Biggest changeThe table below reconciles segment operating profit to total operating profit: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 ’23 vs ’22 ’22 vs ’21 Market Intelligence 1 $ 714 $ 2,488 $ 676 (71)% N/M Ratings 2 1,864 1,672 2,629 11% (36)% Commodity Insights 3 704 591 544 19% 9% Mobility 4 260 213 — 22% N/M Indices 5 925 927 798 —% 16% Engineering Solutions 6 19 15 — 24% N/M Total segment operating profit 4,486 5,906 4,647 (24)% 27% Corporate Unallocated expense 7 (502) (989) (426) 49% N/M Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries 8 36 27 — 33% N/M Total operating profit $ 4,020 $ 4,944 $ 4,221 (19)% 17% N/M - Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1 2023 includes employee severance charges of $90 million, acquisition-related costs of $69 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $49 million, a gain on disposition of $46 million, an asset impairment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2022 includes a gain on disposition of $1.8 billion, employee severance charges of $90 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $35 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2021 includes employee severance charges of $3 million, a gain on disposition of $3 million, acquisition-related costs of $2 million and lease-related costs of $1 million. 2023, 2022 and 2021 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $561 million, $474 million and $65 million, respectively. 2 2023 includes employee severance charges of $10 million and an asset impairment of $1 million. 2022 includes employee severance charges of $24 million, legal costs of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2021 includes a gain on disposition of $6 million, recovery of lease-related costs of $4 million and employee severance charges of $3 million. 2023, 2022 and 2021, include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $8 million, $7 million and $10 million, respectively. 3 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $35 million, employee severance charges of $26 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2022 includes employee severance charges of $45 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $26 million. 2021 includes recovery of lease-related costs of $2 million. 2023, 2022 and 2021 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $131 million, $111 million and $8 million, respectively. 4 2023 includes employee severance charges of $9 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $3 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2022 includes an acquisition-related benefit of $14 million, employee severance charges of $4 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $3 million. 2023 and 2022 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $301 million and $241 million, respectively. 5 2023 includes employee severance charges of $5 million, a gain on disposition of $4 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million. 2022 includes a gain on disposition of $52 million, employee severance charges of $14 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $2 million. 2021 includes recovery of lease-related costs of $1 million. 2023, 2022 and 2021 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $36 million, $31 million and $6 million, respectively. 45 Table of Contents 6 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1 million. 2 022 includes employee severance charges of $4 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $35 million. 7 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $147 million, a loss on disposition of $120 million, employee severance charges of $43 million, disposition-related costs of $24 million, lease impairments of $14 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 2022 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $553 million, a S&P Foundation grant of $200 million, employee severance charges of $107 million, disposition-related costs of $24 million, a gain on acquisition of $10 million, an asset impairment of $9 million, acquisition-related costs of $8 million, lease impairments of $5 million and an asset write-off of $3 million. 2021 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $249 million, employee severance charges of $13 million, lease-related costs of $4 million, a lease impairment of $3 million, Kensho retention related expenses of $2 million, acquisition-related costs of $2 million and a gain on disposition of $2 million. 2023, 2022 and 2021 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $3 million, $4 million and $7 million, respectively. 8 2023 includes an asset impairment of $2 million. 2023 and 2022 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $56 million and $55 million, respectively. 2023 Segment Operating Profit — Decreased 24% as compared to 2022.
Biggest changeThe table below reconciles segment operating profit to total operating profit: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2024 2023 2022 ’24 vs ’23 ’23 vs ’22 Market Intelligence 1 $ 875 $ 714 $ 2,488 22% (71)% Ratings 2 2,707 1,864 1,672 45% 11% Commodity Insights 3 845 704 591 20% 19% Mobility 4 312 260 213 20% 22% Indices 5 1,103 925 927 19% —% Engineering Solutions 6 — 19 15 N/M 24% Total segment operating profit 5,842 4,486 5,906 30% (24)% Corporate Unallocated expense 7 (305) (502) (989) 39% 49% Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries 8 43 36 27 20% 33% Total operating profit $ 5,580 $ 4,020 $ 4,944 39% (19)% N/M - Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1 2024 includes employee severance charges of $77 million, gain on dispositions of $59 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $36 million, a net acquisition-related benefit of $12 million and Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $3 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $90 million, acquisition-related costs of $69 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $49 million, a gain on disposition of $46 million, an asset impairment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2022 includes a gain on disposition of $1.8 billion, employee severance charges of $90 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $35 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2024, 2023 and 2022 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $591 million, $561 million and $474 million, respectively. 2 2024 includes legal settlement costs of $20 million, a statutorily required bonus accrual adjustment of $6 million and employee severance charges of $5 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $10 million and an asset impairment of $1 million. 2022 includes employee severance charges of $24 million, legal costs of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2024, 2023 and 2022, include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $14 million, $8 million and $7 million, respectively. 3 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $14 million, employee severance charges of $13 million, asset write-offs of $1 million and disposition-related costs of $1 million. 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $35 million, employee severance charges of $26 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2022 includes employee severance charges of $45 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $26 million. 2024, 2023 and 2022 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $130 million, $131 million and $111 million, respectively. 4 2024 includes employee severance charges of $7 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, acquisition-related costs of $2 million and a liability write-off of $1 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $9 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $3 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2022 includes an acquisition-related benefit of $14 million, employee severance charges of 42 Table of Contents $4 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $3 million. 2024, 2023 and 2022 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $303 million, $301 million and $241 million, respectively. 5 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, a loss on disposition of $1 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $5 million, a gain on disposition of $4 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million. 2022 includes a gain on disposition of $52 million, employee severance charges of $14 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $2 million. 2024, 2023 and 2022 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $36 million, $36 million and $31 million, respectively. 6 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1 million. 2 022 includes employee severance charges of $4 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $35 million. 7 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $75 million, employee severance charges of $24 million, acquisition-related costs of $8 million, disposition-related costs of $8 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $5 million, gain on disposition of $2 million, lease impairments of $1 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $147 million, a loss on disposition of $120 million, employee severance charges of $43 million, disposition-related costs of $24 million, lease impairments of $14 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 2022 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $553 million, a S&P Foundation grant of $200 million, employee severance charges of $107 million, disposition-related costs of $24 million, a gain on acquisition of $10 million, an asset impairment of $9 million, acquisition-related costs of $8 million, lease impairments of $5 million and an asset write-off of $3 million. 2024, 2023 and 2022 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $3 million, $3 million and $4 million, respectively. 8 2023 includes an asset impairment of $2 million. 2024, 2023 and 2022 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $56 million, $56 million and $55 million, respectively. 2024 Segment Operating Profit — Segment operating profit increased 30% as compared to 2023.
