the workplace, as well as proactive management of workers’ compensation claims.
Recently, our claims experiences have been favorable as a result of our ongoing initiative to promote safety and accident prevention in the workplace and proactive management of workers’ compensation claims.
HCSG Insurance provides workers’ compensation, general liability and other insurance coverages to such entities with respect to such transitioned workforce, such entities provide housekeeping, laundry and dietary services as a subcontracted provider to the Company, and the Company provides strategic customer-service management and administrative support services to such entities. 18 Table of Contents Our ability to acquire new customers, retain existing customers and increase revenues are affected by many factors.
HCSG Insurance provides workers’ compensation, general liability and other insurance coverages to such entities with respect to such transitioned workforce, such entities provide housekeeping, laundry and dietary services as a subcontracted provider to the Company, and the Company provides strategic customer-service management and administrative support services to such entities. 19 Table of Contents Our ability to acquire new customers, retain existing customers and increase revenues are affected by many factors.
Discussions of 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 The following table summarizes the income statement key components that we use to evaluate our financial performance on a consolidated and reportable segment basis, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 The following table summarizes the income statement key components that we use to evaluate our financial performance on a consolidated and reportable segment basis, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
As noted above, we were in compliance with our financial covenants at December 31, 2022 and we expect to remain in compliance. The line of credit expires on November 22, 2027.
As noted above, we were in compliance with our financial covenants at December 31, 2023 and we expect to remain in compliance. The line of credit expires on November 22, 2027.
This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and for the year then ended and the notes accompanying those financial statements.
This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and for the year then ended and the notes accompanying those financial statements.
Although we have no specific material commitments for capital expenditures through the end of calendar year 2023, we estimate that for 2023 we will have capital expenditures of approximately $4.0 million to $6.0 million.
Although we have no specific material commitments for capital expenditures through the end of calendar year 2024, we estimate that for 2024 we will have capital expenditures of approximately $4.0 million to $6.0 million.
As a percentage of total revenues, these provisions represented approximately 1.9%, 0.6% and 0.5% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Insurance Programs We self-insure or carry high deductible insurance plans and therefore retain a substantial portion of the risk associated with the expected losses under our general liability and workers compensation programs.
As a percentage of total revenues, these provisions represented approximately 2.1%, 1.9% and 0.6% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Insurance Programs We self-insure or carry high deductible insurance plans and therefore retain a substantial portion of the risk associated with the expected losses under our general liability and workers compensation programs.
Losses on the plan investments during the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased our total selling, general and administrative expense for the period whereas gains on plan investments during the year ended 2021 increased our total selling, general and administrative expense.
Gains on the plan investments during the year ended December 31, 2023 increased our total selling, general and administrative expense for the period whereas losses on plan investments during the year ended 2022 decreased our total selling, general and administrative expense.
Our accounting for this plan utilizes current valuations from a third party actuary, which include assumptions based on data such as historical claims and pay-out experience, demographic factors, industry trends, severity factors, and other actuarial calculations.
Our accounting for this plan utilizes current valuations from a third-party actuary, which include assumptions based on data such as historical claims and payout experience, demographic factors, industry trends, severity factors and other actuarial calculations.
The table below summarizes those metrics for 2022, 2021 and 2020: Relation to Consolidated Revenues Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Revenues 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % Operating costs and expenses: Costs of services provided 88.5 % 86.2 % 84.8 % Selling, general and administrative expense excluding change in deferred compensation liability 8.8 % 10.1 % 8.0 % (Loss) gain on deferred compensation plan (0.5) % 0.4 % 0.6 % Selling, general and administrative expense 8.3 % 10.5 % 8.6 % Other (expense) income: Investment and other (expense) income, net (0.3) % 0.6 % 0.8 % Interest expense (0.2) % (0.1) % (0.1) % Income before income taxes 2.7 % 3.8 % 7.3 % Income tax 0.6 % 1.0 % 1.7 % Net income 2.1 % 2.8 % 5.6 % Our costs of services can vary and may impact our operating performance.
