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What changed in SeaStar Medical Holding Corp's 10-K — 2023 vs 2024

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Paragraph-level year-over-year comparison of SeaStar Medical Holding Corp's 2023 and 2024 10-K annual filings, covering the Business, Risk Factors, Legal Proceedings, Cybersecurity, MD&A and Market Risk sections. Every new, removed and edited paragraph is highlighted side-by-side so you can see exactly what management changed in the 2024 report.

+659 added−749 removedSource: 10-K (2025-03-27) vs 10-K (2024-04-16)

Top changes in SeaStar Medical Holding Corp's 2024 10-K

659 paragraphs added · 749 removed · 505 edited across 6 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

147 edited+65 added−29 removed98 unchanged
Biggest changePatent Family 5 includes three U.S. design patents, three European Community design patents, and three United Kingdom design patents directed to a medical device connector as follows: 21 Patent Family 5 Jurisdiction Status Expiration Date Subject Matter United States Granted 2025 Design patent directed to a medical device connector United States Granted 2024 Design patent directed to a medical device connector United States Granted 2025 Design patent directed to a medical device connector United Kingdom Granted 2034 Design patent directed to a medical device connector United Kingdom Granted 2034 Design patent directed to a medical device connector United Kingdom Granted 2034 Design patent directed to a medical device connector European Community Granted 2034 Design patent directed to a medical device connector European Community Granted 2034 Design patent directed to a medical device connector European Community Granted 2034 Design patent directed to a medical device connector With respect to our other technologies, we solely own patents and patent applications in five additional patent families (Patent Families 6-10) which are summarized as follows: Patent Family 6 Jurisdiction Status Expiration Date Subject Matter United States Pending 2040* Devices and methods for preparing a donor organ for transplantation * Expiration date if application is granted.
Biggest changeWith respect to our other technologies, we solely own patents and patent applications in four additional patent families (Patent Families 5-8) which are summarized as follows: Patent Family 5 Jurisdiction Status Expiration Subject Matter Date United States Pending 2040* Device and methods for reducing rejection of a transplanted organ in a recipient *Expiration date if application is granted.
These inflammatory cells release chemicals (cytokines) that trigger the immune system to eliminate the foreign pathogens or damaged tissue, enhancing the immune response.
These inflammatory cells release chemicals (cytokines) that trigger the immune system to eliminate foreign pathogens or damaged tissue, enhancing the immune response.
We expect to employ several core growth strategies: • Execute on clinical plan through key relationships: Our initial focus on the treatment of AKI in adults and pediatrics is supported by our long and established relationship with UOM, which licenses to us certain key technology underpinning our novel immunomodulatory therapy, as well as other leading academic hospitals and institutions throughout the U.S.
We expect to employ several core growth strategies: • Execute on clinical plan through key relationships: Our initial focus on the treatment of AKI in adults and pediatrics is supported by our long and established relationship with the UOM, which licenses to us certain key technology underpinning our novel immunomodulatory therapy, as well as other leading academic hospitals and institutions throughout the U.S.
Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject a device and/or its manufacturer to a variety of administrative sanctions, such as issuance of warning letters, import detentions, mandatory safety notifications, repair/replace/refund actions, or recalls, civil monetary penalties and/or judicial sanctions, such as product seizures, injunctions and criminal prosecution.
Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject a device and/or its manufacturer to a variety of administrative sanctions, such as issuance of warning letters, import detentions, mandatory safety notifications, repair/replace/refund actions, recalls; and/or, civil monetary penalties and/or judicial sanctions, such as product seizures, injunctions and criminal prosecution.
Healthcare providers that use medical devices generally rely on third-party payors to pay for all or part of the costs and fees associated with the medical procedures being performed or to compensate them for their patient care services.
Healthcare providers that use medical devices generally rely on third-party payors to pay for all or part of the costs and fees associated with the medical procedures being performed or to compensate them for their patient care services.
The patents and applications in Patent Family 4 are as follows: Patent Family 4† Jurisdiction Status Expiration Date Subject Matter United States Granted 2032 Methods for increasing myocardial function in subject with acute decompensated heart failure United States Granted 2032 Methods for increasing myocardial function in subject with chronic heart failure Australia Granted 2032 Methods for increasing myocardial function in a subject with acute chronic heart failure or chronic heart failure Australia Granted 2032 Methods, cartridges, and systems for improving myocardial function and treating inflammation associated with acute decompensated heart failure and chronic heart failure Canada Pending 2032* Devices for use in treating subjects with chronic heart failure and acute decompensated heart failure Europe Pending 2032* Devices for use in treating subjects with chronic heart failure or acute decompensated heart failure * Expiration date if application is granted. † This patent family was developed with U.S. federal government funding and is subject to obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
The patents and applications in Patent Family 4 are as follows: 20 Patent Family 4† Jurisdiction Status Expiration Subject Matter Date United States Granted 2032 Methods for increasing myocardial function in subject with acute decompensated heart failure United States Granted 2032 Methods for increasing myocardial function in subject with chronic heart failure Australia Granted 2032 Methods for increasing myocardial function in a subject with acute chronic heart failure or chronic heart failure Australia Granted 2032 Methods, cartridges, and systems for improving myocardial function and treating inflammation associated with acute decompensated heart failure and chronic heart failure Canada Granted 2032* Devices for use in treating subjects with chronic heart failure and acute decompensated heart failure Europe Pending 2032* Devices for use in treating subjects with chronic heart failure or acute decompensated heart failure * Expiration date if application is granted. † This patent family was developed with U.S. federal government funding and is subject to obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
Pursuant to a license agreement with UOM (as amended, the “UOM License Agreement”), UOM has granted us a worldwide, royalty bearing, exclusive license to their interest in the co-owned patents and applications in Patent Family 1 in the field of medical devices for human therapeutics for certain technologies used in the SCD technology platform, including composition of matter and methods of use patents.
Pursuant to a license agreement with the UOM (as amended and restated, the “UOM License Agreement”), UOM has granted us a worldwide, royalty bearing, exclusive license to their interest in the co-owned patents and applications in Patent Family 1 in the field of medical devices for use in human therapeutics for certain technologies used in the SCD technology platform, including composition of matter and methods of use patents.
If this excessive systemic inflammation is severe and prolonged, multi-organ failure, including cardiovascular, respiratory, kidney, liver and neurologic dysfunction may occur, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Prior therapeutic approaches to block soluble mediator targets, such as a cytokines or free radicals have not proven successful.
If this excessive systemic inflammation is severe and prolonged, multi-organ failure, including cardiovascular, respiratory, kidney, liver and neurologic dysfunction may occur, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Prior therapeutic approaches to block soluble mediator targets, such as cytokines or free radicals have not proven successful.
The pediatric population for AKI patients in the U.S. on CRRT 9 is estimated to be less than 8,000 patients per year, which is a substantially small sub-set of the 6 million AKI patient population. The AKI market needs new and effective solutions, and hospitals continue to search for and evaluate new products.
The pediatric population for AKI patients in the U.S. on CRRT is estimated to be less than 8,000 patients per year, which is a substantially small sub-set of the 6 million AKI patient population. The AKI market needs new and effective solutions, and hospitals continue to search for and evaluate new products.
Up to one-third of patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure present with this disorder; this condition is increasing in incidence with an estimated one million hospital admissions annually in the United States. Once hospitalized, these patients are treated with a high dose of 15 intravenous diuretics to relieve persistent congestion.
Up to one-third of patients with acute decompensated chronic heart failure present with this disorder; this condition is increasing in incidence with an estimated one million hospital admissions annually in the United States. Once hospitalized, these patients are treated with a high dose of intravenous diuretics to relieve persistent congestion.
In addition, novel devices that have not been previously classified by the FDA or that have deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device are considered Class III by default, unless and until they are down-classified by the FDA (e.g., via the de novo request process).
In addition, novel devices that have not been previously classified by the FDA or which have been deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device are considered Class III by default, unless and until they are down-classified by the FDA (e.g., via the de novo request process).
Many private payors use coverage decisions and payment amounts determined by CMS as guidelines in setting their coverage and reimbursement policies and amounts. However, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for medical devices exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor.
Many private payors use coverage decisions and payment amounts determined 27 by CMS as guidelines in setting their coverage and reimbursement policies and amounts. However, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for medical devices exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor.
As the primary therapeutic mode of action of our SCD is attributable to the device’s impact on these autologous cells and their timely return to patients, FDA’s Center for Biological Evaluation and Research has primary jurisdiction over its premarket development, review and approval of our SCD as a medical device.
As the primary therapeutic mode of action of our SCD is attributable to the device’s impact on these autologous cells and their timely return to patients, FDA’s Center for Biological Evaluation and Research has primary jurisdiction over the premarket development, review and approval of the SCD as a medical device.
Our SCD leverages the existing footprint of CRRT pump systems in ICUs today, as well as the growing use and adoption of regional citrate as an anticoagulant. Citrate is used to bind the free ionized calcium within the extracorporeal circuit which is needed to impact the neutrophils and monocytes.
Our SCD therapy leverages the existing footprint of CRRT pump systems in ICUs today, as well as the growing use and adoption of regional citrate as an anticoagulant. Citrate is used to bind the free ionized calcium within the extracorporeal circuit which is needed to impact the neutrophils and monocytes.
FDA’s Pre-market Clearance and Approval Requirements Each medical device we seek to commercially distribute in the United States will require either a prior 510(k) clearance, unless it is exempt, a de novo request or a PMA from the FDA.
FDA’s Pre-market Clearance and Approval Requirements Each medical device we seek to commercially distribute in the United States will require either a prior 510(k) clearance, unless it is exempt, a de novo request or a PMA or HDE approval from the FDA.
If approved for use in the United States, we expect that any products that we develop will be purchased primarily by medical institutions, which will in turn bill various third-party payors for the health care services provided to patients at their facility.
If approved for use in the United States, we expect that any products that we develop will be purchased primarily by medical institutions, which may in turn bill various third-party payors for the health care services provided to patients at their facility.
Also, an advisory panel of experts from outside the FDA may be convened to review and evaluate the application and provide recommendations to the FDA as to the approvability of the device. Although the FDA is not bound by the advisory panel decision, the panel’s recommendations are important to the FDA’s overall decision-making process.
Also, an advisory panel of experts from outside the FDA may be convened to review and evaluate the application and provide recommendations to the FDA as to the approvability of the device. 23 Although the FDA is not bound by the advisory panel decision, the panel’s recommendations are important to the FDA’s overall decision-making process.
Of the 134 patients enrolled in the SCD-003 protocol at the time of the interim analysis, 19 SCD patients 14 (CRRT + SCD) and 31 control patients (CRRT alone) were maintained in the protocol’s recommended range for greater or equal to 90% of the therapy time. The study was subsequently terminated.
Of the 134 patients enrolled in the SCD-003 protocol at the time of the interim analysis, 19 SCD patients (CRRT + SCD) and 31 control patients (CRRT alone) were maintained in the protocol’s recommended range for greater or equal to 90% of the therapy time. The study was subsequently terminated.
Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into the Predecessor, with the Predecessor surviving the merger as a 28 wholly-owned subsidiary of LMF (the “Business Combination”). Following the consummation of the Business Combination, LMF was renamed “SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation” (the “Company”).
Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into the Predecessor, with the Predecessor surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of LMF (the “Business Combination”). Following the consummation of the Business Combination, LMF was renamed “SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation” (the “Company”).
Some changes to an approved PMA device, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new PMA or PMA supplement, as appropriate, before the change can be implemented.
Some changes to an approved PMA or HDE device, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new PMA/HDE or PMA/HDE supplement, as appropriate, before the change can be implemented.
The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the safety of up to seven consecutive 24-hour treatments of our SCD. The secondary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of up to seven consecutive 24-hour SCD treatments on all-cause mortality and dialysis dependency at Day 28 and Day 60.
The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the safety of up to seven consecutive 24-hour treatments of our SCD. The secondary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of up to seven consecutive 24-hour SCD treatments on all-cause mortality and dialysis 14 dependency at Day 28 and Day 60.
HDE applicants whose devices meet one of the eligibility criteria and wish to sell their HUD for profit should provide adequate supporting documentation to FDA in the original HDE application.
HDE applicants whose devices meet one of the eligibility criteria above and wish to sell their HUD for profit should provide adequate supporting documentation to FDA in the original HDE application.
On June 19, 2019, we amended our corporate name to SeaStar Medical, Inc., herein the Predecessor as previously defined above. On October 28, 2022, LMF Acquisition Opportunities, Inc.
On June 19, 2019, we amended our corporate name to SeaStar Medical, Inc., herein the Predecessor as defined above. On October 28, 2022, LMF Acquisition Opportunities, Inc.
These sources have helped clinicians to both improve recognition, staging, diagnosing and subsequent documentation of less obvious cases of AKI secondary diagnoses. While our initial market is focused on AKI patients on CRRT, future indications will likely benefit from improved characterization and diagnosis of patients. As a result, demand for ICU renal replacement therapy is growing.
These sources have helped clinicians to improve recognition, staging, 9 diagnosing and subsequent documentation of less obvious cases of AKI secondary diagnoses. While our initial market is focused on AKI patients on CRRT, future indications will likely benefit from improved characterization and diagnosis of patients. As a result, demand for ICU renal replacement therapy is growing.
These results were recently published in the journal PLoS One in April 2023 and an additional perspective article was published in the journal European Journal of Heart Failure in February 2024.
These results were recently published in 15 the journal PLoS One in April 2023 and an additional perspective article was published in the journal European Journal of Heart Failure in February 2024.
The recommended calcium (iCal) level (measured post SCD) in the CRRT and SCD blood circuit was specified to be between 0.25 and 0.4 mmol/L. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were similar to the previous IDE multicenter pilot clinical study except for an age range of 8-80 years and body weight of over 135 kilograms.
The recommended calcium (iCal) level (measured post SCD) in the CRRT and SCD blood circuit was specified to be between 0.25 and 0.40 mmol/L. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were similar to the previous IDE multicenter pilot clinical study except for an age range of 8-80 years and body weight of over 135 kilograms.
We are also conducting exploratory clinical research at the University of Michigan to define the patient population for potential treatment with SCD product candidates, and any future studies will be based upon initial clinical data collected in these studies. 11 Other Clinical Studies The table below lists the major studies conducted in AKI to date with our SCD.
We are also conducting exploratory clinical research with the University of Michigan to define the patient population for potential treatment with SCD product candidates, and any future studies will be based upon initial clinical data collected in these studies. Other Clinical Studies The table below lists the major studies conducted in AKI to date with our SCD.
An HDE is exempt from the effectiveness requirements of Sections 514 and 515 of the FD&C Act and is subject to certain profit and use restrictions.
However, an HDE is exempt from the effectiveness requirements of Sections 514 and 515 of the FD&C Act and is subject to certain profit and use restrictions.
Ongoing Regulation by the FDA Even after a device receives clearance or approval and is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements apply.