Loss (Gain) on Dispositions During the year ended December 31, 2023, we completed the following disposition and received the following contingent payment that resulted in a pre-tax loss of $70 million, which was included in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income: • During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $120 million in Loss (gain) on dispositions and disposition-related costs of $16 million in selling and general expenses in the consolidated statements of income ($182 million after-tax, net of a release of a deferred tax liability of $157 million) related to the sale of Engineering Solutions. • In the first quarter of 2023, we received a contingent payment following the sale of Leveraged Commentary and Data (“LCD”) along with a related family of leveraged loan indices in June of 2022.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, we completed the following disposition and received the following contingent payment that resulted in a pre-tax loss of $70 million, which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income: • During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $120 million in (Gain) loss on disposition, net and disposition-related costs of $16 million in selling and general expenses in the consolidated statements of income ($182 million after-tax, net of a release of a deferred tax liability of $157 million) related to the sale of Engineering Solutions. • In the first quarter of 2023, we received a contingent payment following the sale of Leveraged Commentary and Data (“LCD”) along with a related family of leveraged loan indices in June of 2022.
Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries — The Company holds an investment in a 50/50 joint venture arrangement with shared control with CME Group that combined each of the company’s post-trade services into a new joint venture, OSTTRA.
Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries — The Company holds an investment in a 50/50 joint venture arrangement with shared control with CME Group that combined each of the company’s post-trade services into a new joint venture, OSTTRA.
The joint venture provides trade processing and risk mitigation operations and incorporates CME Group’s optimization businesses (Traiana, TriOptima, and Reset) and the Company’s MarkitSERV business. The combination is intended to increase operating efficiencies of both the company’s business to more effectively service clients with enhanced platforms and services for OTC markets across interest rate, FX, equity, and credit asset classes.
The joint venture provides trade processing and risk mitigation operations and incorporates CME Group’s optimization businesses (Traiana, TriOptima, and Reset) and the Company’s MarkitSERV business. The combination is intended to increase operating efficiencies of both the company’s business to more effectively service clients with enhanced platforms and services for OTC markets across interest rate, FX, equity, and credit asset classes.
This impact refers to constant currency comparisons and the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities. Constant currency impacts are estimated by re-calculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year.
This impact refers to constant currency comparisons and the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities. Constant currency impacts are estimated by re-calculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year.
Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual businesses functional currency. Other Income , net Other expense (income), net primarily includes the net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and post retirement plans.
Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual businesses functional currency. Other (Income) Expense, net Other (income) expense, net primarily includes the net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and post retirement plans.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $1.9 billion, which was included in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income: • In June of 2022, we comple ted the previously announced sale of LCD along with a related family of leveraged loan indices, within our Market Intelligence and Indices segments, respectively, to Morningstar for a purchase price of $600 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, and a contingent payment of up to $50 million which was payable six months following the closing upon the achievement of certain conditions related to the transition of LCD customer relationships.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $1.9 billion, which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income: • In June of 2022, we comple ted the previously announced sale of LCD along with a related family of leveraged loan indices, within our Market Intelligence and Indices segments, respectively, to Morningstar for a purchase price of $600 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, and a contingent payment of up to $50 million which was payable six months following the closing upon the achievement of certain conditions related to the transition of LCD customer relationships.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1.342 billion ($1.005 billion after tax) in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of CGS. • In February of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of OPIS to News Corp for $1.150 billion in cash.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1.342 billion ($1.005 billion after tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of CGS. • In February of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of OPIS to News Corp for $1.150 billion in cash.
In June of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of LCD, a business within our Market Intelligence segment, to Morningstar. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $505 million ($378 million after-tax) in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income for the sale of LCD.
In June of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of LCD, a business within our Market Intelligence segment, to Morningstar. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $505 million ($378 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income for the sale of LCD.
Excluding the impact of higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2023 of 6 percentage points and higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 3 percentage point, partially offset by higher employee severance charges in 2022 of 6 percentage points, operating profit increased 16%.
Excluding the impact of higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2023 of 6 percentage points and higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 3 percentage points, partially offset by higher employee severance charges in 2022 of 6 percentage points, operating profit increased 16%.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $52 million ($43 million after-tax) for the sale of a family of leveraged loan indices in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $52 million ($43 million after-tax) for the sale of a family of leveraged loan indices in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1.342 billion ($ 1.005 billion after-tax) in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of CGS.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1.342 billion ($ 1.005 billion after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of CGS.
We believe the following critical accounting policies require us to make significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: 67 Table of Contents Revenue recognition Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.