The table below summarizes those metrics for 2023, 2022 and 2021: Relation to Consolidated Revenues Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Revenues 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % Operating costs and expenses: Costs of services provided 87.2 % 88.6 % 86.2 % Selling, general and administrative expense excluding change in deferred compensation liability 9.6 % 8.8 % 10.1 % Gain (loss) on deferred compensation plan 0.4 % (0.5) % 0.4 % Selling, general and administrative expense 10.0 % 8.3 % 10.5 % Other income (expense): Investment and other income (loss), net 0.8 % (0.3) % 0.6 % Interest expense (0.5) % (0.2) % (0.1) % Income before income taxes 3.1 % 2.6 % 3.8 % Income tax 0.9 % 0.6 % 1.0 % Net income 2.2 % 2.0 % 2.8 % Our costs of services can vary and may impact our operating performance.
In order to provide for collections issues and the general risk associated with the granting of credit terms, we recorded a bad debt provision (in an Allowance for Doubtful Accounts) of $32.0 million, $10.5 million and $9.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
In order to provide for collections issues and the general risk associated with the granting of credit terms, we recorded a bad debt provision (in an Allowance for Doubtful Accounts) of $35.6 million, $32.0 million and $10.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Capital Expenditures The level of capital expenditures is generally dependent on the number of new customers obtained. Such capital expenditures primarily consist of housekeeping and food service equipment purchases, laundry and linen equipment installations, computer hardware and software, and furniture and fixtures. Our capital expenditures totaled $5.2 million in 2022.
Capital Expenditures The level of capital expenditures is generally dependent on the number of new customers obtained. Such capital expenditures primarily consist of housekeeping and food service equipment purchases, laundry and linen equipment installations, computer hardware and software and furniture and fixtures. Our capital expenditures totaled $5.4 million in 2023.
Our current ratio was 2.8 to 1 at December 31, 2022 and 2.9 to 1 at December 31, 2021. Marketable securities represent fixed income investments that are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets. Such securities are held by HCSG Insurance to satisfy capital requirements of the state regulator related to captive insurance companies.
Our current ratio was 2.6 to 1 at both December 31, 2023 and 2022. Marketable securities represent fixed income investments that are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets. Such securities are held by HCSG Insurance to satisfy capital requirements of the state regulator related to captive insurance companies.
Our investment policy limits investment to certain types of instruments issued by institutions primarily with investment-grade ratings and places restrictions on concentration by type and issuer. 25 Table of Contents Financing Activities The primary use of cash for financing activities is the payment of dividends.
Our investment policy limits investment to certain types of instruments issued by institutions primarily with investment-grade ratings and places restrictions on concentration by type and issuer. 25 Table of Contents Financing Activities The primary use of cash for financing activities is repurchases of common stock.
We believe that our existing capacity under the line of credit and our history of favorable operating cash flows provide adequate liquidity to fund our operations for the next twelve months following the date of this report, inclusive of the potential impact of COVID-19.
We believe that our existing capacity under the line of credit and our history of favorable operating cash flows provide adequate liquidity to fund our operations for the next twelve months following the date of this report.
Material Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements other than our irrevocable standby letter of credit previously discussed.
Material Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements other than our irrevocable standby letter of credit previously discussed. 27 Table of Contents
Dietary services were provided to approximately 1,700 customer facilities at December 31, 2022 and contributed approximately 52.9% or $894.5 million of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our workers’ compensation, general liability and certain employee health and welfare insurance programs are provided by HCSG Insurance Corp. (“HCSG Insurance” or the “Captive”), our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary.
Dietary services were provided to approximately 1,700 customer facilities at December 31, 2023 and contributed approximately 54.1% or $904.7 million of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our workers’ compensation, general liability and certain employee health and welfare insurance programs are provided by HCSG Insurance Corp. (“HCSG Insurance” or the “Captive”), our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary.
We are on a calendar year end, and except where otherwise indicated, “2022” refers to the year ended December 31, 2022, and “2021” refers to the year ended December 31, 2021.
We are on a calendar year end, and except where otherwise indicated, “2023” refers to the year ended December 31, 2023, and “2022” refers to the year ended December 31, 2022.
If our customers experience a negative impact in their cash flows, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. 23 Table of Contents Accrued Insurance Claims We have a Paid Loss Retrospective Insurance Plan for general liability, workers’ compensation insurance and other self-insurance programs, which comprise approximately 30.4% of our liabilities at December 31, 2022.