Ongoing Regulation by the FDA Even after a device receives clearance or approval and is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements may apply.
Information contained on, or that may be accessed through our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into this Annual Report. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information about issuers, such as us, who file electronically within the SEC. The address of the website is www.sec.gov. 29
Information contained on, or that may be accessed through our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into this Annual Report. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information about issuers, such as us, who file electronically within the SEC. The address of the website is www.sec.gov. 28
In addition, we may also explore strategic relationships with partners who can provide sources of raw materials while collaborating with us on the marketing and distribution of our product candidates. 10 Our Clinical Stage Product Candidates The following disclosure summarizes the key clinical studies in which our SCD product candidates (Quelimmune for pediatrics) have been evaluated.
In addition, we may also explore strategic relationships with partners who can provide sources of raw materials while collaborating with us on the marketing and distribution of our product candidates. Our Commercial Stage Product The following disclosure summarizes the key clinical studies in which our SCD product candidates (QUELIMMUNE for pediatrics) have been evaluated.
( as defined above “LMF”), a Delaware special purpose acquisition company, consummated a series of transactions that resulted in the combination of LMF Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of LMF (“Merger Sub”), and the Predecessor, a Delaware corporation, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 21, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among LMF, Merger Sub and the Predecessor (the "Transaction").
( as defined above “LMF”), a Delaware special purpose acquisition company, consummated a series of transactions that resulted in the combination of LMF Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of LMF (“Merger Sub”), and the Predecessor, a Delaware corporation, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 21, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among LMF, Merger Sub and the Predecessor (the “Transaction”).
Globally consistent criteria for diagnosing AKI have recently emerged with Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease ("RIFLE"), an international consensus classification for AKI staging and diagnosing guidelines introduced in 2004, the Acute Kidney Injury Network ("AKIN") staging system in 2007, and finally the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, AKI Staging and Diagnosing Guidelines published in 2012.
Globally consistent criteria for diagnosing AKI have recently emerged with Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease, an international consensus classification for AKI staging and diagnosing guidelines introduced in 2004, the Acute Kidney Injury Network staging system in 2007, and finally the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, AKI Staging and Diagnosing Guidelines published in 2012.
We have been granted three Breakthrough Device Designations from the FDA for the SCD device, each of which is expected to expedite the clinical development and regulatory review of the SCD for use in the designated patient population. • Differentiation through medical education: We intend to dedicate resources to educate physicians, hospital clinicians and other decision makers in the medical communities on the role of neutrophils and monocytes in both acute and chronic indications, and therapeutic benefit of controlling and modulating excessive inflammatory response.
We have been granted four Breakthrough Device Designations from the FDA for the SCD device, each of which is expected to expedite the clinical development and regulatory review of the SCD for use in the designated patient population. • Differentiation through medical education: We intend to dedicate resources to educate physicians, hospital clinicians and other decision makers in the medical communities on the role of neutrophils and monocytes in both 10 acute and chronic indications, and therapeutic benefit of controlling and modulating excessive inflammatory response.
The patents and the application in Patent Family 2 are as follows: Patent Family 2† Jurisdiction Status Expiration Date Subject Matter United States Granted 2031 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets United States Pending 2031* Methods for processing leukocytes or platelets and for treating a subject with an inflammatory condition Australia Granted 2031 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets and methods for treating a subject with an inflammatory condition France, Germany, Italy, Spain, & UK Granted 2031 Cartridge for sequestering leukocytes or platelets Canada Pending 2031* Cartridge for processing leukocytes or platelets Japan Granted 2031 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets Japan Granted 2031 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets * Expiration date if application is granted. † This patent family was developed with U.S. federal government funding and is subject to obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
The patents and the application in Patent Family 2 are as follows: Patent Family 2† Jurisdiction Status Expiration Subject Matter Date United States Granted 2032 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets United States Granted 2032 Methods for processing leukocytes or platelets and for treating a subject with an inflammatory condition United States Pending 2031* Methods for processing leukocytes or platelets and for treating a subject with an inflammatory condition Australia Granted 2031 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets and methods for treating a subject with an inflammatory condition France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom Granted 2031 Cartridge for sequestering leukocytes or platelets Canada Granted 2031* Cartridge for processing leukocytes or platelets Japan Granted 2031 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets Japan Granted 2031 Cartridge for treating leukocytes or platelets * Expiration date if application is granted. † This patent family was developed with U.S. federal government funding and is subject to obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
These include: • establishment registration and device listing; • the QSR, which requires manufacturers, including third-party manufacturers, to follow stringent design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures during all aspects of the manufacturing process; • labeling regulations and the FDA prohibitions against the promotion of products for uncleared, unapproved or “off-label” uses and other requirements related to promotional activities; • medical device reporting regulations, which require that manufactures report to the FDA if their device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury, or if their device malfunctioned and the device or a similar device marketed by the manufacturer would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur; and • corrections and removal reporting regulations, which require that manufactures report to the FDA field corrections or removals if undertaken to reduce a risk to health posed by a device or to remedy a violation of the FD&C Act that may present a risk to health.
These include: • Upkeep of establishment registration and device listing; • Adherence to quality system regulations, which requires manufacturers, including third-party manufacturers, to follow stringent design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures during all aspects of the manufacturing process; • Adherence to labeling regulations and the FDA prohibitions against the promotion of products for uncleared, unapproved or “off-label” uses and other requirements related to promotional activities; • Adherence to medical device reporting regulations, which require that manufacturers report to the FDA if their device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury, or if their device malfunctioned and the device or a similar device marketed by the manufacturer would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur; and • Adherence to corrections and removal reporting regulations, which require that manufacturers report to the FDA field corrections or removals if undertaken to reduce a risk to health posed by a device or to remedy a violation of the FD&C Act that may present a risk to health.
Our SCD and Neutrophils Calcium plays a critical role in many biological processes. In the case of neutrophils, calcium can have a profound effect on their activity. It has been shown that lowering calcium levels in neutrophils can lead to higher levels of neutrophil apoptosis (deactivation).
Our SCD and Neutrophils Calcium plays a critical role in many biological processes. In the case of neutrophils, calcium can have a profound effect on their activity. It has been shown that lowering calcium to critical levels in the regional circuit can lead to higher levels of neutrophil apoptosis (deactivation).
On April 29, 2022, we received a BDD for the use of our SCD in the treatment of immunomodulatory dysregulation in adult patients (18 and older) with AKI, which is expected to aide our discussions related to the regulatory review and approval process for SCD-006.
On April 29, 2022, we received a BDD for the use of our SCD in the treatment of immunomodulatory dysregulation in adult patients (18 and older) with AKI, which is expected to aid our discussions related to the regulatory review and approval process for SCD-006.
The FDA or the IRB at each site at which a clinical trial is being performed may withdraw approval of a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the risks to study subjects outweigh the benefits or a failure to comply with FDA or IRB requirements.
The FDA and/or the IRB at each site at which a clinical trial is being performed may withdraw approval of a clinical trial at any time for 25 various reasons, including a belief that the risks to study subjects outweigh the benefits or a failure to comply with FDA or IRB requirements.
Distribution The Supply Agreement contains a provision granting FUSA a right of first refusal for the first three years after regulatory approval of our SCD product candidate to distribute the pediatric and adult products in the United States.
Distribution The Supply Agreement contains a provision granting FUSA a right of first refusal for the first three years after regulatory approval of our SCD product candidate to distribute QUELIMMUNE and adult SCD products in the United States.
Supplements to a PMA often require the submission of the same type of information required for an original PMA, except that the supplement is generally limited to that information needed to support the proposed change from the device covered by the original PMA.
Supplements to a PMA or HDE often require the submission of the same type of information required for an original PMA or HDE, except that the supplement is generally limited to that information needed to support the proposed change from the device covered by the original PMA or HDE.
Third-Party Reimbursement We anticipate that coverage and reimbursement by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS") and private payors will be essential for most patients and health care providers to pay for our treatments, particularly in the applications of continuous renal replacement therapy for dialysis access and the treatment of hyperinflammatory conditions, including AKI.
Third-Party Reimbursement We anticipate that coverage and reimbursement by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CMS and private payors will be necessary for most adult patients and health care providers to pay for our treatments, particularly in the applications of continuous renal replacement therapy for dialysis access and the treatment of hyperinflammatory conditions, including AKI.
The amount of time patients in both the control and treatment group were maintained in the recommended iCal range (0.23 - 0.40 mmol/L), as specified in the study protocol, was substantially lower than expected.
The amount of time patients in both the control and treatment groups were maintained in the recommended iCal range (0.23 - 0.40 mmol/L), as specified in the study protocol, was substantially lower than expected.
The patents and applications in Patent Family 1 are as follows: 18 Patent Family 1† Jurisdiction Status Expiration Subject Matter Date United States Granted 2031 Methods for processing leukocytes and methods for treating subjects having inflammatory conditions using such methods United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subjects undergoing a cardiopulmonary bypass United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subjects with end-stage renal disease United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subjects with acute renal failure United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subject with sepsis United States Granted 2031 A device that processes activated leukocytes and platelets United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome United States Granted 2029 Systems for treating activated platelets United States Granted 2028 Systems for treating activated leukocytes United States Pending 2028* Systems for treating leukocytes and platelets and methods for treating subject having inflammatory conditions by processing leukocytes or platelets Canada Granted 2028 Systems and methods for processing leukocytes and platelets and systems for treating inflammatory conditions Canada Granted 2028 A device for processing activated leukocytes and platelets Japan Granted 2028 A device and methods for treating leukocytes Japan Granted 2028 A device for processing activated leukocytes New Zealand Granted 2028 Systems and methods for processing leukocytes and platelets and for treating inflammatory conditions * Expiration date if application is granted. † This patent family was developed with U.S. federal government funding and is subject to obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
The patents and applications in Patent Family 1 are as follows: 18 Patent Family 1† Jurisdiction Status Expiration Subject Matter Date United States Granted 2031 Methods for processing leukocytes and methods for treating subjects having inflammatory conditions using such methods United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subjects undergoing a cardiopulmonary bypass United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subjects with end-stage renal disease United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subjects with acute renal failure United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating subjects with sepsis United States Granted 2031 A device that processes activated leukocytes and platelets United States Granted 2029 Methods for treating acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome United States Granted 2029 Systems for treating activated platelets United States Granted 2028 Systems for treating activated leukocytes United States Pending 2028* Systems for treating leukocytes and platelets and methods for treating subject having inflammatory conditions by processing leukocytes or platelets Canada Granted 2028 Systems and methods for processing leukocytes and platelets and systems for treating inflammatory conditions Canada Granted 2028 A device for processing activated leukocytes and platelets Japan Granted 2028 A device and methods for treating leukocytes Japan Granted 2028 A device for processing activated leukocytes New Zealand Granted 2028 Systems and methods for processing leukocytes and platelets and for treating inflammatory conditions Europe Pending 2028* A device that processes platelets or leukocytes Hong Kong Pending 2028* A device for treating an inflamatory condition * Expiration date if application is granted. † This patent family was developed with U.S. federal government funding and is subject to obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
Class I devices are deemed to be low risk and are subject to the general controls of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FD&C Act"), such as provisions that relate to: adulteration; misbranding; registration and listing; notification, including repair, replacement, or refund; records and reports; and good manufacturing practices.
Class I devices are deemed to be low risk and are subject to the general controls of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FD&C Act”), such as provisions that relate to: adulteration; misbranding; registration and listing; notification, including repair, replacement, or refund; records and reports; and good manufacturing practices.
Most Class I devices are classified as exempt from pre-market notification under section 510(k) of the FD&C Act, and therefore may be commercially distributed without obtaining 510(k) clearance from the FDA. Class II devices are subject to both general controls and special controls to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness.
Most Class I devices are classified as exempt from premarket notification under section 510(k) of the FD&C Act, and therefore may be commercially distributed without obtaining 510(k) clearance from the FDA. Class II devices are subject to both general controls and special controls to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness.
Patent Family 2 includes one U.S. patent and one pending U.S. patent application directed to a second generation of the SCD cartridge and methods for using our SCD cartridge to process leukocytes. The patent will expire in 2031, and the application, if granted, will expire in 2031, assuming that the required maintenance fees are paid.
Patent Family 2 includes two U.S. patents, and one pending U.S. patent application directed to a second generation of the SCD cartridge and methods for using our SCD cartridge to process leukocytes. The patents will expire in 2032, and the application, if granted, will expire in 2031, assuming that the required maintenance fees are paid.
We continue to negotiate with suppliers of raw materials, including filters, tubing and other components, to establish redundancies and alternative sources to mitigate interruptions in the supply chain in the future.
We continue to negotiate with suppliers of raw materials, including cartridges, tubing and other components, to establish redundancies and alternative sources to mitigate interruptions in the supply chain in the future.
The FDA has 180 days of FDA review time to review a filed pre-market approval application, although the review of an application generally occurs over a significantly longer period of time due to hold periods during which the submitting sponsor (the company) gathers information to address FDA requests for additional information.
The FDA has 180 days of FDA review time to review a filed premarket approval application, although the review of an application generally occurs over a significantly longer period of time due to hold periods during which the submitting sponsor (the Company) gathers information to address FDA requests for additional information.
Since 2010, a significant amount of data has been published to quantify the clinical and financial impact of AKI, resulting in a broadening AKI treatment “boom” beyond dialysis to areas of diagnostics, complimentary therapies, and pharmacologics. As hospital administrators and government officials gain understanding of the impact and burden of AKI increases, we believe that attention will continue to grow.
Since 2010, a significant amount of data has been published to quantify the clinical and financial impact of AKI, resulting in a broadening AKI treatment “boom” beyond dialysis to areas of diagnostics, complementary therapies, and pharmacoeconomics. As hospital administrators and government officials gain understanding of the impact and burden of AKI increases, we believe that attention will continue to grow.
Patent Family 9 Jurisdiction Status Expiration Date Subject Matter United States Granted 2027 Extracorporeal cell-based therapeutic device and delivery system for renal cells Patent Family 10 Jurisdiction Status Expiration Date Subject Matter United States Granted 2031 Methods for enhanced propagation of renal cells In addition to seeking patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets and other confidential information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.
Patent Family 7 Jurisdiction Status Expiration Subject Matter Date United States Granted 2027 Extracorporeal cell-based therapeutic device and delivery system for renal cells Patent Family 8 21 Jurisdiction Status Expiration Subject Matter Date United States Granted 2031 Methods for enhanced propagation of renal cells In addition to seeking patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets and other confidential information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.
Pre-market Approval Pathway A pre-market approval application must be submitted to the FDA for Class III devices for which the FDA has required a PMA. The pre-market approval application process is more extensive than the 510(k)-pre-market notification and de novo request processes.
Premarket Approval Pathway A premarket approval application must be submitted to the FDA for Class III devices for which the FDA has required a PMA. The premarket approval application process is more extensive than the 510(k) premarket notification and de novo request processes.