We believe the following critical accounting policies require us to make significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: 65 Table of Contents Revenue recognition Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.
The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 ’23 vs ’22 ’22 vs ’21 Revenue $ 133 $ 323 $ — (59) % N/M Subscription revenue $ 125 $ 300 $ — (58) % N/M Non-subscription revenue $ 8 $ 23 $ — (67) % N/M % of total revenue: Subscription revenue 94 % 93 % — % Non-subscription revenue 6 % 7 % — % U.S. revenue $ 72 $ 179 $ — (60) % N/M International revenue $ 61 $ 144 $ — (57) % N/M % of total revenue: U.S. revenue 54 % 55 % — % International revenue 46 % 45 % — % Operating profit 1 $ 19 $ 15 $ — 24 % N/M % Operating margin 14 % 5 % — % N/M- Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1 million. 2022 includes employee severance charges of $4 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $35 million. 2023 Revenue decreased 59% as a result of the sale of Engineering Solutions.
The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2024 2023 2022 ’24 vs ’23 ’23 vs ’22 Revenue $ — $ 133 $ 323 N/M (59) % Subscription revenue $ — $ 125 $ 300 N/M (58) % Non-subscription revenue $ — $ 8 $ 23 N/M (67) % % of total revenue: Subscription revenue — % 94 % 93 % Non-subscription revenue — % 6 % 7 % U.S. revenue $ — $ 72 $ 179 N/M (60) % International revenue $ — $ 61 $ 144 N/M (57) % % of total revenue: U.S. revenue — % 54 % 55 % International revenue — % 46 % 45 % Operating profit 1 $ — $ 19 $ 15 N/M 24 % % Operating margin — % 14 % 5 % N/M – Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1 million. 2022 includes employee severance charges of $4 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $35 million. 2023 Revenue decreased 59% as a result of the sale of Engineering Solutions.
Our primary source of funds for operations is cash from our businesses and our core businesses have been strong cash generators. In 2024, cash on hand, cash flows from operations and availability under our existing credit facility are expected to be sufficient to meet any additional operating and recurring cash needs in the short term and into the foreseeable future.
Our primary source of funds for operations is cash from our businesses and our core businesses have been strong cash generators. In 2025, cash on hand, cash flows from operations and availability under our existing credit facility are expected to be sufficient to meet any additional operating and recurring cash needs in the short term and into the foreseeable future.
Average price paid per share information does not include this accelerated share repurchase transaction. Equity Compensation Plan For information on securities authorized under our equity compensation plans, see Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . Item 6 . [Reserved] 34 Table of Contents Item 7 .
Average price paid per share information does not include this accelerated share repurchase transaction. Equity Compensation Plan For information on securities authorized under our equity compensation plans, see Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . Item 6 . [Reserved] 32 Table of Contents Item 7 .
The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”).
The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”).
Our 2022 Repurchase Program has no expiration date and purchases under the program may be made from time to time on the open market and in private transactions, depending on market conditions. The following table provides information on our purchases of our outstanding common stock during the fourth quarter of 2023 pursuant to our 2022 Repurchase Program (column c).
Our 2022 Repurchase Program has no expiration date and purchases under the program may be made from time to time on the open market and in private transactions, depending on market conditions. The following table provides information on our purchases of our outstanding common stock during the fourth quarter of 2024 pursuant to our 2022 Repurchase Program (column c).
Product launches and innovation continued at Market Intelligence in 2023 with the introduction of several new products and product features leveraging technology investments. Legal and Regulatory Environment The market for data, analytical capabilities and research services is intensely competitive, ranging from established firms to fast evolving market disruptors.
Product launches and innovation continued at Market Intelligence in 2024 with the introduction of several new products and product features leveraging technology investments. Legal and Regulatory Environment The market for data, analytical capabilities and research services is intensely competitive, ranging from established firms to fast evolving market disruptors.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) provides a narrative of the results of operations and financial condition of S&P Global Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “S&P Global,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) provides a narrative of the results of operations and financial condition of S&P Global Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “S&P Global,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We believe that the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flows expected from operations and availability under our credit facility will be adequate for us to execute our business strategy and meet anticipated requirements for lease obligations, capital expenditures, working capital and debt service for 2024.
We believe that the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flows expected from operations and availability under our credit facility will be adequate for us to execute our business strategy and meet anticipated requirements for lease obligations, capital expenditures, working capital and debt service for 2025.
See Note 7 – Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion. 66 Table of Contents RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure and reflects our cash flow provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders.
See Note 7 – Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion. 64 Table of Contents RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure and reflects our cash flow provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders.
Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization was $1,143 million in 2023 compared to $1,013 million in 2022, primarily due to higher intangible asset amortization driven by the impact of the merger with IHS Markit, partially offset by lower intangible asset amortization driven by the sale of Engineering Solutions on May 2, 2023.
D epreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization was $1,143 million in 2023 compared to $1,013 million in 2022, primarily due to higher intangible asset amortization driven by the impact of the merger with IHS Markit, partially offset by lower intangible asset amortization driven by the sale of Engineering Solutions on May 2, 2023.
It is possible that tax examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2024. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period, we would make any necessary adjustments to the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits.
It is possible that tax examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2025. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period, we would make any necessary adjustments to the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits.
These increases were partially offset by a decrease at Engineering Solutions due to its sale on May 2, 2023, a decrease in new entity credit ratings revenue at Ratings and lower over-the-counter derivatives revenue at Indices. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. 36 Table of Contents Operating profit decreased 19%.
These increases were partially offset by a decrease at Engineering Solutions due to its sale on May 2, 2023, a decrease in new entity credit ratings revenue at Ratings and lower over-the-counter derivatives revenue at Indices. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit decreased 19%.
Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily derived from distribution of data, valuation services, analytics, third party research, and credit ratings-related information through both feed and web-based channels. Subscription revenue also includes software and hosted product offerings which provide maintenance and continuous access to our platforms over the 48 Table of Contents contract term.
Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily derived from distribution of data, valuation services, analytics, third party research, and credit ratings-related information through both feed and web-based channels. Subscription revenue also includes software and hosted product offerings which provide maintenance and continuous access to our platforms over the contract term.
Excluding the impact of a higher gain on dispositions in 2022 of 79 percentage points, higher amortization of intangibles in 2023 of 4 percentage points, higher acquisition-related costs of 3 percentage point and higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 16% primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by expenses associated with the merger with IHS Markit, higher compensation costs and increased incentives.
Excluding the impact of a higher gain on dispositions in 2022 of 79 percentage points, higher 47 Table of Contents amortization of intangibles in 2023 of 4 percentage points, higher acquisition-related costs of 3 percentage points and higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 16% primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by expenses associated with the merger with IHS Markit, higher compensation costs and increased incentives.
Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in interest expense and operating expense, respectively. 69 Table of Contents Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits.
Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in interest expense and operating expense, respectively. 67 Table of Contents Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits.
For 2023, based on our qualitative assessments, we determined that it is more likely than not that our reporting units’ fair values were greater than their respective carrying amounts. 68 Table of Contents Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets by first performing a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired.
For 2024, based on our qualitative assessments, we determined that it is more likely than not that our reporting units’ fair values were greater than their respective carrying amounts. 66 Table of Contents Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets by first performing a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired.
Excluding the unfavorable impact of a higher gain on dispositions in 2022 of 33 percentage points, higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2023 of 2 percentage points and higher acquisition-related costs of 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher employee severance charges in 2022 of 1 percentage point, segment operating profit increased 12%.
Excluding the unfavorable impact of a higher gain on dispositions in 2022 of 33 percentage points, higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2023 of 2 percentage points and higher acquisition-related costs of 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher employee severance 43 Table of Contents charges in 2022 of 1 percentage point, segment operating profit increased 12%.
In 2009, the European Parliament passed a regulation (“CRA1”) that established an oversight regime for the credit rating industry in the EU, which became effective in 2010. CRA1 53 Table of Contents requires the registration, formal regulation and periodic inspection of credit rating agencies operating in the EU. Ratings was granted registration in October of 2011.
In 2009, the European Parliament passed a regulation (“CRA1”) that established an oversight regime for the credit rating industry in the EU, which became effective in 2010. CRA1 requires the registration, formal regulation and periodic inspection of credit rating agencies operating in the EU. Ratings was granted registration in October of 2011.
Mobility Mobility is a leading provider of solutions serving the full automotive value chain including vehicle manufacturers (OEMs), automotive suppliers, mobility service providers, retailers, consumers, and finance and insurance companies. In February of 2023, we completed the acquisition of Market Scan Information Systems Inc.
Mobility Mobility is a leading provider of solutions serving the full automotive value chain including vehicle manufacturers (Original Equipment Manufacturers or OEMs), automotive suppliers, mobility service providers, retailers, consumers, and finance and insurance companies. In February of 2023, we completed the acquisition of Market Scan Information Systems Inc.
Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information The senior notes described below were issued by S&P Global Inc. and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC, a 100% owned subsidiary of the Company. • On September 12, 2023, we issued $750 million of 5.25% senior notes due in 2033. • On March 1, 2023, S&P Global Inc. issued new senior notes that have been registered with the SEC and guaranteed by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC in exchange for the following series of unregistered senior notes of like principal amount and terms: • $700 million of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2028 that were originally issued on March 2, 2022; • $921 million of 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029 that were originally issued on March 2, 2022; 64 Table of Contents • $1,237 million of 2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; • $1,227 million of 2.70% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes due 2029 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; • $1,492 million of 2.90% Senior Notes due 2032 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; • $974 million of 3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; and • $500 million of 3.90% Senior Notes due 2062 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022. • On August 13, 2020, we issued $600 million of 1.25% senior notes due in 2030 and $700 million of 2.3% senior notes due in 2060. • On November 26, 2019, we issued $500 million of 2.5% senior notes due in 2029 and $600 million of 3.25% senior notes due in 2049. • On May 17, 2018, we issued $500 million of 4.5% senior notes due in 2048. • On September 22, 2016, we issued $500 million of 2.95% senior notes due in 2027. • On May 26, 2015, we issued $700 million of 4.0% senior notes due in 2025. • On November 2, 2007 we issued $400 million of 6.55% Senior Notes due 2037.
Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information The senior notes described below were issued by S&P Global Inc. and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC, a 100% owned subsidiary of the Company. • On August 22, 2024, S&P Global Inc. issued $746 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2033 that have been registered with the SEC and guaranteed by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC in exchange for unregistered senior notes of like principal amounts and terms that were originally issued on September 12, 2023. • On March 1, 2023, S&P Global Inc. issued new senior notes that have been registered with the SEC and guaranteed by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC in exchange for the following series of unregistered senior notes of like 62 Table of Contents principal amount and terms: • $700 million of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2028 that were originally issued on March 2, 2022; • $921 million of 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029 that were originally issued on March 2, 2022; • $1,237 million of 2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; • $1,227 million of 2.70% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes due 2029 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; • $1,492 million of 2.90% Senior Notes due 2032 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; • $974 million of 3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; and • $500 million of 3.90% Senior Notes due 2062 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022. • On August 13, 2020, we issued $600 million of 1.25% senior notes due in 2030 and $700 million of 2.3% senior notes due in 2060. • On November 26, 2019, we issued $500 million of 2.5% senior notes due in 2029 and $600 million of 3.25% senior notes due in 2049. • On May 17, 2018, we issued $500 million of 4.5% senior notes due in 2048. • On September 22, 2016, we issued $500 million of 2.95% senior notes due in 2027. • On November 2, 2007 we issued $400 million of 6.55% Senior Notes due 2037.