If our customers experience a negative impact in their cash flows, it could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. Accrued Insurance Claims We have a Paid Loss Retrospective Insurance Plan for general liability, workers’ compensation insurance and other self-insurance programs, which comprise approximately 25.3% of our liabilities at December 31, 2023.
Costs of services provided Consolidated Consolidated costs of services provided increased 5.7% to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the corresponding period in 2021.
Costs of services provided Consolidated Consolidated costs of services provided decreased 2.7% to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022.
At December 31, 2022, we borrowed $25.0 million under the line of credit. 26 Table of Contents The line of credit requires us to satisfy two financial covenants.
At December 31, 2023, we borrowed $25.0 million under the line of credit. The line of credit requires us to satisfy two financial covenants.
Any such adjustments or revisions to estimates could result in material differences from previously reported amounts. The policies discussed below are not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of our accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by U.S. GAAP, with no need for our judgment in their application.
Any such adjustments or revisions to estimates could result in material differences from previously reported amounts. 23 Table of Contents The policies discussed below are not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of our accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by U.S.
At December 31, 2022, we also had outstanding $81.0 million in irrevocable standby letters of credit, which relate to payment obligations under our insurance programs. In connection with the issuance of the letters of credit, the amount available under the line of credit was reduced by $81.0 million to $194.0 million at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2023, we also had outstanding $85.9 million in irrevocable standby letters of credit, which relate to payment obligations under our insurance programs. In connection with the issuance of the letters of credit, the amount available under the line of credit was reduced by $85.9 million to $189.1 million at December 31, 2023.
Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation. At December 31, 2022, Housekeeping services were provided at approximately 2,600 customer facilities, generating approximately 47.1% or $795.7 million of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Such management personnel also oversee the execution of various cost and quality control procedures including continuous training and employee evaluation. At December 31, 2023, Housekeeping services were provided to approximately 2,300 customer facilities, generating approximately 45.9% or $766.7 million of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Costs of services provided for Dietary, as a percentage of Dietary revenues, increased to 96.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022 from 94.4% in the corresponding period in 2021. 21 Table of Contents The following table provides a comparison of the key indicators we consider when managing costs of services provided at the segment level, as a percentage of the respective segment’s revenues: Year Ended December 31, Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Segment Revenue 2022 2021 Change Housekeeping labor and other labor-related costs 81.4% 80.9% 0.5% Housekeeping supplies 6.8% 6.5% 0.3% Dietary labor and other labor-related costs 61.5% 64.0% (2.5)% Dietary supplies 32.0% 27.9% 4.1% Variations within these key indicators relate to the provision of services at new facilities and changes in the mix of customers for whom we provide supplies or do not provide supplies.
The following table provides a comparison of the key indicators we consider when managing costs of services provided at the segment level, as a percentage of the respective segment’s revenues: Year Ended December 31, Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Segment Revenue 2023 2022 Change Housekeeping labor and other labor-related costs 82.2% 81.4% 0.8% Housekeeping supplies 7.0% 6.8% 0.2% Dietary labor and other labor-related costs 59.3% 61.5% (2.2)% Dietary supplies 34.2% 32.0% 2.2% Variations within these key indicators relate to the provision of services at new facilities and changes in the mix of customers for whom we provide supplies or do not provide supplies.
The covenants and their respective status at December 31, 2022 were as follows: Covenant Descriptions and Requirements As of December 31, 2022 Funded debt 1 to EBITDA 2 ratio: less than 3.50 to 1.00 1.19 EBITDA 2 to Interest Expense ratio: not less than 3.00 to 1.00 22.36 1.
The covenants and their respective status at December 31, 2023 were as follows: Covenant Descriptions and Requirements As of December 31, 2023 Funded debt 1 to EBITDA 2 ratio: less than 3.50 to 1.00 0.97 EBITDA 2 to Interest Expense ratio: not less than 3.00 to 1.00 9.92 1.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 our cash flows were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ (8,167) $ 37,108 $ 217,213 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities $ 2,580 $ (22,990) $ (36,845) Net cash used in financing activities $ (38,928) $ (82,654) $ (68,367) Operating Activities Our primary sources of cash from operating activities are the revenues generated from our Housekeeping and Dietary services.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 our cash flows were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 (in thousands) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 43,498 $ (8,167) $ 37,108 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities $ (3,293) $ 2,580 $ (22,990) Net cash used in financing activities $ (12,154) $ (38,928) $ (82,654) Operating Activities Our primary sources of cash from operating activities are the revenues generated from our Housekeeping and Dietary services.