Generally, if a new device has a predicate that is already on the market under a 510(k) clearance, the FDA will allow that new device to be marketed under a 510(k) clearance; otherwise, a de novo or PMA is required.
Generally, if a new device has a predicate that is already on the market under a 510(k) clearance, the FDA will allow that new device to be marketed under a 510(k) clearance; otherwise, a de novo PMA, or HDE application (if applicable) is required.
The agency also may inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with FDA’s regulations. 25 Upon completion of the PMA review, the FDA may: (i) approve the PMA that authorizes commercial marketing with specific prescribing information for one or more indications, which can be more limited than those originally sought; (ii) issue an approvable letter that indicates the FDA’s belief that the PMA is approvable and states what additional information the FDA requires, or the post-approval commitments that must be agreed to prior to approval; (iii) issue a not approvable letter that outlines steps required for approval, but which are typically more onerous than those in an approvable letter, and may require additional clinical trials that are often expensive and time consuming and can delay approval for months or even years; or (iv) deny the application.
Upon completion of the PMA review, the FDA may: (i) approve the PMA that authorizes commercial marketing with specific prescribing information for one or more indications, which can be more limited than those originally sought; (ii) issue an approvable letter that indicates the FDA’s belief that the PMA is approvable and states what additional information the FDA requires, or the post-approval commitments that must be agreed to prior to approval; (iii) issue a not approvable letter that outlines steps required for approval, but which are typically more onerous than those in an approvable letter, and may require additional clinical trials that are often expensive and time consuming and can delay approval for months or even years; or (iv) deny the application.
In order to address this challenge, Congress included a provision in the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 to create a new regulatory pathway for products intended for diseases or conditions that affect small (i.e., rare) populations, which is the Human Device Exemption program.
In order to address the challenge of rare diseases in the medical device realm, Congress included a provision in the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 to create a new regulatory pathway for products intended for diseases or conditions that affect small (i.e., rare) populations, which is the Humanitarian Device Exemption program.
By pursuing and establishing business relationships with partners who may have strong capabilities beyond AKI, such as the markets for respiratory distress syndrome, we may be able to expand our solutions to the chronic disease setting. • Scaling production with manufacturing partners: As we progress through our planned clinical trials and anticipate the potential commercial launch of our SCD product candidates if FDA approval is received, we are focused on identifying and securing various suppliers and manufacturing partners to scale production in response to the expected demand for our solutions.
By pursuing and establishing business relationships with partners who may have strong capabilities beyond AKI, such as the markets for respiratory distress syndrome, we may be able to expand our solutions to the chronic disease setting. • Scaling production with manufacturing partners: As we progress through our planned clinical trials and the commercial launch of our SCD in pediatrics (QUELIMMUNE) as well as additional adult product candidates if FDA approval is received, we are focused on identifying and securing various suppliers and manufacturing partners to scale production in response to the expected demand for our solutions.
SCD-PED-02 To assess the safety of SCD in children with AKI weighing ≥10 kg and ≤20 kg Safety AKI N=6 None 5/6 (83%) patients survived to ICU discharge and all surviving patients were dialysis-independent by day 60 (Goldstein SL, et al. Kidney Medicine. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xkme.2024.100).
SCD-PED-02 To assess the safety of SCD in children with AKI weighing ≥10 kg and ≤20 kg Safety AKI N=6 None 5/6 (83%) patients survived to ICU discharge and all surviving patients were dialysis-independent by day 60 (Goldstein SL, et al. Kidney Medicine. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xkme.2024.100). See additional details below on the SCD-PED studies.
These patents will expire from 2028-2031, and the pending application, if granted, will expire in 2028, assuming that the required maintenance fees are paid. We also co-own with UOM counterpart patents granted in Canada, Japan and New Zealand. These counterpart patents will expire in 2028, assuming that the required maintenance fees are paid.
These patents will expire from 2028-2031, and the pending application, if granted, will expire in 2028, assuming that the required maintenance fees are paid. We also co-own with the UOM counterpart patents granted in Canada, Japan and New Zealand, and pending applications in Europe and Hong Kong.
After a pre-market approval application is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review and thus whether the FDA will file the application for review.
After a premarket approval application is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review and thus whether the FDA will file the application for review.
See additional details below on the SCD-PED studies. 13 SCD-005 To assess the safety and efficacy of SCD in AKI or ARDS patients associated with COVID-19 infections Mortality at day 60; dialysis dependency at day 60; ventilation at day 28 AKI or ARDS after COVID-19 N=22 None SCD-treated patients had a reduction in 60-day mortality of 50% (11/22), vs 81% (13/16) in a contemporary control group from a concurrent prospective CKRT registry ( P =0.102).
SCD-005 To assess the safety and efficacy of SCD in AKI or ARDS patients associated with COVID-19 infections Mortality at day 60; dialysis dependency at day 60; ventilation at day 28 AKI or ARDS after COVID-19 N=22 None SCD-treated patients had a reduction in 60-day mortality of 50% (11/22), vs 81% (13/16) in a contemporary control group from a concurrent prospective CKRT registry ( P =0.102).
High risk devices formally classified as Class III by regulation or administrative order cannot be marketed in the U.S. unless the FDA approves the device after submission of a PMA.
High risk devices formally classified as Class III by regulation or administrative order cannot be marketed in the U.S. unless the FDA approves the device after submission of a PMA or, if applicable, an HDE.
The FDA uses the same procedures and 26 actions in reviewing PMA supplements as it does in reviewing original PMAs. PMA supplements also require the submission of a user fee, which varies depending on the type of supplement.
The FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing PMA or HDE supplements as it does in reviewing original PMAs and HDEs. PMA supplements also require the submission of a user fee, which varies depending on the type of supplement.
Central to inflammation are the cells within blood and lymph circulatory systems, called white blood cells (primarily neutrophils and monocytes), also referred to commonly as “pus” cells. In a normal inflammatory response, neutrophils are the first immune cells to arrive at the site and are key to the entire immune response that kills pathogens and promotes tissue repair.
Central to inflammation are the cells within blood and lymph circulatory systems, called white blood cells (primarily neutrophils and monocytes). In a normal inflammatory response, neutrophils are the first immune cells to arrive at the site and are key to the entire immune response that kills pathogens and promotes tissue repair.
A recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2020 demonstrated that while the use of regional citrate anticoagulation has the same mortality profile as heparin, regional citrate anticoagulation now showed to be more effective in preserving filter life as used to create the low calcium environment for our SCD, which impacts the white cells interaction with the SCD membrane leading to the reduction in inflammation.
A recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2020 demonstrated that while the use of regional citrate anticoagulation has the same mortality profile as heparin, regional citrate anticoagulation has been shown to be more effective in preserving filter life and is used to create the low calcium environment for our SCD therapy, which impacts the white cells interaction with the SCD membrane leading to the reduction in inflammation.
Our SCD delivers its therapeutic benefit by attenuating the excessive inflammatory response of activated neutrophils and monocytes. Uninterrupted, the excessive inflammatory response progresses to multi-organ failure (“MOF”), with documented increases in both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Our initial lead product is focused on critically ill AKI pediatric and adult patients on CRRT.
Our SCD therapy delivers its therapeutic benefit by attenuating the excessive inflammatory response of activated neutrophils and monocytes. Uninterrupted, the excessive inflammatory response progresses to multi-organ failure, with documented increases in both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Our initial approved product, QUELIMMUNE, is focused on critically ill AKI pediatric patients on CRRT.
Counterpart patents have been granted in Australia, Europe, and Japan with the European patent having been validated in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, and a patent application is pending in Canada. These patents, and the application, if granted, will expire in 2031, assuming that the required maintenance fees are paid.
Counterpart patents have been granted in Australia, Canada, Europe, and Japan with the European patent having been validated in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. These patents will expire in 2031, assuming that the required maintenance fees are paid.
In both the United States and international markets, the use of medical devices is dependent in part on the availability of reimbursement from third-party payors, such as government and private insurance plans.
In both the United States and international markets, the use of medical devices is related in part to the availability of reimbursement from third-party payors, such as government and private insurance plans.
Our SCD and Monocytes We believe the role of circulating monocytes in systemic inflammation and organ specific injury is becoming more appreciated by healthcare professionals. Calcium also has an important influence on monocyte activity.
Our SCD and Monocytes We believe the role of circulating monocytes in systemic inflammation and organ-specific injury is becoming more appreciated by healthcare professionals. Similar to calcium’s effect on neutrophils, calcium also has an important influence on monocyte activity.
If during such period, SeaStar Medical elects to promote and sell the SCD through distributors, SeaStar Medical will be required to provide FUSA with a right of first refusal to be SeaStar Medical’s exclusive distributor of the SCD in the United States and its territories, provided that the SCD is not promoted or sold in a manner that is incompatible with any devices manufactured and/or sold by FUSA or its affiliates.
If during such period, we elect to promote and sell the SCD through distributors, we will be required to provide FUSA with a right of first refusal to be our exclusive distributor of the SCD in the United States and its territories, provided that the SCD is not promoted or sold in a manner that is incompatible with any devices manufactured and/or sold by FUSA or its affiliates.
In February 2023, the Company received FDA IDE approval for the adult AKI indication. This indication has received the FDA BDD for our SCD therapy targeting AKI adult patients, is expected to accelerate and streamline the regulatory approval process prior to the commercial launch of our product candidates.
This indication has received the FDA BDD for our SCD therapy targeting AKI adult patients, is expected to accelerate and streamline the regulatory approval process prior to the commercial launch of our product candidates.
Employees As of December 31, 2023, we had 12 full-time employees. None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. Corporate History The Company was initially incorporated as the Predecessor under the name Nephrion, Inc. on June 6, 2007. On August 3, 2007, we amended our corporate name to CytoPherx, Inc.
Employees As of December 31, 2024, we had 19 full-time employees. None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. Corporate History We were initially incorporated as the Predecessor under the name Nephrion, Inc. on June 6, 2007. On August 3, 2007, we amended our corporate name to CytoPherx, Inc.
For this trial, the control group received standard CRRT with RCA and the SCD-treated group received up to seven days of SCD therapy. The study was sponsored by the Predecessor with the support of a third-party contract research organization.
For this trial, the control group received standard CRRT with regional citrate 13 anticoagulation (“RCA”) and the SCD-treated group received up to seven days of SCD therapy. The study was sponsored by the Predecessor with the support of a third-party contract research organization.
We may also terminate the agreement by giving UOM 90-day advanced notice provided certain conditions are met. In addition to the co-owned patents and patent applications in Family 1, we also solely own four additional patent families (Families 2-5) directed to the SCD technology.
We may also terminate the agreement by giving the UOM 90-day advance notice provided certain conditions are met. 19 In addition to the co-owned patents and patent applications in Family 1, we also solely own three additional patent families (Families 2-4) directed to the SCD Technology.
On October 18, 2023, we received Breakthrough Device Designation for our patented and cell-directed SCD for use with patients in the hospital ICU with AKI and acute on chronic liver failure.
On October 18, 2023, we received a BDD for our patented and cell-directed SCD for use with patients in the hospital ICU with AKI and acute on chronic liver failure.
The patents and applications in Patent Family 1 are co-owned by the Company and UOM. The patents and applications in Patent Families 2-5 are solely owned by the Company. The inventions disclosed in Patent Families 1-4 were developed with U.S. government funding and are subject to the obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
The patents and applications in Patent Families 2-4 are solely owned by us. The inventions disclosed in Patent Families 1-4 were developed with U.S. government funding and are subject to the obligations under the Bayh-Dole Act.
Should our device become market cleared by the FDA or the regulatory body of another country, we may face significant competition from well-funded pharmaceutical and medical device companies. Additionally, we would likely need to establish large-scale production of our device in order to be competitive.
With QUELIMMUNE cleared by the FDA in pediatrics or any future regulatory body of another country, we may face significant competition from well-funded pharmaceutical and medical device companies. Additionally, we would likely need to establish large-scale production of our device in order to be competitive.
Our SCD utilizes clinically approved regional citrate anticoagulation protocols to lower the ionized calcium level, which prevents blood clogging within the circuit and immuno-modulates the activated 6 neutrophils, which are then returned to the patient. Calcium is then infused into the blood returning to the patient from the SCD, thereby maintaining normal calcium levels in the patient throughout the process.
Our SCD utilizes clinically validated regional citrate anticoagulation protocols to lower the ionized calcium level, which not only prevents clotting within the circuit but also immuno-modulates the activated neutrophils and monocytes, which are then returned to the patient. 6 Calcium is then infused into the blood returning to the patient from the SCD, thereby maintaining normal calcium levels in the patient throughout the process.
If the number of devices distributed in a year exceeds the ADN, the sponsor can continue to sell the device but cannot earn a profit for the remainder of the year. The SCD (Quelimmune pediatrics) is eligible to sell for a profit as per the Final Approval Order issued to Company on February 23, 2024.
If the number of devices distributed in a year exceeds the ADN, the sponsor can continue to sell the device but cannot earn a profit for the remainder of the year. The SCD-PED (brand name QUELIMMUNE) is eligible to sell for profit as per the Final Approval Order issued to us on February 21, 2024.
Item 1. Business. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to "SeaStar Medical," the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Business Combination (as defined herein), other than certain historical information that refers to the business of SeaStar Medical, Inc.
Item 1. Business. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “SeaStar Medical”, the “Company”, “we” “us” or “our” refer to SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation and our consolidated subsidiaries following the Business Combination (as defined herein), other than certain historical information that refers to the business of SeaStar Medical, Inc.
The FDA can also impose post-market sales, marketing, or other restrictions on devices in order to assure that they are used in a safe and effective manner. We believe that SCD will be classified as a Class III device and as such will be subject to PMA submission and approval.