This also includes issuer solutions for public companies, a range of products for the maritime & trade market, data and insight into Financial Institutions, the telecoms, technology and media space as well as ESG and supply chain data analytics; • Enterprise Solutions — software and workflow solutions that help our customers manage and analyze data; identify risk; reduce costs; and meet global regulatory requirements.
This also includes issuer solutions for public companies, a range of products for the maritime & trade market, data and insight into Financial Institutions, the telecoms, technology and media space as well as energy transition and sustainability and supply chain data analytics; • Enterprise Solutions — software and workflow solutions that help our customers manage and analyze data; identify risk; reduce costs; and meet global regulatory requirements.
We performed our impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets and concluded that no impairment existed for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
We performed our impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets and concluded that no impairment existed for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Our credit ratings can also relate to the credit quality of an individual debt issue, such as a corporate or municipal bond, and the relative likelihood that the issue may default. Ratings disaggregates its revenue between transaction and non-transaction.
Our credit ratings can also relate to the credit quality of an individual debt issue, such as a corporate or municipal bond, and the relative likelihood that the issue may default. 48 Table of Contents Ratings disaggregates its revenue between transaction and non-transaction.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $52 million ($43 million after-tax) for the sale of a family of leveraged loan indices in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income. • In June of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of the Base Chemicals business to News Corp for $295 million in cash.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $52 million ($43 million after-tax) for the sale of a family of leveraged loan indices in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income. 41 Table of Contents • In June of 2022, we completed the previously announced sale of the Base Chemicals business to News Corp for $295 million in cash.
We use our cash for a variety of needs, including but not limited to: ongoing investments in our businesses, strategic acquisitions, share repurchases, dividends, repayment of debt, capital expenditures and investment in our infrastructure. Cash Flow Overview Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
We use our cash for a variety of needs, including but not limited to: ongoing investments in our businesses, strategic acquisitions, share repurchases, dividends, repayment of debt, capital expenditures and investment in our infrastructure. Cash Flow Overview Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $1.7 billion and $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Returns assume $100 invested on December 31, 2018 and total return includes reinvestment of dividends through December 31, 2023. Dividends We expect to continue our policy of paying regular cash dividends, although there is no assurance as to future dividend payments because they depend on future earnings, capital requirements and our financial condition.
Returns assume $100 invested on December 31, 2019 and total return includes reinvestment of dividends through December 31, 2024. Dividends We expect to continue our policy of paying regular cash dividends, although there is no assurance as to future dividend payments because they depend on future earnings, capital requirements and our financial condition.
The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2023, over the next several years.
The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2024, over the next several years.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $230 million of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits. We have excluded the liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits from our contractual obligations table because, until formal resolutions are reached, reasonable estimates of the timing of cash settlements with the respective taxing authorities are not practicable.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $325 million of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits. We have excluded the liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits from our contractual obligations table because, until formal resolutions are reached, reasonable estimates of the timing of cash settlements with the respective taxing authorities are not practicable.
This impact refers to constant currency comparisons estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. 2022 Revenue increased 35% as compared to 2021. Subscription revenue increased in 2022 primarily due to the impact of the merger with IHS Markit.
This impact refers to constant currency comparisons estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. 2023 Revenue increased 12% as compared to 2022. Subscription revenue increased in 2023 primarily due to the impact of the merger with IHS Markit.
We make contributions to our pension and postretirement plans in order to satisfy minimum funding requirements as well as additional contributions that we consider appropriate to improve the funded status of our plans. During 2023, we contributed $10 million to our retirement plans.
We make contributions to our pension and postretirement plans in order to satisfy minimum funding requirements as well as additional contributions that we consider appropriate to improve the funded status of our plans. During 2024, we contributed $11 million to our retirement plans.
Expected employer contributions in 2024 are $11 million and $3 million for our retirement and postretirement plans, respectively. In 2024, we may elect to make additional non-required contributions depending on investment performance and the pension plan status.
Expected employer contributions in 2025 are $11 million and $2 million for our retirement and postretirement plans, respectively. In 2025, we may elect to make additional non-required contributions depending on investment performance and the pension plan status.
Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Common Stock S&P Global Inc.’s common stock is traded on the New York Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker symbol (“SPGI”). The approximate number of record holders of our common stock as of January 26, 2024 was 2,733.
Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Common Stock S&P Global Inc.’s common stock is traded on the New York Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker symbol (“SPGI”). The approximate number of record holders of our common stock as of January 31, 2025 was 2,639.
See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information” below for a reconciliation of cash flow provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to free cash flow. Operating activities Cash provided by operating activities increased to $3.7 billion in 2023 as compared to $2.6 billion in 2022.
See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information” below for a reconciliation of cash flow provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to free cash flow. Operating activities Cash provided by operating activities increased to $5.7 billion in 2024 as compared to $3.7 billion in 2023.
See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.
See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial 33 Table of Contents Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.
Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 42 Table of Contents Selling and General Expenses Selling and general expenses decreased 7%.
Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Selling and General Expenses Selling and general expenses decreased 7%.