The Allowance is evaluated quarterly based upon our financial models which consider historical collections experience, current market conditions, government funding of Medicare and Medicaid, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to estimate lifetime expected credit losses.
ASC 326 requires the Company to estimate the lifetime expected credit losses on such instruments and to record an allowance to offset the receivables. The Allowance is evaluated quarterly based upon our financial models which consider historical collections experience, current market conditions, government funding of Medicare and Medicaid and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to estimate lifetime expected credit losses.
Dietary labor costs accounted for approximately 61.5% of Dietary revenues in 2022. Changes in wage rates as a result of legislative or collective bargaining actions, market factors, adjustments to staffing levels, and other variations in our use of labor or managing labor costs can result in variability of these costs.
Changes in wage rates as a result of legislative or collective bargaining actions, market factors, adjustments to staffing levels, and other variations in our use of labor or managing labor costs can result in variability of these costs. Housekeeping supplies, including linen products, accounted for approximately 7.0% of Housekeeping revenues in 2023.
We review two primary indicators (costs of labor and costs of supplies as percentages of segment revenues) to monitor and manage such costs. The variability of these costs may impact each segment differently, as Housekeeping is more significantly impacted by costs of labor than Dietary. Labor costs accounted for approximately 81.4% of Housekeeping revenues in 2022.
We review two primary indicators (costs of labor and costs of supplies as percentages of segment revenues) to monitor and manage such costs. The variability of these costs may impact each segment differently, as Housekeeping's percentage of revenue is more significantly impacted by costs of labor than that of Dietary.
There are also areas in which our judgment in selecting another available alternative would not produce a materially different result. See our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which contain a discussion of our accounting policies and other disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.
See our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which contain a discussion of our accounting policies and other disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.
The table below summarizes the changes in these components of selling, general and administrative expense: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 $ Change % Change (dollar amounts in thousands) Selling, general and administrative expense excluding change in deferred compensation liability $ 149,522 $ 166,432 $ (16,910) (10.2) % (Loss) gain on deferred compensation plan investments (9,178) 6,676 (15,854) (237.5) % Selling, general and administrative expense $ 140,344 $ 173,108 $ (32,764) (18.9) % Consolidated Investment and Interest Income, net Investment and other income decreased to an expense of $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to income of $9.4 million for the corresponding 2021 period, primarily due to market fluctuations in the value of our trading security investments representing the funding for our deferred compensation plan.
The table below summarizes the changes in these components of selling, general and administrative expense: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 $ Change % Change (dollar amounts in thousands) Selling, general and administrative expense excluding change in deferred compensation liability $ 160,088 $ 149,522 $ 10,566 7.1 % Gain (loss) on deferred compensation plan investments 6,684 (9,178) 15,862 (172.8) % Selling, general and administrative expense $ 166,772 $ 140,344 $ 26,428 18.8 % Consolidated Investment and Interest Income, net Investment and other income was a gain of $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a loss of $5.4 million for the corresponding 2022 period, primarily due to market fluctuations in the value of our trading security investments representing the funding for our deferred compensation plan and increased interest income on notes receivable.
We believe we are the largest provider of housekeeping and laundry management services to the long-term care industry in the United States, rendering such services to approximately 2,600 facilities throughout the continental United States as of December 31, 2022. We provide services primarily pursuant to full service agreements with our customers.
We believe we are the largest provider of housekeeping and laundry management services to the long-term care industry in the United States. 18 Table of Contents We provide services primarily pursuant to full service agreements with our customers.
Accounts and Notes Receivable Decisions to grant or to extend credit to customers are made on a case-by-case basis and based on a number of qualitative and quantitative factors related to the particular customer as well as the general risks associated with operating within the healthcare industry.