The FDA can also impose post-market sales, marketing, or other restrictions on devices in order to ensure that they are used in a safe and effective manner. The SCD is classified as a Class III medical device and as such is subject to PMA or HDE submission and approval.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

289 edited+59 added−97 removed63 unchanged
Biggest changeRisk Factor Summary • The Company has incurred significant losses since its inception and may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. • The Company has not generated any significant revenue and may never be profitable. • The Company has a limited operating history. • If the Company fails to obtain additional financing, it would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate its product development program. • The Company may not use its net operating losses to offset future taxable income Risks Related to the Company’s Business Operations. • The Company may not receive approval from the FDA to market its product. • The Company is subject to certain risks relating to pursuing an FDA approval process. • The Company may not be able to manage its growth effectively. • The Company will initially depend on revenue generated from a single product. • The Company may fail to comply with extensive regulations of United States and foreign regulatory agencies. • Delays in successfully completing the Company’s planned clinical trials could jeopardize its ability to obtain regulatory approval. • The Company has limited experience in identifying and working with large-scale contracts with medical device manufacturers. • Difficulties in manufacturing the Company’s SCD could have an adverse effect upon its revenue and expenses. • The Company faces intense competition in the medical device industry. • The Company outsources many of its operational and development activities for which it may not have full control. • The Company may be subject to enforcement action if it engages in improper marketing or promotion of its products. • The Company is subject to stringent and changing privacy laws, regulations and standards • The Company depends on key personnel and its inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could impede its ability to achieve its business objectives. • The Company’s products may in the future be subject to product recalls. • The Company’s business is subject to risks arising from future pandemics. 30 • The Company’s forecasted operating and financial results may not be accurate • The Company’s estimates of market opportunity, industry projections and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate. • The Company relies upon exclusively licensed patent rights from third parties which are subject to termination or expiration. • If the Company is unable to obtain and maintain sufficient patent protection for its products, the Company’s ability to commercialize such products successfully may be adversely affected. • The Company may not be able to obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Act and similar non-United States legislation for extending the term of patents covering its products • The Company could become involved in intellectual property litigation that could be costly, result in the diversion of management’s time and efforts. • Issued patents covering one or more of the Company’s products could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in patent office proceedings, or in court. • If the Company is unable to protect the confidentiality of its trade secrets, the value of its technology could be adversely and materially affected, and its business could be harmed. • Competitors may develop superior products based on new technologies. • Changes to the patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of the Company’s patents in general, thereby impairing the Company’s ability to protect its products. • Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to the Company’s competitive advantage. • The Company may obtain only limited geographical protection with respect to certain patent rights, • The Company does not have long-term experience operating as a United States public company. • The Company’s Common Stock may be delisted from Nasdaq if we do not maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements.
Biggest changeRisk Factor Summary • We have not generated revenue sufficient for positive operating cash flows, have incurred significant losses since our inception and may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. • If we fail to obtain additional financing, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development program. • We have a limited operating history. • We may not be able to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income. • We may suffer from a lack of availability of future funds. • We may become a defendant in one or more stockholder derivative, class-action, and other litigation. • We may face challenges in obtaining additional FDA approvals to market our product. • The United States could change tariff, trade, or tax provisions related to the manufacturing and sales of our products in ways that we currently cannot predict. • We may not be able to manage our growth effectively. • Changing priorities within the U.S. government resulting in the loss of government grant funding could adversely impact our future growth plans. • We will initially depend on revenue generated from a single product. • We may fail to comply with extensive regulations of United States and foreign regulatory agencies. • Delays in successfully completing our planned clinical trials could jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approval. • Delays, interruptions, or the cessation of production by our third-party suppliers of important materials or delays in qualifying new materials, may prevent or delay our ability to manufacture or process our SCD device. • We have limited experience in identifying and working with large-scale contracts with medical device manufacturers. • Difficulties in manufacturing our SCD could have an adverse effect upon our revenue and expenses. • We face intense competition in the medical device industry and our SCD technology may become obsolete . • If our products, or the malfunction of our products, cause or contribute to a death or a serious injury, we will be subject to medical device reporting regulations. • We outsource many of our operational and development activities for which we may not have full control. • A lack of third-party coverage and reimbursement for our devices could delay or limit their adoption. • Adverse changes in reimbursement policies and procedures by payors may impact our ability to market and sell our products. • We may be subject to enforcement action if we engage in improper marketing or promotion of our products. • We are and will be exposed to product liability risks, and clinical and preclinical liability risks, which could place a substantial financial burden upon us should we be sued. • United States legislative or FDA regulatory reforms may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates and to manufacture, market and distribute our products after approval is obtained. 29 • We are subject to stringent and changing privacy laws, regulations and standards • Our business operations will be adversely affected if our security measures, or those maintained on our behalf, are compromised, limited or fails. • We depend on key personnel and our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could impede our ability to achieve our business objectives. • Our products may in the future be subject to product recalls. • Our estimates of market opportunity, industry projections and forecasts of operating and financial results and market growth may prove to be inaccurate. • We rely upon exclusively licensed patent rights from third parties which are subject to termination or expiration. • If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient patent protection for our products, our ability to commercialize such products successfully may be adversely affected. • We may not be able to obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Act and similar non-United States legislation for extending the term of patents covering our products. • Issued patents covering one or more of our products could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in patent office proceedings, or in court. • If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be adversely and materially affected, and our business could be harmed. • Competitors may develop superior products based on new technologies. • The United States government may exercise certain rights with regard to our inventions, or licensors’ inventions, developed using federal government funding. • Changes to the patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of our patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products. • Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage. • Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submissions, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies. • We may obtain only limited geographical protection with respect to certain patent rights, • We do not have long-term experience operating as a United States public company. • Our Common Stock may be delisted from Nasdaq if we do not maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements.
Our Common Stock could be subject to wide fluctuation in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including: • market acceptance and commercialization of our products; • our being able to timely demonstrate achievement of milestones, including those related to revenue generation, cost control, cost effective source supply and regulatory approvals; • regulatory developments or enforcements in the United States and non-U.S. countries with respect to our products or our competitors’ products; • failure to achieve pricing acceptable to the market; • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, or our continuing to sustain operating losses; • competition from existing products or new products that may emerge; • announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments; • issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts; • announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts, particularly if our cash available for operations significantly decreases; 60 • fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; • share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; • additions or departures of key management personnel; • disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies; • entry by us into any material litigation or other proceedings; • sales of our Common Stock by us, our insiders, or our other stockholders; • market conditions for stocks in general; and • general economic and market conditions unrelated to our performance.
Our Common Stock could be subject to wide fluctuation in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including: • market acceptance and commercialization of our products; • our being able to timely demonstrate achievement of milestones, including those related to revenue generation, cost control, cost effective source supply and regulatory approvals; • regulatory developments or enforcements in the United States and non-U.S. countries with respect to our products or our competitors’ products; • failure to achieve pricing acceptable to the market; 57 • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results, or our continuing to sustain operating losses; • competition from existing products or new products that may emerge; • announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments; • issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts; • announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts, particularly if our cash available for operations significantly decreases; • fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; • share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares; • additions or departures of key management personnel; • disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies; • entry by us into any material litigation or other proceedings; • sales of our Common Stock by us, our insiders, or our other stockholders; • market conditions for stocks in general; and • general economic and market conditions unrelated to our performance.
Thus, we cannot be certain that our European patents and patent applications will avoid falling under the jurisdiction of the UPC. This could enable third parties to seek revocation of our European patents in a single proceeding at the UPC rather than through multiple proceedings in each of the jurisdictions in which the European patent is validated.
Thus, we cannot be certain that our European patents and patent applications will avoid falling under the jurisdiction of the UPC. This 50 could enable third parties to seek revocation of our European patents in a single proceeding at the UPC rather than through multiple proceedings in each of the jurisdictions in which the European patent is validated.
We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and we intend to continue to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved, and exemptions from any rules that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board may adopt requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report on the financial statements.
We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and we intend to continue to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved, and exemptions from any rules that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board may adopt requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report on the financial statements.
If and when the warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws.
If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws.
We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and we intend to continue to take advantage of reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could result in our Common Stock being less attractive to investors and adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock or make it more difficult to raise capital as and when we need it.
We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and we intend to continue to take advantage of reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could result in our Common Stock being less attractive to investors and adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock or make it more difficult to raise capital as and when we need it.
Further, licensors may fail to maintain licensed patents, may decide not to pursue litigation against third-party infringers, may fail to prove infringement or may fail to defend against counterclaims of patent invalidity or unenforceability.
Further, licensors may fail to maintain 46 licensed patents, may decide not to pursue litigation against third-party infringers, may fail to prove infringement or may fail to defend against counterclaims of patent invalidity or unenforceability.
The Leahy-Smith Act included a number of significant changes to United States patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents, such as through post grant and inter parties review proceedings at the USPTO.
The Leahy-Smith Act included a number of significant changes to United States patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents, such as through post grant and inter partes review proceedings at the USPTO.
The Company is also subject to the following risks and obligations, among others: • the FDA may refuse to approve an application if it believes that applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied; • the FDA may require additional testing for safety and effectiveness; • the FDA may interpret data from pre-clinical testing and clinical trials in different ways than the Company interprets them; • if regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval may be limited to specific indications or limited with respect to its distribution; and • the FDA may change its approval policies and/or adopt new regulations.
We are also subject to the following risks and obligations, among others: • the FDA may refuse to approve an application if it believes that applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied; • the FDA may require additional testing for safety and effectiveness; • the FDA may interpret data from pre-clinical testing and clinical trials in different ways than we interpret them; • if regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval may be limited to specific indications or limited with respect to its distribution; and • the FDA may change its approval policies and/or adopt new regulations.
Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of future products. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted, or FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be on the Company’s new product development efforts.
Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of future products. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted, or FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be on our new product development efforts.
Given that, for the foreseeable future, the Company’s business will depend on a single or limited number of products, to the extent a particular product is not well-received by the market, the Company’s sales volume, prospects, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
Given that, for the foreseeable future, our business will depend on a single or limited number of products, to the extent a particular product is not well-received by the market, our sales volume, prospects, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
There is also a risk that due to legislative or regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs or other unforeseen reasons, the Company’s existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to reduce future income tax liabilities, including for state tax purposes.
There is also a risk that due to legislative or regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to reduce future income tax liabilities, including for state tax purposes.
An adverse determination in any such challenges may result in the loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit the Company’s ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar products, or limit the duration of the Company’s patent protection.
An adverse determination in any such challenges may result in the loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar products, or limit the duration of our patent protection.
Should the Company’s products under development be approved for commercialization by the FDA, reimbursement may not be available in the United States or other countries or, even if approved, the amount of reimbursement may not be sufficient to allow sales of the Company’s future products, including the SCD, on a profitable basis.
Should our products under development be approved for commercialization by the FDA, reimbursement may not be available in the United States or other countries or, even if approved, the amount of reimbursement may not be sufficient to allow sales of our future products, including the SCD, on a profitable basis.
The coverage decisions of third-party payors will be significantly influenced by the assessment of the Company’s future products by health technology assessment bodies. These assessments are outside the Company’s control, and any such evaluations may not be conducted or have a favorable outcome.
The coverage decisions of third-party payors will be significantly influenced by the assessment of our future products by health technology assessment bodies. These assessments are outside our control, and any such evaluations may not be conducted or have a favorable outcome.
If any such parties are successful in opposing its foreign patent applications, the Company may not gain the protection afforded by those patent applications in particular jurisdictions and may face additional proceedings with respect to similar patents in other jurisdictions, as well as related patents.
If any such parties are successful in opposing its foreign patent applications, we may not gain the protection afforded by those patent applications in particular jurisdictions and may face additional proceedings with respect to similar patents in other jurisdictions, as well as related patents.
For example, the Institutional Review Board for a clinical trial may stop a trial or deem a product candidate unsafe to continue testing. This would have a material adverse effect on the value of the product candidate and the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
For example, the Institutional Review Board for a clinical trial may stop a trial or deem a product candidate unsafe to continue testing. This would have a material adverse effect on the value of the product candidate and our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Should any of the Company’s current or future licenses be prematurely terminated for any reason, or if the patents and intellectual property owned by its licensors are challenged or defeated by third parties, the Company’s research and commercialization efforts could be materially and adversely affected.
Should any of our current or future licenses be prematurely terminated for any reason, or if the patents and intellectual property owned by its licensors are challenged or defeated by third parties, our research and commercialization efforts could be materially and adversely affected.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in the internal controls over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in the internal controls over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. 62 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None.
If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. 59 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None.
In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect the Company’s rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States patent law.
In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than United States patent law.
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
However, the Company may not receive an extension if it fails to apply within applicable deadlines, fails to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fails to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the length of the extension could be less than requested.
However, we may not receive an extension if it fails to apply within applicable deadlines, fails to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fails to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the length of the extension could be less than requested.
For some governmental programs, such as Medicaid, coverage and adequate reimbursement differ from state to state and some state Medicaid programs may not pay adequate amounts for the procedure products utilizing the Company’s technology system, or any payment at all.
For some governmental programs, such as Medicaid, coverage and adequate reimbursement differ from state to state and some state Medicaid programs may not pay adequate amounts for the procedure products utilizing our technology system, or any payment at all.
Whether actual operating and financial results and business developments will be consistent with the Company’s expectations and assumptions as reflected in its forecast depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside the Company’s control, including, but not limited to: • whether the Company can obtain sufficient capital to develop and commercialize its SCD product candidate and grow its business; • whether the Company can manage relationships with key suppliers; • the ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals; • demand for the Company’s products; • the timing and costs of new and existing marketing and promotional efforts; • competition, including from established and future competitors; • the Company’s ability to retain existing key management, to integrate recent hires and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel; • the overall strength and stability of the economies in the markets in which it operates or intends to operate in the future; and • regulatory, legislative and political changes.
Whether actual operating and financial results and business developments will be consistent with our expectations and assumptions as reflected in our forecast depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including, but not limited to: • whether we can obtain sufficient capital to develop and commercialize our SCD product candidate and grow our business; • whether we can manage relationships with key suppliers; • the ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals; • demand for our products; 45 • the timing and costs of new and existing marketing and promotional efforts; • competition, including from established and future competitors; • our ability to retain existing key management, to integrate recent hires and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel; • the overall strength and stability of the economies in the markets in which it operates or intends to operate in the future; and • regulatory, legislative and political changes.
Moreover, because the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, the Company patents or pending patent applications may be challenged in the courts or by the USPTO or by foreign patent offices.
Moreover, because the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, our patents or pending patent applications may be challenged in the courts or by the USPTO or by foreign patent offices.
These rights may permit the U.S. government to disclose the Company’s confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or to allow third parties to use the Company’s licensed patents, including certain patents relating to SCD product candidates.
These rights may permit the U.S. government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or to allow third parties to use our licensed patents, including certain patents relating to SCD product candidates.
Other federal, state, or foreign enforcement authorities might also take action if they consider the Company’s promotional or training materials to constitute promotion of an off-label use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement.
Other federal, state, or foreign enforcement authorities might also take action if they consider our promotional or training materials to constitute promotion of an off-label use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement.
However, the Company’s patent and patent applications are only eligible for a patent term extension under the Hatch Waxman Act if they relate to a medical device classified by the FDA as a Class III device.
However, our patent and patent applications are only eligible for a patent term extension under the Hatch Waxman Act if they relate to a medical device classified by the FDA as a Class III device.
Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of the Company’s confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation.
Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation.
From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect the Company’s business and its products.
From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products.
Worldwide pandemics have presented substantial public health and economic challenges and has affected the Company’s employees, patients, communities, and business operations, as well as the United States and global economy and financial markets. A future pandemic may directly or indirectly impact the timeline for the launch of its SCD product candidate.
Worldwide pandemics have presented substantial public health and economic challenges and has affected our employees, patients, communities, and business operations, as well as the United States and global economy and financial markets. A future pandemic may directly or indirectly impact the timeline for the launch of our SCD product candidate.