For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Engineering Solutions business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors , in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Commodity Insights business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors , in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 4 percentage points. Industry Highlights and Outlook Market Intelligence continues to focus on developing key product offerings in growth areas such as sustainability and growing new products and product features by leveraging technology investments.
Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. Industry Highlights and Outlook Market Intelligence continues to focus on developing key product offerings in growth areas such as energy transition and sustainability and growing new products and product features by leveraging technology investments.
As of December 31, 2023, we have approximately $7.1 billion of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, of which $4.3 billion is reinvested indefinitely in our foreign operations. Contingencies We are subject to a number of lawsuits and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business.
As of December 31, 2024, we have approximately $8.5 billion of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, of which $4.7 billion is reinvested indefinitely in our foreign operations. Contingencies We are subject to a number of lawsuits and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business.
Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual businesses functional currency. 2022 Segment Operating Profit — Increased 27% as compared to 2021.
Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual businesses functional currency. 2023 Segment Operating Profit — Segment operating profit decreased 24% as compared to 2022.
Shareholder Return During the three years ended December 31, 2023, we have returned approximately $18.2 billion to our shareholders through a combination of share repurchases and our quarterly dividends: we completed share repurchases of approximately $15.3 billion and distributed regular quarterly dividends totaling approximately $2.9 billion.
Shareholder Return During the three years ended December 31, 2024, we have returned approximately $21.9 billion to our shareholders through a combination of share repurchases and our quarterly dividends: we completed share repurchases of approximately $18.6 billion and distributed regular quarterly dividends totaling approximately $3.3 billion.
Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point.
Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point.
This impact refers to constant currency comparisons estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. 41 Table of Contents Total Expenses The following tables provide an analysis by segment of our operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: (in millions) 2023 2022 % Change Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Market Intelligence 1 $ 1,946 $ 1,165 $ 1,677 $ 983 16% 18% Ratings 2 963 468 928 404 4% 16% Commodity Insights 3 644 461 513 466 26% (1)% Mobility 4 408 502 296 385 38% 31% Indices 5 221 219 207 218 7% 1% Engineering Solutions 6 85 27 197 76 (57)% (65)% Intersegment eliminations 7 (177) — (169) — 5% N/M Total segments 4,090 2,842 3,649 2,532 12% 12% Corporate Unallocated expense 8 51 317 104 864 (51)% (63)% $ 4,141 $ 3,159 $ 3,753 $ 3,396 10% (7)% N/M - Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1 In 2023, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $90 million, acquisition-related costs of $69 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $49 million, an asset impairment of $5 million and as asset write-off of $1 million.
The following tables provide an analysis by segment of our operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: (in millions) 2023 2022 % Change Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Market Intelligence 1 $ 1,946 $ 1,165 $ 1,677 $ 983 16% 18% Ratings 2 963 468 928 404 4% 16% Commodity Insights 3 644 461 513 466 26% (1)% Mobility 4 408 502 296 385 38% 31% Indices 5 221 219 207 218 7% 1% Engineering Solutions 6 85 27 197 76 (57)% (65)% Intersegment eliminations 7 (177) — (169) — 5% N/M Total segments 4,090 2,842 3,649 2,532 12% 12% Corporate Unallocated expense 8 51 317 104 864 (51)% (63)% $ 4,141 $ 3,159 $ 3,753 $ 3,396 10% (7)% N/M - Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1 In 2023, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $90 million, acquisition-related costs of $69 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $49 million, an asset impairment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million.
The capital markets include asset managers, investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, exchanges, trading firms and issuers; the commodity markets include producers, traders and intermediaries within energy, petrochemicals, metals & steel and agriculture; and the automotive markets include manufacturers, suppliers, dealerships, service shops and consumers.
The capital markets include asset managers, investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, exchanges, trading firms and issuers; the commodity markets include producers, consumers, traders and intermediaries within energy, chemicals, shipping, metals, carbon and agriculture; and the automotive markets include manufacturers, suppliers, dealerships, service shops and customers.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying value of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets was $35.7 billion and $35.4 billion, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying value of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets was $35.8 billion and $35.7 billion, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, we have recorded $3.8 billion for our redeemable noncontrolling interest in our S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC partnership discussed in Note 9 – Equity to our consolidated financial statements.
As of December 31, 2024, we have recorded $4.2 billion for our redeemable noncontrolling interest in our S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC partnership discussed in Note 9 – Equity to our consolidated financial statements.
Engineering Solutions As of May 2, 2023, we completed the sale of Engineering Solutions, a provider of engineering standards and related technical knowledge, and the results are included through that date.
As of May 2, 2023, we completed the sale of S&P Global Engineering Solutions (“Engineering Solutions”), a provider of engineering standards and related technical knowledge, and the results are included through that date.
See Note 9 — Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for information related to our accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreements.
See Note 9 — Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for information related to our ASR agreements.
A 0.25 percentage point increase or decrease in the weighted average cost of capital would decrease or increase the redemption value by approximately $81 million or $108 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the terminal growth rate used in the Company's income analysis to estimate the fair value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest was 2.2%.
As of December 31, 2024, the weighted average cost of capital used in the Company's income analysis to estimate the fair value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest was 10.6%. A 0.25 percentage point increase or decrease in the weighted average cost of capital would decrease or increase the redemption value by approximately $108 million or $81 million, respectively.
Interest Expense, net Net interest expense for 2023 increased $30 million compared to 2022 primarily due to the issuance of $750 million 5.25% senior notes in September of 2023 and incremental expense related to commercial paper borrowings. Net interest expense for 2022 increased $185 million compared to 2021 primarily due to higher debt balances.
Interest expense, net increased $30 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to the issuance of $750 million 5.25% senior notes in September of 2023 and incremental expense related to commercial paper borrowings.