On December 29, 2023, January 2, 2024 and January 3, 2024, the letters of credit were renewed, and they all expire during the first quarter of 2025. 26 Table of Contents Accounts and Notes Receivable Decisions to grant or to extend credit to customers are made on a case-by-case basis and based on a number of qualitative and quantitative factors related to the particular customer as well as the general risks associated with operating within the healthcare industry.
Reportable Segments Costs of services provided for Housekeeping, as a percentage of Housekeeping revenues, increased to 90.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022 from 90.3% in the corresponding period in 2021.
Costs of services provided for Dietary, as a percentage of Dietary revenues, decreased to 95.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 96.8% in the corresponding period in 2022.
Consolidated Selling, General and Administrative Expense Included in selling, general and administrative expense are gains and losses associated with changes in the value of investments under our deferred compensation liability. These investments represent the amounts held on behalf of the participating employees as changes in the value of these investments affect the amount of our deferred compensation liability.
These investments represent the amounts held on behalf of the participating employees as changes in the value of these investments affect the amount of our deferred compensation liability.
In the event that our claims experience and/or industry trends result in an unfavorable change resulting from, among other factors, the severity levels of reported claims and medical cost inflation, as compared to historical claim trends, it would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. 27 Table of Contents For general liability and workers’ compensation, we record a reserve for the estimated future cost of claims and related expenses that have been reported but not settled, including an estimate of claims incurred but not reported that are developed as a result of a review of our historical data and open claims, which is based on estimates provided by a third party actuary.
For general liability and workers’ compensation, we record a reserve for the estimated future cost of claims and related expenses that have been reported but not settled, including an estimate of claims incurred but not reported that are developed as a result of a review of our historical data and open claims, which is based on estimates provided by a third-party actuary.
Housekeeping supplies, including linen products, accounted for approximately 6.8% of Housekeeping revenues in 2022. In contrast, supplies consumed in performing our Dietary services accounted for approximately 32.0% of Dietary revenues. Generally, fluctuations in these expenses are influenced by factors outside of our control and are unpredictable.
In contrast, supplies consumed in performing our Dietary services accounted for approximately 34.2% of Dietary revenues. Generally, fluctuations in these expenses are influenced by factors outside of our control and are unpredictable. Housekeeping and Dietary supplies are principally commodity products and are affected by market conditions specific to the respective products.
The decrease to our 2022 tax rate compared to the corresponding 2021 period was primarily impacted by the tax effect of our settlement with the SEC to resolve its investigation raising the effective tax rate in 2021. 22 Table of Contents Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States (“U.S.
The increase to our 2023 tax rate compared to the corresponding 2022 period was primarily impacted by a decrease in federal and state tax adjustments relative to the increase in income before income taxes. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States (“U.S.
A summary of the changes in our total self-insurance liability is as follows: 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Accrued insurance claims - January 1, $ 89,394 $ 82,428 $ 87,622 Claim payments (25,175) (29,061) (30,828) Reserve accruals: Current year accruals 34,293 35,830 39,638 Changes to the provision for prior year claims (9,805) 197 (14,004) Change in accrued insurance claims (687) 6,966 (5,194) Accrued insurance claims - December 31, $ 88,707 $ 89,394 $ 82,428 24 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $121.5 million and working capital of $330.0 million, compared to December 31, 2021 cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $185.2 million and working capital of $355.3 million.
General liability and workers’ compensation reserves for claims incurred but not reported are developed by a third-party actuary through review of our historical data and open claims. 24 Table of Contents A summary of the changes in our total self-insurance liability is as follows: 2023 2022 2021 (in thousands) Accrued insurance claims - January 1, $ 88,707 $ 89,394 $ 82,428 Claim payments (24,488) (25,175) (29,061) Reserve accruals: Current year accruals 32,693 34,293 35,830 Changes to the provision for prior year claims (12,534) (9,805) 197 Change in accrued insurance claims (4,329) (687) 6,966 Accrued insurance claims - December 31, $ 84,378 $ 88,707 $ 89,394 Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $147.5 million and working capital of $354.8 million, compared to December 31, 2022 cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $121.5 million and working capital of $319.6 million.