After approval, its promotional materials and training methods must comply with the FDA and other applicable laws and regulations, including the prohibition of the promotion of unapproved or off-label use. Practitioners may use the Company’s products off-label, as the FDA does not restrict or regulate a practitioner’s choice of treatment within the practice of medicine.
After approval, our promotional materials and training methods must comply with the FDA and other applicable laws and regulations, including the prohibition of the promotion of unapproved or off-label use. Practitioners may use our products off-label, as the FDA does not restrict or regulate a practitioner’s choice of treatment within the practice of medicine.
The Company’s business model calls for the partial or full outsourcing of the clinical, development, manufacturing, sales, and marketing of its product candidates in order to reduce its capital and infrastructure costs as a means of potentially improving its financial position. The Company’s success will depend on the performance of these outsourced providers.
Our business model calls for the partial or full outsourcing of the clinical development, manufacturing, sales, and marketing of our product candidates in order to reduce our capital and infrastructure costs as a means of potentially improving our financial position. Our success will depend on the performance of these outsourced providers.
Consequently, pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act, the U.S. government has certain rights in patents and applications that cover SeaStar Medical’s SCD technology, in particular, to those patents and applications identified in the section of this Annual Report titled “ Business – Intellectual Property ” belonging to Patent Families 1-4.
Consequently, pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act, the U.S. government has certain rights in patents and applications that cover our SCD technology, in particular, to those patents and applications identified in the section of this Annual Report titled “ Business – Intellectual Property ” belonging to Patent Families 1-4.
If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, the Company would lose some or all of the patent protection for one or more of its products. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on its business, results of operations and financial condition.
If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose some or all of the patent protection for one or more of our products. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on its business, results of operations and financial condition.
Accordingly, the Company may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches, despite any legal action it might take against persons making such unauthorized disclosure. In addition, courts outside the United States sometimes are less willing than in the United States to protect trade secrets.
Accordingly, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches, despite any legal action we might take against persons making such unauthorized disclosure. In addition, courts outside the United States sometimes are less willing than in the United States to protect trade secrets.
Many of the organizations competing with the Company have substantially greater capital resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities, greater experience in product development and in obtaining regulatory approvals, and greater marketing capabilities.
Many of the organizations competing with us have substantially greater capital resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities, greater experience in product development and in obtaining regulatory approvals, and greater marketing capabilities.
If the Company’s licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended market exclusivity, competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, identical products.
If our licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended market exclusivity, competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, identical products.
The likelihood that patent infringement claims may be brought against the Company increases as the number of competitors increases, as it introduces new products and achieves more visibility in the marketplace.
The likelihood that patent infringement claims may be brought against us increases as the number of competitors increases, as it introduces new products and achieves more visibility in the marketplace.
Risks Related to Being a Public Company The Company does not have long-term experience operating as a United States public company and may not be able to adequately implement the governance, compliance, risk management and control infrastructure and culture required for a public company, including compliance with the Sarbanes Oxley Act.
Risks Related to Being a Public Company We do not have long-term experience operating as a United States public company and may not be able to adequately implement the governance, compliance, risk management and control infrastructure and culture required for a public company, including compliance with the Sarbanes Oxley Act.
If the Company or its manufacturers or other third-party contractors fail to comply with applicable federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, the Company could be subject to regulatory actions, which could affect its ability to successfully develop, market and sell its SCD product candidate or any future product candidates under development and could harm its reputation and lead to reduced or non-acceptance of its proposed product candidates by the market.
If we or our manufacturers or other third-party contractors fail to comply with applicable federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, we could be subject to regulatory actions, which could affect our ability to successfully develop, market and sell our SCD product candidate or any future product candidates under development and could harm our reputation and lead to reduced or non-acceptance of our proposed product candidates by the market.
There is also the related risk that the Company may not be able to make the required payments under any patent license, in which case the licensor may terminate the license.
There is also the related risk that we may not be able to make the required payments under any patent license, in which case the licensor may terminate the license.
Changes to the patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing the Company’s ability to protect its products. As is the case with other medical device companies, the Company’s success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents.
Changes to the patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products. As is the case with other medical device companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents.
Depending on future actions by Congress, the United States courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in ways that would weaken the Company’s ability to obtain new patents or to enforce its existing and future patents.
Depending on future actions by Congress, the United States courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing and future patents.
If the Company’s Common Stock ultimately were to be delisted for any reason, it could negatively impact the Company by (i) reducing the liquidity and market price of the Company’s Common Stock; (ii) reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire the Company’s Common Stock, which could negatively impact the Company’s ability to raise equity financing; (iii) limiting the Company’s ability to use a registration statement to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing the Company from accessing the public capital markets; and (iv) impairing the Company’s ability to provide equity incentives to its employees.
If our Common Stock ultimately were to be delisted for any reason, it could negatively impact us by (i) reducing the liquidity and market price of our Common Stock; (ii) reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our Common Stock, which could negatively impact our ability to raise equity financing; (iii) limiting our ability to use a registration statement to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing us from accessing the public capital markets; and (iv) impairing our ability to provide equity incentives to our employees.
Specifically, the material weaknesses resulted from (i) a lack of segregation of duties within the financial accounting and reporting processes, including the absence of an independent review and approval process in recording transactions to the consolidated financial statements, disbursement and payroll systems. and (ii) a lack of resources with the knowledge and experience to identify, analyze and conclude on the accounting for complex financial instruments in accordance with US GAAP.
Specifically, the material weaknesses resulted from (i) a lack of segregation of duties within the financial accounting and reporting processes, including the absence of an independent review and approval process in recording transactions to the consolidated financial statements, disbursement and payroll systems. and (ii) a lack of resources with the knowledge and experience to identify, analyze and conclude on the accounting for complex financial instruments in accordance with U.S.
However, these agreements may not be enforceable or may 53 not provide meaningful protection for the Company’s trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements. For example, trade secrets and confidential know-how can be difficult to maintain as confidential.
However, these agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements. For example, trade secrets and confidential know-how can be difficult to maintain as confidential.
Additionally, given that these obligations impose complex and burdensome obligations and that there is substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these obligations, the Company may be required to incur material costs, divert management attention, and change its business operations, including its clinical trials, in an effort to comply, which could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, given that these obligations impose complex and burdensome obligations and that there is substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these obligations, we may be required to incur material costs, divert management attention, and change our business operations, including our clinical trials, in an effort to comply, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Although there may be other suppliers that have equivalent materials that would be available to the Company, FDA review of any alternate suppliers, if required, could take several months or more to obtain, if it is able to be obtained at all.
Although there may be other suppliers that have equivalent materials that would be available to us, FDA review of any alternate suppliers, if required, could take several months or more to obtain, if it is able to be obtained at all.
The Company may also be subject to liability claims, be required to bear other costs, or take other actions that may have a negative impact on its future sales and its ability to generate profits. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the FDA or the competent authority of another country.
We may also be subject to liability claims, be required to bear other costs, or take other actions that may have a negative impact on our future sales and our ability to generate profits. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the FDA or the competent authority of another country.
Further, intellectual property litigation could lead to unfavorable publicity that could harm the Company’s reputation. Other parties may challenge certain of the Company’s foreign patent applications.
Further, intellectual property litigation could lead to unfavorable publicity that could harm our reputation. Other parties may challenge certain of the our foreign patent applications.
In that event, the Company’s reputation could be damaged, which may lead to reduced or non-acceptance of its proposed product candidates by the market. In addition, the off-label use of the Company’s products may increase the risk of product liability claims.
In that event, our reputation could be damaged, which may lead to reduced or non-acceptance of our proposed product candidates by the market. In addition, the off-label use of our products may increase the risk of product liability claims.
The completion of the Company’s clinical trials, the announcement of results of the trials and its ability to obtain regulatory approvals could be delayed for a variety of reasons, including: • slow patient enrollment; • serious adverse events related to its medical device candidates; • insufficient funding to engage or continue to engage contract research organization to execute the trials; • unsatisfactory results of any clinical trial; • the failure of principal third-party investigators to perform clinical trials on the Company’s anticipated schedules; and • different interpretations of the Company’s pre-clinical and clinical data, which could initially lead to inconclusive results.
The completion of our clinical trials, the announcement of results of the trials and our ability to obtain regulatory approvals could be delayed for a variety of reasons, including: • slow patient enrollment; • insufficient hospital supplies or staffing; • serious adverse events related to our medical device candidates; • insufficient funding to engage or continue to engage a contract research organization to execute the trials; • unsatisfactory results of any clinical trial; • the failure of principal third-party investigators to perform clinical trials on our anticipated schedules; and • different interpretations of our pre-clinical and clinical data, which could initially lead to inconclusive results.
If these providers fail to perform adequately, the Company’s development of product candidates may be delayed and any delay in the development of the Company’s product candidates may have a material and adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.
If these providers fail to perform adequately, our development of product candidates may be delayed and any delay in the development of our product candidates may have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
For example, the Company may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO, or become involved in post-grant review procedures such as oppositions, derivations, reexaminations, inter parties review or interference proceedings, in the United States or elsewhere, challenging its patent rights or the patent rights of third parties.
For example, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO, or become involved in post-grant review procedures such as oppositions, derivations, reexaminations, inter parties review or interference proceedings, in the United States or elsewhere, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of third parties.
In some cases, litigation may be threatened or brought by a patent holding company or other adverse patent owner who has no relevant product revenues and against whom the Company’s patents may provide little or no deterrence.
In some cases, litigation may be threatened or brought by a patent holding company or other adverse patent owner who has no relevant product revenues and against whom our patents may provide little or no deterrence.
Further, deferred tax assets associated with such NOLs, and research tax credits could be significantly reduced upon realization of an ownership change within the meaning of IRC Section 382. Furthermore, the Company’s ability to utilize NOLs of companies that it may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations.
Further, deferred tax assets associated with such NOLs, and research tax credits could be significantly reduced upon realization of an ownership change within the meaning of IRC Section 382. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations.
While its management team oversees these vendors, the failure of any of these third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory, and other obligations, or the development of factors that materially disrupt the performance of these third parties, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of 41 operations and financial condition.
While our management team oversees these vendors, the failure of any of these third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory, and other obligations, or the development of factors that materially disrupt the performance of these third parties, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Company cannot be certain that pending patent applications will be issued in a form that provides it with adequate protection to prevent competitors from developing competing products. As a medical device technology company, the Company’s patent position is uncertain because it involves complex legal and factual considerations.
We cannot be certain that pending patent applications will be issued in a form that provides it with adequate protection to prevent competitors from developing competing products. As a medical device technology company, our patent position is uncertain because it involves complex legal and factual considerations.
While the Company recently obtained approval from the FDA to conduct the AKI adult pivotal trial for SCE, there is no guarantee that the Company will be able to complete such trial in a timely manner, or at all, nor will there be any assurance that positive data will be generated from such trials.
While we recently obtained approval from the FDA to conduct the AKI adult pivotal trial for SCD, there is no guarantee that we will be able to complete such trial in a timely manner, or at all, nor will there be any assurance that positive data will be generated from such trials.
This could make it difficult for the Company to stop the infringement of its patents or the misappropriation of its other intellectual property rights in these countries. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties.
This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights in these countries. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties.
The time and costs to effectuate these steps may place a significant strain on its management personnel, systems and resources, particularly if there are limited financial resources and skilled employees available at the time.
The time and costs to 35 effectuate these steps may place a significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources, particularly if there are limited financial resources and skilled employees available at the time.
Furthermore, the U.S. government may have the right to take title to government-funded inventions if the Company fails to disclose the inventions to the government in a timely manner or fails to file a patent application within specified time limits.
Furthermore, the U.S. government may have the right to take title to government-funded inventions if we fail to disclose the inventions to the government in a timely manner or fails to file a patent application within specified time limits.
If the Company, its service providers, partners, or other relevant third parties have experienced, or in the future experience, any security incident or incidents that result in any data loss; deletion or destruction; unauthorized access to; loss, unauthorized acquisition, disclosure, or exposure of, confidential and sensitive information, it may adversely affect SeaStar Medical’s business, results of operations and financial condition, including the diversion of funds to address the breach, and interruptions, delays, or outages in its operations and development programs.
If we, our service providers, partners, or other relevant third parties have experienced, or in the future experience, any security incident or incidents that result in any data loss; deletion or destruction; unauthorized access to; loss, unauthorized acquisition, disclosure, or exposure of, confidential and sensitive information, it may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, including the diversion of funds to address the breach, and interruptions, delays, or outages in our operations and development programs.
If it is unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, the Company may be required to: • significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of its product candidates; • seek corporate partners on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; • relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, its rights to technologies or product candidates that it otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize itself; If it is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms, the Company will be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, including completing the clinical trials and regulatory approval process for its SCD product candidates, which would have a material adverse impact on its business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to: • significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates; • seek corporate partners on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; • relinquish or license on unfavorable terms our rights to technologies or product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves; If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms, we will be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, including completing the clinical trials and regulatory approval process for our SCD product candidates, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, the Company may not be able to obtain or maintain adequate product liability insurance on acceptable terms, if at all, and such insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities.
In addition, we may not be able to obtain or maintain adequate product liability insurance on acceptable terms, if at all, and such insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities.
Recalls of any of the Company’s products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on the Company’s reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition, which could impair its ability to produce its products in a cost-effective and timely manner in order to meet its customers’ demands.
Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition, which could impair our ability to produce our products in a cost-effective and timely manner in order to meet our customers’ demands.
Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond the Company’s control, could materially and adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company’s estimates of market opportunity, industry projections and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate.
Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond our control, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our estimates of market opportunity, industry projections and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate.
With respect to the validity question, for example, the Company cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which it and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution.
With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware of during prosecution.
Additionally, there have been proposals for additional changes to the patent laws of the United States and other countries that, if adopted, could impact the Company’s ability to enforce its proprietary technology.
Additionally, there have been proposals for additional changes to the patent laws of the United States and other countries that, if adopted, could impact our ability to enforce our proprietary technology.
The Company cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs it may incur or the timing of such costs. Compliance with reporting, internal control over financial reporting and corporate governance obligations may require members of its management and its finance and accounting staff to divert time and resources from other responsibilities to ensure these new regulatory requirements are fulfilled.
We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. Compliance with reporting, internal control over financial reporting and corporate governance obligations may require members of our management and our finance and accounting staff to divert time and resources from other responsibilities to ensure these new regulatory requirements are fulfilled.