Our discount rate and return on asset assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost on our U.S. retirement plans are as follows: Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans January 1 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Discount rate 5.27 % 5.63 % 3.05 % 5.18 % 5.52 % 2.72 % Return on assets 6.00 % 6.00 % 4.00 % As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $1.1 billion in pension benefit obligation for our U.S. retirement plans.
Our discount rate and return on asset assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost on our U.S. retirement plans are as follows: Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans January 1 2025 2024 2023 2025 2024 2023 Discount rate 5.74 % 5.27 % 5.63 % 5.57 % 5.18 % 5.52 % Return on assets 6.25 % 6.00 % 6.00 % As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $1.0 billion in pension benefit obligation for our U.S. retirement plans.
(in millions) Year ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net cash provided by (used for): Operating activities $ 3,710 $ 2,603 $ 3,598 Investing activities 562 3,628 (120) Financing activities (4,280) (11,326) (1,013) In 2023, free cash flow increased to $3.3 billion compared to $2.2 billion in 2022 primarily due to an increase in cash provided by operating activities as discussed below.
(in millions) Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net cash provided by (used for): Operating activities $ 5,689 $ 3,710 $ 2,603 Investing activities (255) 562 3,628 Financing activities (4,998) (4,280) (11,326) In 2024, free cash flow increased to $5.3 billion compared to $3.3 billion in 2023 primarily due to an increase in cash provided by operating activities as discussed below.
The following table presents a reconciliation of our cash flow provided by operating activities to free cash flow: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2023 2022 2021 ’23 vs ’22 ’22 vs ’21 Cash provided by operating activities $ 3,710 $ 2,603 $ 3,598 42% (28)% Capital expenditures (143) (89) (35) Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders (280) (270) (227) Free cash flow $ 3,287 $ 2,244 $ 3,336 46% (33)% (in millions) 2023 2022 2021 ’23 vs ’22 ’22 vs ’21 Cash provided by (used for) investing activities 562 3,628 (120) (85)% N/M Cash used for financing activities (4,280) (11,326) (1,013) (62)% N/M N/M – Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S.
The following table presents a reconciliation of our cash flow provided by operating activities to free cash flow: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2024 2023 2022 ’24 vs ’23 ’23 vs ’22 Cash provided by operating activities $ 5,689 $ 3,710 $ 2,603 53% 42% Capital expenditures (124) (143) (89) Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders (287) (280) (270) Free cash flow $ 5,278 $ 3,287 $ 2,244 61% 46% (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 ’24 vs ’23 ’23 vs ’22 Cash (used for) provided by investing activities (255) 562 3,628 N/M (85)% Cash used for financing activities (4,998) (4,280) (11,326) 17% (62)% N/M – Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S.
Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. 2022 Revenue increased 74% primarily due to the impact of the merger with IHS Markit. Subscription revenue growth for certain Market Intelligence Desktop products, RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect®, and certain data feed products within Data and Advisory Solutions also contributed to revenue growth.
Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 3 percentage points. 2023 Revenue increased 15% primarily due to the impact of the merger with IHS Markit. Subscription revenue growth for Market Intelligence Desktop products, RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect®, and data feed products within Data and Advisory Solutions also contributed to revenue growth.
Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of 1 percentage point. Industry Highlights and Outlook Revenue increased in 2023 primarily due to higher exchange-traded derivative revenue driven by continued strength in average trading volume, higher data subscription revenue and higher average levels of AUM for ETFs, partially offset by lower over-the-counter derivatives revenue.
Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of 1 percentage point. 2023 Revenue at Indices increased 5% primarily due to higher exchange-traded derivative revenue driven by continued strength in average trading volume and higher data subscription revenue, partially offset by lower over-the-counter derivatives revenue.
Similarly, other laws, regulations and rules are being considered or are likely to be considered in the future that may impact ancillary and other services provided by Ratings in addition to its credit rating products and services, for example regulatory oversight regimes for ESG ratings providers such as the proposal for an EU regulation on the transparency and integrity of ESG rating activities.
Similarly, other laws, regulations 50 Table of Contents and rules are being adopted or considered or are likely to be considered in the future that may impact ancillary and other services provided by Ratings in addition to its credit rating products and services, for example regulatory oversight regimes for ESG ratings providers such as the EU regulation on the transparency and integrity of ESG rating activities that was adopted by the European Parliament and Council in November 2024 (the "EU ESG Ratings Regulation").
DORA will impose operational resilience and cyber security standards and obligations, including technical and organizational standards and responsibilities which may require technology and/or organizational investment, upon (i) many Market Intelligence financial market clients, who may look to pass such obligations onto vendors like Market Intelligence, and (ii) information and communications technology providers designated by the EU as “Critical Third Party Providers,” which may, or may not, include Market Intelligence.
DORA imposes operational resilience and cyber security standards and obligations, including technical and organizational standards and responsibilities which require technology and/or organizational investment, upon (i) many Market Intelligence financial market clients, who aim to pass such obligations onto vendors like Market Intelligence, and (ii) information and communications technology providers designated by the EU as “Critical Third Party Providers,” which in certain instances includes Market Intelligence.
The decrease in other income, net in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to losses on our mark-to-market investments in 2023 compared to gains in 2022 and the increase in 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to a higher gain on investments in 2022.
The decrease in other income, net in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to losses on our mark-to-market investments in 2023 compared to gains in 2022.