Investing Activities Our principal uses of cash for investing activities are the purchases of marketable securities and capital expenditures such as housekeeping and food service equipment, computer software and equipment, and furniture and fixtures (see “Capital Expenditures” below for additional information). Such uses of cash are offset by proceeds from sales of marketable securities.
Such activity, along with the timing of cash payments, are the primary drivers of the period-over-period changes in net cash provided by operating activities. Investing Activities Our principal uses of cash for investing activities are capital expenditures such as housekeeping and food service equipment, computer software and equipment and furniture and fixtures (see “Capital Expenditures” below for additional information).
Excluding the change in the deferred compensation plan described above, consolidated selling, general and administrative expense decreased $16.9 million or 10.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the corresponding period in 2021.
Excluding the change in the deferred compensation plan described above, consolidated selling, general and administrative expense increased $10.6 million or 7.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The increase was driven by increases in professional fees and travel-related expenses, impacted by inflationary measures.
The following table provides a comparison of key indicators we consider when managing the consolidated costs of services provided: Year Ended December 31, Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Consolidated Revenue 2022 2021 Change Bad debt provision 1.9% 0.6% 1.3% Self-insurance costs 1.9% 3.0% (1.1)% The increase to bad debt provision includes a change in the credit risk profile of one customer that entered into receivership during 2022.
The following table provides a comparison of key indicators we consider when managing the consolidated costs of services provided: Year Ended December 31, Costs of Services Provided - Key Indicators as a % of Consolidated Revenue 2023 2022 Change Bad debt provision 2.1% 1.9% 0.2% Self-insurance costs 1.8% 1.9% (0.1)% Reportable Segments Costs of services provided for Housekeeping, as a percentage of Housekeeping revenues, increased to 92.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 90.8% in the corresponding period in 2022.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 % Change (in thousands) Revenues Housekeeping $ 795,687 $ 821,329 (3.1) % Dietary 894,489 820,630 9.0 % Consolidated $ 1,690,176 $ 1,641,959 2.9 % Costs of services provided Housekeeping $ 722,591 $ 741,949 (2.6) % Dietary 865,424 774,872 11.7 % Corporate and eliminations (91,679) (101,739) (9.9) % Consolidated $ 1,496,336 $ 1,415,082 5.7 % Selling, general and administrative expense Corporate and eliminations $ 140,344 $ 173,108 (18.9) % Investment and other income, net Corporate $ (5,427) $ 9,439 (157.5) % Interest expense Corporate $ (2,987) $ (1,385) 115.7 % Income (loss) before income taxes Housekeeping $ 73,096 $ 79,380 (7.9) % Dietary 29,065 45,758 (36.5) % Corporate and eliminations (57,079) (63,315) (9.8) % Consolidated $ 45,082 $ 61,823 (27.1) % Income taxes Corporate $ 10,452 $ 15,960 (34.5) % 20 Table of Contents Revenues Consolidated Consolidated revenues increased 2.9% to $1.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the corresponding period in 2021 as a result of the factors discussed below under Reportable Segments.
Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change (in thousands) Revenues Housekeeping $ 766,651 $ 795,687 (3.6) % Dietary 904,738 894,489 1.1 % Consolidated $ 1,671,389 $ 1,690,176 (1.1) % Costs of services provided Housekeeping $ 705,340 $ 722,591 (2.4) % Dietary 861,191 865,424 (0.5) % Corporate and eliminations (109,888) (91,150) 20.6 % Consolidated $ 1,456,643 $ 1,496,865 (2.7) % Selling, general and administrative expense Corporate and eliminations $ 166,772 $ 140,344 18.8 % Investment and other income, net Corporate $ 12,938 $ (5,427) (338.4) % Interest expense Corporate $ (7,856) $ (2,987) 163.0 % Income (loss) before income taxes Housekeeping $ 61,311 $ 73,096 (16.1) % Dietary 43,547 29,065 49.8 % Corporate and eliminations (51,802) (57,608) (10.1) % Consolidated $ 53,056 $ 44,553 19.1 % Income taxes Corporate $ 14,670 $ 10,310 42.3 % 21 Table of Contents Revenues Consolidated Consolidated revenues decreased 1.1% to $1.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022 as a result of the factors discussed below under Reportable Segments.