The Company may experience disruptions that could severely impact its business, clinical trials, and manufacturing and supply chains, including: • further delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in its clinical trials; • delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and clinical site staff; • the diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospital staff supporting the conduct of its clinical trials; • the interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by federal or state governments, employers and others or interruption of clinical trial subject visits and study procedures, which may impact the integrity of subject data and clinical study endpoints; • the interruption of, or delays in receiving, supplies of its product candidates from its contract manufacturing organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages and disruptions in delivery systems; • delays in clinical sites receiving the supplies and materials needed to conduct its clinical trials and interruptions in global shipping may affect the transport of clinical trial materials; • limitations on employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of its clinical trials, including because of sickness of employees or their families or the desire of employees to avoid contact with large groups of people; • delays in receiving feedback or approvals from the FDA or other regulatory authorities with respect to future clinical trials or regulatory submissions; • changes in local regulations as part of a response to a future pandemic, which may require it to change the ways in which its clinical trials are conducted, resulting in unexpected costs, or discontinuing the clinical trials altogether; • delays in necessary interactions with local regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations on employee resources or the forced furlough of government employees; • the refusal of the FDA to accept data from clinical trials in affected geographies; and • difficulties launching or commercializing products, including due to reduced access to doctors as a result of social distancing protocols.
We may experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, clinical trials, and manufacturing and supply chains, including: • further delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in our clinical trials; • delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and clinical site staff; 44 • the diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospital staff supporting the conduct of our clinical trials; • the interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by federal or state governments, employers and others or interruption of clinical trial subject visits and study procedures, which may impact the integrity of subject data and clinical study endpoints; • the interruption of, or delays in receiving, supplies of our product candidates from our contract manufacturing organizations due to staffing shortages, production slowdowns or stoppages and disruptions in delivery systems; • delays in clinical sites receiving the supplies and materials needed to conduct our clinical trials and interruptions in global shipping may affect the transport of clinical trial materials; • limitations on employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our clinical trials, including because of sickness of employees or their families or the desire of employees to avoid contact with large groups of people; • delays in receiving feedback or approvals from the FDA or other regulatory authorities with respect to future clinical trials or regulatory submissions; • changes in local regulations as part of a response to a future pandemic, which may require us to change the ways in which our clinical trials are conducted, resulting in unexpected costs, or discontinuing the clinical trials altogether; • delays in necessary interactions with local regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations on employee resources or the forced furlough of government employees; • the refusal of the FDA to accept data from clinical trials in affected geographies; and • difficulties launching or commercializing products, including due to reduced access to doctors as a result of social distancing protocols. • In addition, the spread of a future pandemic may negatively impact our ability to raise additional capital on a timely basis or at all.
This expansion and these new relationships will require the Company to significantly improve or replace its existing managerial, operational and financial systems, and procedures and controls; to improve the coordination between its various corporate functions; and to manage, train, motivate and maintain a growing employee base.
This expansion and these new relationships will require us to significantly improve or replace our existing managerial, operational and financial systems, and procedures and controls; to improve the coordination between our various corporate functions; and to manage, train, motivate and maintain a growing employee base.
In addition, the Company’s rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such inventions in the United States.
In addition, our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such inventions in the United States.
The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a PMA application for many reasons, including: • the Company’s inability to demonstrate the safety or effectiveness of the SCD or any other product it develops to the FDA’s satisfaction; • insufficient data from its preclinical studies and clinical trials, including for its SCD, to support approval; • failure of the facilities of its third-party manufacturers or suppliers to meet applicable requirements; • inadequate compliance with preclinical, clinical or other regulations; • its failure to meet the FDA’s statistical requirements for approval; and • changes in the FDA’s approval policies, or the adoption of new regulations that require additional data or additional clinical studies.
The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a PMA application for many reasons, including: • our inability to demonstrate the safety or effectiveness of the SCD or any other product we develop to the FDA’s satisfaction; • insufficient data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including for our SCD, to support approval; • failure of the facilities of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers to meet applicable requirements; • inadequate compliance with preclinical, clinical or other regulations; • our failure to meet the FDA’s statistical requirements for approval; and • changes in the FDA’s approval policies, or the adoption of new regulations that require additional data or additional clinical studies.
Any infringement claim against the Company, even if without merit, may cause the Company to incur substantial costs, and would place a significant strain on its financial resources, divert the attention of management from its core business, and harm its reputation.
Any infringement claim against us, even if without merit, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and would place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business, and harm our reputation.
The Company may also encounter errors, mistakes, and lapses in processes and controls resulting in failures to meet the requisite standards expected of a public company. As a United States public reporting company, the Company incurs significant legal, accounting, insurance, compliance, and other expenses.
We may also encounter errors, mistakes, and lapses in processes and controls resulting in failures to meet the requisite standards expected of a public company. 54 As a United States public reporting company, we incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, compliance, and other expenses.
The Company’s licenses may not continue in force for as long as is required to fully develop and market its products. It is possible that if the licenses are terminated or the underlying patents and intellectual property are challenged or defeated, suitable replacements may not be obtained or developed on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all.
Our licenses may not continue in force for as long as is required to fully develop and market our products. It is possible that if the licenses are terminated or the underlying patents and intellectual property are challenged or defeated, suitable replacements may not be obtained or developed on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
Regulatory enforcement or inquiries, or other increased scrutiny on the Company, could dissuade some physicians from using its products and adversely affect its reputation and the perceived safety and efficacy of its products. 36 Delays or rejections may occur based on changes in governmental policies for medical devices during the period of product development.
Regulatory enforcement or inquiries, or other increased scrutiny on us, could dissuade some physicians from using our products and adversely affect our reputation and the perceived safety and efficacy of our products. Delays or rejections may occur based on changes in governmental policies for medical devices during the period of product development.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

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Biggest changeThese include, but are not limited to, internal reporting, monitoring and detection tools. We regularly assess risks from cybersecurity and technology threats and monitor our information systems for potential vulnerabilities. We use a widely-adopted risk quantification model to identify, measure and prioritize cybersecurity and technology risks and develop related security controls and safeguards.
Biggest changeThese include, but are not limited to, internal reporting, monitoring and detection tools. We regularly assess risks from cybersecurity and technology threats and monitor our information systems for potential vulnerabilities. We utilize third-party information technology services help identify , measure, and prioritize cybersecurity and technology risks, as well as to develop related security controls and safeguards.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings — active lawsuits and investigations

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Removed
Item 3. Legal Proceedings. From time to time, we may become involved in various claims and legal proceedings. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Added
Item 3. Legal Proceedings. Shareholder Derivative Claims On July 5, 2024, Forrest A K Wells, a purported stockholder of ours, filed a putative class action complaint in the United States District Court for the State of Colorado, captioned Wells v. SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation et al, Case No. 1:24-cv-0187 (D. Colorado) (the “Class Action”).
Removed
Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. 63 PART II
Added
The Class Action alleges that we, our Chief Executive Officer and former Chief Financial Officer made or caused to be made material misstatements or omissions regarding our business and operations, allegedly culminating in our restatement of our consolidated financial statements, disclosed in a Form 8-K and filed on March 27, 2024.
Added
The Class Action asserts claims pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including Section 10(b), Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and Section 20(a). The Class Action seeks to recover, among other remedies, compensatory damages. On March 4, 2025, the Plaintiff filed an amended complaint. We intend to vigorously defend the action.
Added
On December 13, 2024, Jose Lazo, a purported stockholder of ours, filed a putative stockholder derivative action complaint captioned Lazo v. Schlorff et. al., C.A. No. 1:24-cv-3444 in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (the “Derivative Action”). The factual allegations of the Derivative Action are substantially similar to the Class Action.
Added
On January 30, 2025, upon joint motion of the parties, the Court stayed the Derivative Action pending the Court’s resolution of an anticipated motion to dismiss to be filed in the Class Action.
Added
The Derivative Action alleges, among other things, that the our Chief Executive Officer, former Chief Financial Officer, and certain of our current and former directors violated Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, breached fiduciary 60 duties and were unjustly enriched by making or allowing to be made purportedly false and misleading statements regarding our prospects for success in obtaining FDA approval for our SCD.
Added
The Derivative Action further alleges that there were purported deficiencies in our internal financial controls and procedures and improper accounting for classification of certain financial instruments leading to our restatement of previously issued financial statements. The Derivative Action also asserts claims under Section 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act against our Chief Executive Officer and former Chief Financial Officer.
Added
Among other remedies, the Derivative Action seeks to recover damages and restitution on behalf of us and certain injunctive relief concerning our corporate governance and internal controls. Additional stockholders may file substantially similar complaints in the future. We will not make separate disclosure of such complaints unless they are materially different than the Derivative Action. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

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Biggest changeThe payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our Board.
Biggest changeThe payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our Board. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds None. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities By the Issuer and Affiliated Purchases None.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information Our Common Stock trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "ICU" Holders As of March 30, 2024, there were 76 stockholders of record of our Common Stock.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information Our Common Stock trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ICU” Holders As of February 24, 2025, there were 81 stockholders of record of our Common Stock.
Removed
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds PIPE Financing On August 23, 2022, following the execution of the Merger Agreement, LMAO entered into subscription agreements with three institutional investors (the “PIPE Investors”) whereby, the PIPE Investors collectively subscribed for an aggregate of 700,000 shares of Common Stock at $10.00 per share, and 700,000 warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of $7.0 million (the “PIPE Financing”).
Removed
The PIPE Financing was consummated concurrently with the Closing of the Business Combination. The shares of Common Stock issued to the PIPE Investors were issued in accordance with the exemption from registration under the Securities Act, under Section 4(a)(2) promulgated under the Securities Act.
Removed
The issuance of Class A Common Stock upon the automatic conversion of the Class B Common Stock and the issuance of Common Stock upon the automatic conversion of the Class A Common Stock at the Closing has not been registered under the Securities Act in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act.
Removed
Convertible Note Financing The Original and Amended Institutional Investor SPA On March 15, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement ("SPA") with an institutional investor ("Investor D") (the "Investor D SPA"), whereby we agreed to issue a series of four senior unsecured convertible notes (collectively the "Investor D Convertible Notes"), with principal proceeds totaling up to $9.8 million, and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock.
Removed
On March 15, 2023, the Company issued the first senior unsecured convertible note (the "First Investor D Note") in the amount of approximately $3.3 million, convertible into 1,207,729 shares of our common stock at an initial conversion price of $2.70.
Removed
The First Investor D Note was issued at an 8.0% discount, bears interest at 7.0% per annum, matured on June 15, 2024, and requires monthly installments of principal and interest. The First Investor D Note is 64 redeemable, in whole or part, at our discretion.
Removed
In addition, we issued warrants to purchase 328,352 shares of common stock with a strike price of $2.97 (the "First Investor D Note Warrants"). The First Investor D Warrants have an initial exercise price of $2.97 per share of common stock, expire in five years from their issuance date, and contain a cashless exercise provision.
Removed
On May 12, 2023, we issued the second senior unsecured convertible note (the "Second Investor D Note") in the amount of approximately $2.2 million, convertible into 805,153 shares of comment stock at an initial conversion price of $2.70.
Removed
The Second Investor D Notes were issued at an 8.0% discount and bear interest at 7.0% per annum and mature on June 15, 2024, and August 12, 2024. The Second Investor D Notes are redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time at our discretion.
Removed
In addition, we issued warrants to purchase 218,901 shares of common stock (the "Second Investor D Note Warrants"). The Second Investor D Warrants have an initial exercise price of $2.97 per share of common stock, expire five years from their issuance date, and contain cashless exercise provisions.
Removed
First Amendment to the Investor D SPA On August 7, 2023, we entered into an amendment to the Investor D SPA, whereby the provisions of the third closing are amended (the "First Amended Investor D SPA").
Removed
The institutional investor shall have the discretion to purchase additional shares of our common stock in an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 million (the "Third Investor D Note"). The Third Investor D Note consisted of four tranches which closed on August 7, 2023, August 30, 2023, September 26, 2023, and November 27, 2023, respectively.
Removed
Each tranche of the Third Investor D Note was issued at an 8.0% discount, bear interest at 7.0% per annum and require monthly installments of principal and interest.
Removed
Each tranche of the Third Investor D Notes is convertible into 2,717,144 shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $0.20, in a principal amount of $0.5 million, and includes a warrant to purchase up to 738,791 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $0.20 per share of common stock.
Removed
The Third Investor D Notes mature on November 6, 2024, November 29, 2024, December 25, 2024, and February 26, 2025, respectively.
Removed
Also on August 7, 2023, we entered into a side letter with Investor D (the “Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to adjust the conversion price of the First and Second Investor D Notes to the lowest of (i) $0.20, (ii) the closing sale price of common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the date of the conversion, and (iii) the average closing sale price of common stock for the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date of the conversion (the "Amended First Investor D Note" and Amended Second Investor D Note") .
Removed
We also agreed to issue a warrant to purchase up to 4,765,620 shares of common stock with an exercise price 0f $0.20 per share of common stock as part of Letter Agreement (the "Investor D Letter Agreement Warrants").
Removed
The Second Amendment to the Investor D SPA On December 11, 2023, we entered into the Second Amendment to the Investor D SPA (the "Second Investor D SPA") and closed on a fourth convertible note (the "Fourth Investor D Note") in a principal amount of approximately $1.1 million, which is convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $0.56 per share, beginning on the earlier of June 11, 2024 (or earlier upon mutual written agreement between us and the purchaser), or the date of an event of default, as defined in the Fourth Investor D Note, with a maturity date of March 11, 2025.
Removed
The Company also issued two warrants, each to purchase up to 527,708 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $0.56 per share.
Removed
For the purposes of defining the collection of the various agreements and instruments by and between Investor D and us: • the Investor D SPA, First Amended Investor D SPA, and Second Amended Investor D SPA are referred to as the "Original and Amended Investor D SPA". • All Investor D convertible notes issued and/or amended under the Original and Amended Investor D SPA are collectively referred to as the "Investor D Convertible Notes". • All warrants issued under the Original and Amended SPA or Letter Agreement are collectively referred to as the "Investor D Convertible Note Warrants" The Notes, Warrants, and shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes and upon exercise of such Warrants, have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and were 65 issued and sold to an accredited investor in reliance upon the exemption from registration contained in Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.
Removed
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities By the Issuer and Affiliated Purchases None. Item 6. [Reserved] 66

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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Biggest changeYear Ended December 31, Change ($ in thousands) 2023 2022 $ % Revenue $ — $ — $ — — Operating expenses Research and development 5,973 2,503 3,470 139 % General and administrative 8,237 6,916 1,321 19 % Origination cost of prepaid forward contracts — 2,190 (2,190 ) (100 )% Total operating expenses 14,210 11,609 2,601 22 % Loss from operations (14,210 ) (11,609 ) (2,601 ) 22 % Total other income (expense) (12,022 ) (580 ) (11,442 ) 1973 % Loss before income tax provision (26,232 ) (12,189 ) (14,043 ) 115 % Income tax provision (benefit) — 1 (1 ) (100 )% Net loss $ (26,232 ) $ (12,190 ) $ (14,042 ) 115 % Research and Development Expenses 69 The following table discloses the breakdown of research and development expenses: Year Ended December 31, Change ($ in thousands) 2023 2022 $ % Clinical trials $ 2,546 $ — $ 2,546 100 % External services 1,111 1,681 (570 ) (34 )% Payroll and personnel expenses 2,164 658 1,506 229 % Other research and development expenses 152 164 (12 ) (7 )% $ 5,973 $ 2,503 $ 3,470 139 % Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $6.0 million and $2.5 million, respectively.