Our offerings utilized advanced knowledge discovery technologies, research tools, and software-based engineering decision engines to advance innovation, maximize productivity, improve quality and reduce risk. 61 Table of Contents Engineering Solutions’ revenue was generated primarily through the following sources: • Subscription revenue — primarily from subscriptions to our Product Design offerings providing standards, codes and specifications; applied technical reference; engineering journals, reports, best practices, and other vetted technical reference; and patents and patent applications, which includes Engineering Workbench; Goldfire’s cognitive search and other advanced knowledge discovery capabilities that help pinpoint answers buried in enterprise systems and unstructured data enabling engineers and technical professionals to accelerate problem solving; and • Non-subscription revenue — primarily from retail transaction and consulting services.
Engineering Solutions’ revenue was generated primarily through the following sources: • Subscription revenue — primarily from subscriptions to our Product Design offerings providing standards, codes and specifications; applied technical reference; engineering journals, reports, best practices, and other vetted technical reference; and patents and patent applications, which includes Engineering Workbench; Goldfire’s cognitive search and other advanced knowledge discovery capabilities that help pinpoint answers buried in enterprise systems and unstructured data enabling engineers and technical professionals to accelerate problem solving; and • Non-subscription revenue — primarily from retail transaction and consulting services.
Regular quarterly dividends per share of our common stock for 2023 and 2022 were as follows: 2023 2022 $0.90 per quarter in 2023 $ 3.60 $0.77 in the first quarter of 2022 and $0.85 in the remaining quarters of 2022 $ 3.32 On January 23, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.91 per share. 32 Table of Contents Transfer Agent and Registrar for Common Stock Computershare is the transfer agent for S&P Global.
Regular quarterly dividends per share of our common stock for 2024 and 2023 were as follows: 2024 2023 $0.91 per quarter in 2024 $ 3.64 $0.90 per quarter in 2023 $ 3.60 On January 28, 2025, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.96 per share. 29 Table of Contents Transfer Agent and Registrar for Common Stock Computershare is the transfer agent for S&P Global.
In the first quarter of 2023, we received a contingent payment following the sale of Leveraged Commentary and Data (“LCD”) that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $46 million ($34 million after-tax) which was included in Loss (gain) on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income.
The acquisition of TruSight is not material to our consolidated financial statements. 45 Table of Contents In the first quarter of 2023, we received a contingent payment following the sale of Leveraged Commentary and Data (“LCD”) that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $46 million ($34 million after-tax) which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income.
Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit remained unchanged, decreasing less than 1%.
Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 19%.
The increase was primarily due to revenue growth partially offset by expenses associated with the merger with IHS Markit, higher compensation costs, increased incentives, an increase in costs related to the Commodity Insights conferences in 2023 and an increase in strategic investments.
The increase was primarily due to revenue growth partially offset by expenses associated with the merger with IHS Markit, higher compensation costs, increased incentives, an increase in costs related to the Commodity Insights conferences in 2023 and an increase in strategic investments. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point.
Operating profit also includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1.1 billion, $959 million and $96 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 2023 Revenue increased 12% primarily due to the impact of the merger with IHS Markit; subscription revenue growth for Desktop products, RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect®, and data feed products within Data & Advisory Solutions at Market Intelligence; growth in corporate bond ratings revenue and bank loan ratings revenue due to higher refinancing activity and higher non-transaction revenue due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in revenue at our CRISIL subsidiary at Ratings; continued demand for market data and market insights products, higher conference revenue and an increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market data and price assessments to commodity exchanges at Commodity Insights; price increases and new business growth within the Dealer business as well as the favorable impact of the acquisition of Market Scan in February of 2023 at Mobility; and higher exchange-traded derivative revenue and higher data subscription revenue at Indices.
Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. 34 Table of Contents 2023 Revenue increased 12% primarily due to the impact of the merger with IHS Markit; subscription revenue growth for Desktop products, RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect®, and data feed products within Data & Advisory Solutions at Market Intelligence; growth in corporate bond ratings revenue and bank loan ratings revenue due to higher refinancing activity and higher non-transaction revenue due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in revenue at our Crisil subsidiary at Ratings; continued demand for market data and market insights products, higher conference revenue and an increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market data and price assessments to commodity exchanges at Commodity Insights; price increases and new business growth within the Dealer business as well as the favorable impact of the acquisition of Market Scan in February of 2023 at Mobility; and higher exchange-traded derivative revenue and higher data subscription revenue at Indices.
Industry Highlights and Outlook In 2023, the impact of the merger with IHS Markit, sustained demand for market data and market insights products, higher conference revenue and an increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market data and price assessments to commodity exchanges mainly due to increased trading volumes contributed to revenue growth.
Industry Highlights and Outlook In 2024, sustained demand for market data and market insights products, an increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market data and price assessments to commodity exchanges mainly due to increased trading volumes, higher consulting revenue and the favorable impact of the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders in May of 2024 contributed to revenue growth.
Transaction revenue increased due to growth in corporate bond ratings revenue primarily driven by increased high-yield and investment-grade issuance volumes due to higher refinancing activity. An increase in bank loan ratings revenue driven by increased issuance volumes due to higher refinancing activity also contributed to transaction revenue growth.
Transaction revenue increased primarily due to growth in corporate bond ratings revenue and bank loan ratings revenue driven by increased issuance volumes due to higher refinancing activity. An increase in structured finance revenue driven by increased collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) issuance also contributed to transaction revenue growth.
Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries includes the OSTTRA joint venture acquired in connection with the merger with IHS Markit. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries was $27 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact on operating profit of less than 1 percentage point.
Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries includes the OSTTRA joint venture acquired in connection with the merger with IHS Markit. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries was $43 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $36 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact on operating profit of 1 percentage point.
Also, on January 23, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.91 per share.
Also, on January 28, 2025, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.96 per share.