Line of Credit At December 31, 2022, we had a $300 million bank line of credit on which to draw for general corporate purposes.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no other material minimum purchase or capital expenditure commitments pertaining to our daily operations or existing financing arrangements. Line of Credit At December 31, 2023, we had a $300 million bank line of credit on which to draw for general corporate purposes.
Management focuses on building efficiencies and managing labor and other costs at the facility level, as well as managing supply chain costs, for new and existing facilities. The increase in dietary supplies spend as a percentage of dietary revenues was driven by increases to our menu costs, which are dependent on commodity pricing factors, during 2022.
Management focuses on building efficiencies and managing labor and other costs at the facility level, as well as managing supply chain costs, for new and existing facilities.
Reportable Segments Housekeeping revenues decreased 3.1% while Dietary revenues increased 9.0% during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the corresponding period in 2021. Housekeeping revenues declined due to fewer facilities serviced, while Dietary revenue increased primarily due to negotiated price increases with customers, dining facility additions and growth through a prior year acquisition.
Inclusive of the impact of such changes, Housekeeping revenues decreased 3.6% while Dietary revenues increased 1.1% during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022. Housekeeping revenues declined due to fewer facilities serviced year-over-year.
For additional information on risk factors related to the pandemic or other risks that could impact our results, please refer to “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K. 17 Table of Contents Overview We provide management, administrative and operating expertise and services to the housekeeping, laundry, linen, facility maintenance and dietary service departments of healthcare facilities, including nursing homes, retirement complexes, rehabilitation centers and hospitals located throughout the United States.
Overview We provide management, administrative and operating expertise and services to the housekeeping, laundry, linen, facility maintenance and dietary service departments of healthcare facilities, including nursing homes, retirement complexes, rehabilitation centers and hospitals located throughout the United States. We provide such services to approximately 2,700 facilities throughout the continental United States as of December 31, 2023.
In connection with the establishment of our dividend policy, we adopted a Dividend Reinvestment Plan in 2003. The primary source of cash from financing activities is the net borrowings under our bank line of credit. We borrow for general corporate purposes as needed throughout the year.
The primary source of cash from financing activities is the net borrowings under our bank line of credit. We borrow for general corporate purposes as needed throughout the year. Contractual Obligations Our future contractual obligations and commitments at December 31, 2023 primarily consist of minimum lease payments on our operating lease agreements as discussed within Note 8 — Leases.
For the year ended December 31, 2022 cash flow from operations included a $11.2 million decrease in net income compared to 2021, a payment of $24.4 million for payroll taxes previously deferred under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), and a $78.7 million increase in outstanding accounts and notes receivable.
For the year ended December 31, 2023 cash flow from operations included a $38.4 million in net income, an increase of $4.1 million compared to 2022, non-cash add-backs to net income of $49.3 million, and a $44.2 million decrease in cash flows from changes in operating assets and liabilities, driven primarily by increased outstanding accounts and notes receivable.
Consolidated Income Taxes Our effective tax rate was 23.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 25.8% in 2021.
Consolidated Interest Expense Consolidated interest expense increased to $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $3.0 million for the corresponding 2022 period due to increased short-term borrowings during 2023 and increased market interest rates. Consolidated Income Taxes Our effective tax rate was 27.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 23.1% in 2022.
We remain authorized to repurchase 0.6 million shares of our Common Stock pursuant to previous Board of Directors’ authorization. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we repurchased our Common Stock as part of the dividend reinvestment related to treasury shares held within the Deferred Compensation Plan.
During 2022, we paid regular quarterly cash dividends to shareholders of $63.4 million. We repurchased 1.0 million shares of our common stock for $11.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. We remain authorized to repurchase 6.5 million shares of our Common Stock pursuant to the Repurchase Plan.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company modified its service agreement with one operator which resulted in the recognition of a $10.0 million reduction to revenues. Such reduction reduced Housekeeping revenues by $2.3 million and Dietary revenues by $7.7 million.
Reportable Segments During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized changes in variable consideration as reductions to revenue of $13.8 million, including $4.1 million in Housekeeping revenues and $9.7 million in Dietary revenues, and $10.0 million, including $2.3 million of Housekeeping revenues and $7.7 million of Dietary revenues, respectively.