Biggest changeResearch and Development Expenses The following table discloses the breakdown of research and development expenses: Year Ended December 31, Change ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 $ % Clinical trials $ 4,391 $ 2,546 $ 1,845 72.5 % External services 1,254 1,111 143 12.9 % Payroll and personnel expenses 3,184 2,164 1,020 47.1 % Other research and development expenses 276 152 124 81.6 % $ 9,105 $ 5,973 $ 3,132 52.4 % Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $9.1 million and $6.0 million, respectively.
Research and Development Expenses Since our inception, we have focused our resources on our research and development activities, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, and developing our process and activities related to regulatory filings for our products.
Research and Development Expenses Since inception, we have focused our resources on research and development activities, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, and developing our process and activities related to regulatory filings for our products.
As a result, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates. 77 In addition, we intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act.
As a result, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates. In addition, we intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act.
Until such time, if ever, as we are able to successfully develop and commercialize our products, we expect to continue financing our operations through the sale of equity, debt, borrowings under credit facilities or through potential collaborations with other companies, other strategic transactions or government or other grants.
Until such time, if ever, as we are able to successfully develop and commercialize our products, we expect to continue financing our operations through the sale of equity, issuance of debt, borrowings under credit facilities or through potential collaborations with other companies, other strategic transactions or government or other grants.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Objective The following discussion and analysis are intended to help you understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Objective The following discussion and analysis are intended to help you understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Liquidity and Capital Resources To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and convertible debt and, to a lesser extent, through grants from governmental and other agencies. Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows.
Liquidity and Capital Resources 67 To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and convertible debt and, to a lesser extent, through grants from governmental and other agencies. Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows.
While our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the notes to our audited financial statements included elsewhere in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our annual financial statements.
While our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our annual consolidated financial statements.
Other significant general and administrative expenses include facilities costs, professional fees for accounting and legal services, sales and marketing expenses, and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining patents and obtaining financing, and expenses related to SEC reporting.
Other significant general and administrative expenses include facilities costs, professional fees for accounting and legal services, sales and marketing expenses, and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining patents and obtaining financing, and expenses related to SEC reporting and compliance.
If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce, suspend or cease our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts, 75 which would have a negative impact on our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.
If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce, suspend or cease our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts, 69 which would have a negative impact on our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.
The FPA Derivative Liability was initially recorded at $5.2 million on October 28, 2022 (see Note 5). The FPA Derivative Liability was remeasured each reporting period using a Monte-Carlo Simulation in a risk-neutral framework (a special case of the Income Approach). Specifically, the future 76 stock price is simulated assuming a Geometric Brownian Motion (“GBM”).
The FPA Derivative Liability was initially recorded at $5.2 million on October 28, 2022 (see Note 5). The FPA Derivative Liability was remeasured each reporting period using a Monte-Carlo Simulation in a risk-neutral framework (a special case of the Income Approach). Specifically, the future stock price is simulated assuming a Geometric Brownian Motion.
Please see the factors discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for additional information. Results of Operations Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2023 to Year Ended December 31, 2022 The following table sets forth a summary of our results of operations.
Please see the factors discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for additional information. Results of Operations Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2024 to Year Ended December 31, 2023 The following table sets forth a summary of our results of operations.
See Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year-ended December 31, 2023, included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information on our assessment. Our need for additional capital will depend in part on the scope and costs of our development activities. To date, we have not generated any significant revenue from the sale of commercialized products.
See Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information on our assessment. Our need for additional capital will depend in part on the scope and costs of our development activities. To date, we have not generated significant revenue from the sale of commercialized products.
We have concluded that these circumstances raise doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the issuance date of this Annual Report. See Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2023.
We have concluded that these circumstances raise doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the issuance date of this Annual Report. See Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Our future funding requirements, both short-term and long-term, will depend on many factors, including: • our ability to receive cash proceeds from our existing funding sources, including equity line of credit; • the progress and results of our clinical trials and interpretation of those results by the FDA and other regulatory authorities; • the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims; and • the costs of operating as a public company, including hiring additional personnel as well as increased director and officer insurance premiums, audit and legal fees, investor relations fees and expenses related to compliance with public company reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq.
Our future funding requirements, both short-term and long-term, will depend on many factors, including: • conditions in the capital markets; • our ability to receive cash proceeds from our existing funding instruments, including a potential equity line of credit; • the progress and results of our clinical trials and interpretation of those results by the FDA and other regulatory authorities; • the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims; and • the costs of operating as a public company, including hiring additional personnel as well as increased director and officer insurance premiums, audit and legal fees, investor relations fees and expenses related to compliance with public company reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq.
Net Loss Net loss consists of our loss from operations, less other expenses, net. Factors Affecting the Company’s Operating Results We believe that our performance and future success depend on several factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges.
Net Loss Net loss consists of our loss from operations, less other expenses, net. Factors Affecting Our Operating Results 65 We believe that our performance and future success depend on several factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges.
Our ability to generate product revenue will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our products. Until such time, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity or debt, borrowings under credit facilities, potential collaborations, other strategic transactions or government and other grants.
Our ability to generate product revenue will depend on the successful development of our adult SCD and eventual ongoing commercialization of QUELIMMUNE. Until such time, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity or debt, borrowings under credit facilities, potential collaborations, other strategic transactions or government and other grants.
Prepaid Forward Purchase Agreement Derivative Liability. The prepaid forward purchase agreement derivative liability (the "FPA Derivative Liability") is required to be recognized as a liability as the financial instrument fails the "Indexation Guidance" of ASC 815-10 in addition having certain settlement features that could or will require settlement in cash or shares, depending on the feature.
The prepaid forward purchase agreement derivative liability (the “FPA Derivative Liability”) is required to be recognized as a liability as the financial instrument fails the “ Indexation Guidance” of ASC 815-10 in addition having certain settlement features that could or will require settlement in cash or shares, depending on the feature.
See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for additional information. We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception in 2007. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $114.7 million and $88.5 million, respectively.
See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for additional information. We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception in 2007. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $139.6 million and $114.7 million, respectively.
As a result, we believe that a valuation allowance continues to be necessary based on the more-likely-than-not threshold noted above. A valuation allowance of $25.6 million and $21.2 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As a result, we believe that a valuation allowance continues to be necessary based on the more-likely-than-not threshold noted above. A valuation allowance of $28.5 million and $25.6 million was recorded as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Adequate capital may not be available to us when needed or on acceptable terms.
Adequate capital may not be available when needed or on acceptable terms.
We use a Black-Scholes option pricing model to fair value the Investor D Convertible Note Warrants, using standard option pricing inputs such as the strike price of each warrant tranche, estimated volatility, time to maturity, and the risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is the U.S.
We use a Black-Scholes option pricing model to fair value liability classified warrants, using standard option pricing inputs such as the strike price of each warrant tranche, estimated volatility, time to maturity, and the risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is the U.S.
General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $8.2 million and $6.9 million, respectively.
General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $8.9 million and $8.2 million, respectively.
Our net losses were $26.2 million and $12.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Approximately 54% of our net losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.
Our net losses were $24.8 million and $26.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Approximately 72% and 54% of our net losses for the years-ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.
SeaStar Medical considers all positive and negative evidence available in determining the potential realization of deferred tax assets including, primarily, the recent history of taxable earnings or losses. Based on operating losses reported during 2023 and 2022, the Company concluded there was not sufficient positive evidence to overcome this recent operating history.
We consider all positive and negative evidence available in determining the potential realization of deferred tax assets including, primarily, the recent history of taxable earnings or losses. Based on operating losses reported during 2024 and 2023, we concluded there was not sufficient positive evidence to overcome this recent operating history.
The recurring losses, working capital deficiency, the need for capital to fund our operations, including clinical trial costs and regulatory approval expenses, and the amount of cash reserve are factors that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve-month period from the date the consolidated financial statements are made available.
The recurring losses, working capital deficiency, the need for capital to fund our operations, including clinical trial costs and regulatory approval expenses, and the amount of cash reserve are factors that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve-month period following the issuance date for the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Other Income (Expense) Other income (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was expense of $12.0 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
Other Income (Expense) Other income (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was expense of $7.0 million and $12.0 million, respectively.
If we fail to complete the development of or obtain regulatory approval for commercialization of our products in a timely manner, our ability to generate future revenue and our results of operations and financial position, would be materially adversely affected.
If we fail to complete the development of, or fail to obtain regulatory approval to commercialize our adult SCD in a timely manner, our ability to generate future revenue, and our results of operations and financial position, could be materially adversely affected.
The remaining 36% of our net losses primarily resulted from non-cash, non-operating changes in fair value of our financial instruments recognized in our statement of operations.
The remaining net losses primarily resulted from non-cash, non-operating changes in fair value of our financial instruments recognized in our statement of operations for the same two fiscal years.
Subject to the availability of additional funding, we plan to further increase our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our products.
Subject to the availability of additional funding, we plan to further increase our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our SCD as well as a next generation SCD.
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “SeaStar Medical,“ “we,“ “us,”and “our,” are intended to mean the business and operations of SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries (the "Company, "We, SeaStar Medical" or "Us") following the October 28, 2022, merger between LMF Acquisition Opportunities Inc.
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “SeaStar Medical”, “we”, “us”, and “our”, are intended to mean the business and operations of SeaStar Medical Holding Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries (the “Company”, “We”, “SeaStar Medical” or “Us”) following the October 28, 2022, merger between LMF Acquisition Opportunities Inc.
Cash Flows The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for each of the periods shown below: Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) 2023 2022 Statement of cash flow data: Total cash (used in)/provided by: Operating activities $ (10,285 ) $ (7,794 ) Investing activities — — Financing activities 10,414 7,331 $ 129 $ (463 ) Cash Flow from Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $10.3 million compared to $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Cash Flows The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for each of the periods shown below: Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 Statement of cash flow data: Total cash (used in)/provided by: Operating activities $ (16,007 ) $ (10,285 ) Investing activities — — Financing activities 17,650 10,414 $ 1,643 $ 129 Cash Flow from Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 was $16.0 million compared to $10.3 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Investor D Warrants . During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into various convertible credit agreements with an institutional investor ("Investor D") which included detachable and separately exercisable warrants to purchase shares of our common stock (the "Investor D Convertible Note Warrants").
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we entered into various convertible credit agreements with an institutional investor (“Investor D”) which included detachable and separately exercisable warrants to purchase shares of our common stock (the “Investor D Convertible Note Warrants”). These warrants no longer exist as of December 31, 2024.
Treasury rate at the date of issuance, and the time to maturity is based on the contractual life at the date of issuance, which is five years. The change in fair value of the Investor D Convertible Note Warrants each reporting period is recorded to the change in fair value of warrants liability in the consolidated statement of operations.
Treasury rate at the date of issuance, and the time to maturity is based on the contractual life at the date of issuance. The change in fair value of liability classified warrants each reporting period is recorded to the change in fair value of warrants liability in the consolidated statement of operations. Share Based Compensation Expense.
Future Funding Requirements We expect to incur significant expenses in connection with our ongoing activities as we seek to (i) continue clinical development of our SCD product for approval by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), and (ii) if regulatory approval is obtained, to launch and commercialize our product in the U.S. market, including subsequent launches in key international markets.
Future Funding Requirements We expect to incur significant expenses in connection with our ongoing activities as we seek to (i) continue clinical development of our SCD product for approval by the FDA, and (ii) if regulatory approval is obtained, to launch and commercialize our products in the U.S. markets. We will need additional funding in connection with these activities.
("LMF"), and SeaStar Medical, Inc, (the "Predecessor") (the transaction herin defined as the "Business Combination" or "Merger"). In connection with the Business Combination, the Predecessor was determined to be the accounting acquirer.
(“LMF”), and SeaStar Medical, Inc, (the “Predecessor”) (the transaction herein defined as the “Business Combination” or “Merger”). In connection with the Business Combination, the Predecessor was determined to be the accounting acquirer.
As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $114.7 million and $88.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had cash of $0.2 million and $0.0 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $139.6 million and $114.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had cash of $1.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
The estimated fair values of the convertible notes are each determined based on the aggregated, probability-weighted average of the outcomes of certain possible scenarios.
The convertible notes are recorded as liabilities and are recorded at fair value based on Level 3 measurements. The estimated fair values of the convertible notes are each determined based on the aggregated, probability-weighted average of the outcomes of certain possible scenarios.
We will remain an EGC under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (i) the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination, (ii) the last date of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large-accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates, or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three-years.
We will remain an EGC under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (i) the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination, (ii) the last date of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large-accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates, or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three-years. 71 Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024: ($ in thousands) Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years Contractual Obligations: Note Payable (Insurance Financing) $ 574 $ 574 $ — $ — $ — Total contractual obligations $ 574 $ 574 $ — $ — $ — Insurance Financing In October 2024, we entered into a financing arrangement with a lender to finance a portion of the annual premium of an insurance policy in the amount of $0.7 million.
Although actual results could materially differ from those estimates, such estimates are developed based on the best information available to management and management's best judgments at the time. Significant estimates include the valuation of the forward option on forward purchase agreement, derivative liability, convertible note warrants, convertible notes at fair value, and the amount of share-based compensation expense.
Although actual results could materially differ from those estimates, such estimates are developed based on the best information available to management and management’s best judgments at the time. Significant estimates include the valuation of the (i) incurred-but-not-billed clinical trial costs, (ii) prepaid forward purchase agreement derivative liability, (iii) convertible notes (iv) liability classified warrants, (v) share-based compensation expense.
Emerging Growth Company Status We are an emerging growth company (“EGC”), as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (“JOBS”) Act. The JOBS Act permits companies with EGC status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they apply to private companies.
The JOBS Act permits companies with EGC status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they apply to private companies.
Other Income (Expense), Net Total other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest expense relating to interest incurred on our notes, financing fees related to our convertible notes, gain on issuance of convertible notes, change in fair value of convertible notes, change in fair value of warrants liability, change in fair value of forward-option forward contracts, and gain on sale of recycled shares, gains from early extinguishment of convertible notes, and changes in fair value of the derivative liability related to the conversion option of convertible notes.
Other Income (Expense), Net Total other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest expense relating to interest incurred on our notes, financing fees related to our convertible notes, gain on issuance of convertible notes, change in fair value of convertible notes, change in fair value of warrants liability, termination of forward purchase agreement, gains from early extinguishments of convertible notes, changes in fair value of the derivative liability related to the conversion option of convertible notes, and interest income derived from cash balances maintained at a commercial financial institution.
Loss from Operations and Operating Margin Loss from operations consists of our gross profit less its operating expenses. Operating margin is loss from the operations as a percentage of its net sales.
Operating margin is loss from the operations as a percentage of our net sales.
Net Loss 70 During the year ended December 31, 2023, SeaStar Medical had a net loss of $26.2 million compared to a net loss of $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Net Loss During the year ended December 31, 2024, we had a net loss of $24.8 million compared to a net loss of $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We have entered into or assumed as part of the Business Combination various financial instruments in the form of warrant agreements that require classification as liabilities. This classification requires us to measure the warrants at fair value at inception, and the remeasure the warrants.
We have entered into or assumed various financial instruments in the form of warrant agreements that require classification as liabilities. This classification requires us to measure the warrants at 70 fair value at inception, and the remeasure the warrants. The liability classified warrants consist of the following: (see Note 10 for more information): • Private Placement Warrants.
We expect that our existing cash will be insufficient to fund our operations, including clinical trial expenses and capital expenditure requirements. We believe that this raises doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
We expect that our existing cash will be insufficient to fund our operations for the twelve months from filing date of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, including clinical trial expenses and capital expenditure requirements. We believe that this raises doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
Based on our results of operations and liquidity as of December 31, 2023, we believe our cash and cash equivalents, including the cash we obtained from the Business Combination and the PIPE Investment, as well as potential proceeds available under the Purchase Agreement with Tumim Stone Capital ("Tumim") and from the Forward Purchase Agreements ("FPA"), are not sufficient to meet our operations, working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Based on our results of operations and liquidity as of December 31, 2024, we believe our cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to meet our operations, working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
Changes in the fair value of the FPA Derivative Liability are recorded each reporting period to the change in the fair value of the forward purchase agreement derivative liability in the consolidated statement of operations. Investor D Convertible Notes. The convertible notes are recorded as liabilities and are recorded at fair value based on Level 3 measurements.
Changes in the fair value of the FPA Derivative Liability are recorded each reporting period to the change in the fair value of the forward purchase agreement derivative liability in the consolidated statement of operations. This instrument no longer existed as of December 31, 2024. Investor D Convertible Notes.
The liability classified warrants consist of the following: (see Note 11 for more information): Private Placement Warrants . We assumed 5,738,000 Private Placement warrants as part of the Business Combination. PIPE Warrants . The PIPE Warrants were entered into in congruence with the Business Combination, and include features similar to the Private Placement Warrants which require liability classification.
We assumed 229,520 Private Placement warrants as part of the Business Combination. • PIPE Warrants. The PIPE Warrants were entered into in congruence with the Business Combination, and include features similar to the Private Placement Warrants which require liability classification. • Investor D Warrants.
The change in fair value of the Investor D Convertible Notes each reporting period is recorded to the Change in fair value of convertible notes in the consolidated statement of operations. Pre-Merger Notes Derivative Liability.
The change in fair value of the Investor D Convertible Notes each reporting period is recorded to the Change in fair value of convertible notes in the consolidated statement of operations. These notes no longer existed at December 31, 2024. Liability Classified Warrants.
The increase in cash used for operating activities of $2.5 million is primarily due to the increased activity related to the clinical trial, and increase in expenses related to SEC reporting, and an increase in insurance expense.
The increase in cash used for operating activities of $5.7 million is primarily due to the increased activity related to clinical trial activities for the Neutralize-AKI clinical trial, and certain general and administrative costs.
As we continue to expand and grow our operations, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase, including additional expenses relating to new hires, travel, a new enterprise resource planning platform, and branding. 68 Origination Cost of Forward Contracts The origination cost of forward contracts consists primarily of consideration related to the forward purchase agreements.
As we continue to expand and grow our operations, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase, including additional expenses relating to new hires, travel, an enterprise resource planning platform, and branding. Loss from Operations and Operating Margin Loss from operations consists of our gross profit less our operating expenses.
We may generate revenue in the future based on payments from future license or collaboration agreements and government and other grants, and, if our products receive regulatory approval for commercialization, from product sales. We expect that any revenue we generate will fluctuate from quarter to quarter.
We will continue to focus our efforts on generating revenue in the future based on product sales of QUELIMMUNE, as well as potential future payments from license or collaboration agreements and government and other grants. We expect that any revenue we generate will fluctuate from quarter to quarter as we introduce QUELIMMUNE to pediatric hospital customers.
Cash Flow from Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $10.4 million, primarily related to the issuance of new shares of common stock, proceeds from convertible notes, and the sale of recycled shares, partially offset by payments of notes payable, and payment of convertible notes.
Cash provided by financing activity for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, was $10.4 million, primarily related to the issuance of new shares of common stock, proceeds from convertible notes, and the sale of recycled shares, partially offset by payments of notes payable, and payment of convertible notes Capital Resources Sources of Liquidity Shelf Registrations Shelf Registration 333-275968 - On December 8, 2023, we filed a shelf registration on Form S-3. which was declared effective by the SEC on December 22, 2023.
The increased net loss of $14.0 million primarily resulted from increases in general and administrative expenses of $1.3 million, increases in research and development expenses of $3.5 million, offset by a decline in origination costs on prepaid forward contracts of approximately $2.9 million.
The decline in net loss of $1.4 million primarily resulted from a decline in other expense of $5.0 million (as discussed above in “ Other Income (Expense) ” offset by increases in general and administrative expenses of $0.6 million, and increases in research and development expenses of $3.1 million.
Our investigational SCD is an extracorporeal synthetic membrane device designed to be easily integrated into existing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (“CRRT”) systems that are commonly installed in hospitals, including in Intensive Care Units throughout the United States.
Our investigational SCD for adults is an extracorporeal synthetic membrane device that is currently being evaluated in a pivotal clinical trial in the U.S. for premarket clearance by the FDA. The SCD for adults is designed to be easily integrated into existing CRRT systems that are commonly installed in hospitals, including in ICUs throughout the United States.
Once approved and commercialized, the SCD would initially target acute kidney injury in both the pediatric CRRT population as well as adults on CRRT. In addition, we are developing our SCD to address inflammation associated with chronic dialysis and chronic heart failure. The regulatory approval process for our SCD product candidates is costly and involves significant risks and uncertainties.
Similar to our pediatric SCD (QUELIMMUNE), once approved and commercialized, our adult SCD is expected to initially target acute kidney injury in adults on CRRT. In addition, we are developing our SCD to address inflammation associated with liver disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic dialysis and chronic heart failure in adult populations.
Income Tax Provision (Benefit) SeaStar Medical recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Income Tax Provision (Benefit) We recorded a provision for income taxes of $3 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, and did not record a provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, these non-cash, non-operating losses were related to change in fair value of convertible notes, change in fair value of forward option-prepaid forward contracts and loss on extinguishment of convertible notes, which were partially offset by gains from the change in fair value of warrants liability and gain on 67 sale of recycled shares.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, these non-cash, non-operating losses related to change in fair value of convertible notes, change in fair value of liability classified warrants, and interest expense, which were partially offset by interest income. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
See the section titled “Risk Factors” for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.
See the section titled “Risk Factors” for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S.
This hyperinflammatory response is also known as the cytokine storm, referring to the body’s reaction to the category of small-secreted proteins released by hyperinflammatory cells that affect communication between cells. The cytokine storm, when left uncontrolled, can lead to organ damage and even death.
This results of damaging hyperinflammation spreading uncontrollably to other parts of the body, often leading to acute chronic solid organ dysfunction or failure, including heart, lung, kidney and liver diseases. This hyperinflammatory response is also known as the cytokine storm, referring to the body’s reaction to the category of small-secreted proteins released by hyperinflammatory cells that affect communication between cells.
We are a medical technology company developing a platform therapy to reduce the consequences of hyperinflammation on vital organs. In a normal inflammatory response, neutrophils are the first immune cells to arrive at the site and are key to the entire immune response that kills pathogens and promotes tissue repair.
Central to inflammation are the cells within blood and lymph circulatory systems, called white blood cells (primarily neutrophils and monocytes), also referred to commonly as “pus” cells. In a normal inflammatory response, neutrophils are the first immune cells to arrive at the site and are key to the entire immune response that kills pathogens and promotes tissue repair.
If the inflammatory response becomes excessive and dysregulated, normal neutrophil die off may be delayed, altering feedback mechanisms that regulate the immune system. This results of damaging hyperinflammation spreading uncontrollably to other parts of the body, often leading to acute chronic solid organ dysfunction or failure, including heart, lung, kidney and liver diseases.
These inflammatory cells release chemicals (cytokines) that trigger the immune system to eliminate foreign pathogens or damaged tissue, enhancing the immune response. If the inflammatory response becomes excessive and dysregulated, normal neutrophil die off may be delayed, altering feedback mechanisms that regulate the immune system.
The increase in research and development expenses of $3.5 million, or 139%, was primarily driven by increases in clinical trial expenses of $2.5 million, an increase in payroll and personnel expenses of $1.5 million, partially offset by a decrease of external services of $0.6 million.
The increase in research and development expenses of $3.1 million, or 52.4%, was primarily driven by increases in clinical trial expenses of $1.8 million and external services of $0.1 million due 66 to the Neutralize-AKI Adult SCD study, in which we ended the year 2024 with 14 clinical trial sites enrolled, an increase in payroll and personnel expenses of $1.0 million due to increased head count and equity grants, and an increase in other costs of approximately $0.1 million, due to increased travel and other costs relating to increasing clinical trial site enrollees.
This was offset by a decline in the loss recognized in the change in fair value of the forward purchase agreement derivative liability of $8.9 million, other income of $0.2 million, and finally in fiscal year-ended December 31, 2022, we incurred a $0.6 million loss on changed in fair value of our pre-merger convertible notes payable derivative liability, for which those liabilities did not exist in the fiscal year-ended December 31, 2023.
The decrease of approximately $5.0 million primarily resulted from (i) $4.2 million decline in the loss from the change in fair value on extinguishments of convertible notes, (ii) a decrease in interest expense of $0.8 million due to the reduction in our outstanding notes and convertible notes, (iii) interest income of $0.1 million during 2024 compared to $0.0 million for 2023, and (iv) we did not recognize a loss from the change in the fair value of forward purchase agreement derivative liabilities for 2024 as the instrument did not exist during 2024, while incurring a loss on the change in fair value of forward purchase agreement derivative liabilities of $1.3 million in 2023.
See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for additional information. Key Components of Results of Operations Revenue To date, we have not generated any revenue from the sale of commercialized products. Revenue has been primarily derived from government and other grants.
See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for additional information. Key Components of Results of Operations Revenue 64 Our pediatric SCD received HDE approval from the FDA in February 2024. Since that time, we have begun to build out our commercial operations, develop our customer base and initiate commercial sales of QUELIMMUNE.
We are initially using our proprietary Selective Cytopheretic Device (“SCD”) technology platform to clinically validate several acute organ injury indications, including kidneys and lungs.
We will continue to explore the application of our SCD technology across a broad range of markets and indications where proinflammatory activated neutrophils and monocytes may contribute to disease progression or severity in both acute and chronic indications. We are using our SCD initially to clinically validate several acute organ injury indications, including kidneys and lungs.
Removed
For the year ended December 31, 2022, certain losses were related to the Business Combination, including costs to obtain the forward contracts and the change in fair value of the forward option derivatives. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash of approximately $0.2 million and $0.0 million, respectively.
Added
We are a commercial stage medical technology company developing a proprietary platform therapy, our SCD to reduce the consequences of hyperinflammation on vital organs. We received FDA approval for our pediatric SCD (“QUELIMMUNE”) on February 21, 2024, under a HDE, and shipped our first commercial pediatric SCD in July 2024.
Removed
The increase in general and administrative expenses of $1.3 million, or 19% is due primarily to an increase in insurance expense of $1.4 million, increased fees related to SEC reporting of $0.7 million, an increase in payroll related expenses of $0.2 million, an increase in legal and professional fees of $1.0 million, an increase in Director's compensation expense of $0.3 million, an increase of warrant expense of $0.2 million, and an increase in a legal settlement of $0.2 million, partially offset by a decrease in commitment fees for the equity line of credit of $2.5 million.
Added
A pivotal clinical trial for the SCD in adult patients with AKI is underway with 94 patients enrolled as of March 25, 2025. The inflammatory response is critical to fend off infections and repair damaged tissue in the body.
Removed
The increase of $11.4 million primarily resulted from an increase in interest expense of $0.5 million, unrealized loss on our convertible notes of $5.4 million, and loss on extinguishment of convertible notes of $4.9 million, coupled with a $10.8 million reduction in unrealized gains from declines in the fair value of our derivative warrants liability.
Added
The cytokine storm, when left uncontrolled, can lead to organ damage and even death. Currently, few therapeutics are available to clinicians to address hyperinflammation and for those options that do exist, such options are either immunosuppressive or only target one cytokine.
Removed
Other expenses increased by (i) $11.4 million, primarily resulting from an increase in interest expense of $0.5 million, an unrealized loss on the change in fair value of convertible notes of $5.4 million that the Company entered into in 2023, (ii) a loss on extinguishment of convertible notes of $4.9 million, and (iii) a decline in unrealized gains from declined in derivative warrant liability of $10.3 million.
Added
We believe our technology has the potential to overcome limitations in existing anti-inflammatory treatments and address the challenge of selectively targeting activated neutrophils and monocytes. We are leveraging our patent protected and scalable SCD technology platform to develop proprietary therapies that are organ agnostic and target both acute and chronic indications.
Removed
This was offset by a declines in (i) unrealized losses on the change in the fair value of forward purchase agreement derivative liabilities of $8.5 million, (ii) unrealized losses on our notes payable derivative liability, and (iii) other income increased by $0.2 million.
Added
Preclinically, our SCD was tested in various 63 animal models, which include acute myocardial infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, chronic heart failure, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The animal models demonstrated the inflammatory response and how it was modified by our SCD.
Removed
Fiscal Year-Ended December 31, 2023 At the beginning of the fiscal year-ended December 31, 2023, our outstanding debt consisted of the following: • Credit Agreement with LM Funding America, Inc.
Added
We shipped our first commercial QUELIMMUNE units in July 2024. Through December 31, 2024, we have recognized approximately $0.1 million of revenue from the sale of QUELIMMUNE. Historically, prior period revenue has been primarily derived from government and other grants.
Removed
(“LMFA”) with an outstanding balance of approximately $0.7 million (the “LMFA Note”), • Amended and restated promissory note with LMFAO Sponsor, LLC with an outstanding balance of approximately $2.8 million the (“LMFAO Note”), • A note payable to Maxim (“Maxim”) with an outstanding balance of approximately $4.2 million (the “Maxim Note”), and • A financing agreement with a lender to finance a portion of the annual premium of an insurance policy with an outstanding balance of approximately $0.9 million. 2023 Convertible Notes The Original and Amended Institutional Investor SPA On March 15, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement ("SPA") with an institutional investor ("Investor D") (the "Investor D SPA"), whereby we agreed to issue a series of four senior unsecured convertible notes (collectively the "Investor D Convertible Notes"), with principal proceeds totaling up to $9.8 million, and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock.
Added
We also continue to develop our adult SCD for which we are enrolling patients in a pivotal study to support FDA approval.

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Other ICU 10-K year-over-year comparisons