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WillScot Holdings Corp

WillScot Holdings CorpWSCEarnings & Financial Report

Nasdaq · Industrials · Services-Miscellaneous Equipment Rental & Leasing

WillScot Holdings Corp is a leading provider of modular space solutions and portable storage services across North America. It serves a wide range of sectors including construction, commercial development, education, healthcare, government projects, and special events, offering flexible, scalable temporary and semi-permanent space solutions tailored to diverse client needs.

What changed in WillScot Holdings Corp's 10-K — 2023 vs 2024

Top changes in WillScot Holdings Corp's 2024 10-K

450 paragraphs added · 609 removed · 351 edited across 8 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

138 edited+38 added−96 removed50 unchanged
Education Rapid shifts in populations within regions, as well as expanding square footage per student requirements in in-person education settings, often necessitate quick and cost-effective expansion of education facilities, across the spectrum of elementary and secondary schools and universities and colleges.
Rapid shifts in populations within regions, as well as expanding square footage per student requirements in in-person education settings, often necessitate quick and cost-effective expansion of education facilities, across the spectrum of elementary and secondary schools and universities and colleges.
Due to the longevity and relative simplicity of our products, we exercise control and discretion over capex, investing only where needed and when needed to meet demand, and selling excess fleet during lower utilization periods.
Due to the longevity and relative simplicity of our products, we exercise control and discretion over capex, investing only where and when needed to meet demand, and selling excess fleet during lower utilization periods.
We also administer multiple incentive pay plans designed to motivate and reward eligible employees commensurate with Company performance. Incentives may be either individually based (sales commissions), group-based (regional performance bonuses), or Company-based (corporate and executive employees). Emotional Well-being Caring for the emotional well-being of our employees means offering programs that meet a diverse range of work-life needs.
We also administer multiple incentive pay plans designed to motivate and reward eligible employees commensurate with Company performance. Incentives may be either individually-based (sales commissions and bonuses), group-based (regional performance bonuses), or Company-based (corporate and executive employees). Emotional Well-being Caring for the emotional well-being of our employees means offering programs that meet a diverse range of work-life needs.
Further, we have the capability to compete in adjacent markets, such as other job site services, facilities management, logistics, and others that are natural extensions of our temporary commercial space capabilities. We believe that this broad service capability differentiates us from other commercial space rental and service providers and is a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
Further, we have the capability to compete in adjacent markets, such as other job site services, facilities management, logistics, and others that are natural extensions of our commercial space capabilities. We believe that this broad service capability differentiates us from other commercial space rental and service providers and is a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
We typically compete with one or more local providers in all of our markets, as well as with a limited number of national and regional companies. 13 Our competitors include lessors of storage units, mobile offices, and other structures used for portable storage, as well as traditional commercial office space and conventional fixed self-storage facilities.
We typically compete with one or more local providers in all of our markets, as well as with a limited number of national and regional companies. Our competitors include lessors of storage units, mobile offices, and other structures used for portable storage, as well as traditional commercial office space and conventional fixed self-storage facilities.
Recognizing that physical well-being is a journey, we also offer additional medical plan benefits including family planning support for fertility treatment, adoption and surrogacy, and personalized care for chronic conditions including diabetes and back, joint and muscle pain. Financial Well-being Providing financial security for our employees is critical to overall well-being.
Recognizing that physical well-being is a journey, we also offer additional medical plan benefits including family planning 15 support for fertility treatment, adoption and surrogacy, and personalized care for chronic conditions including diabetes and back, joint, and muscle pain. Financial Well-being Providing financial security for our employees is critical to overall well-being.
Generally, we purchase new units from a broad network of third-party manufacturers, or in some instances, manufacture the units ourselves. We only purchase new modular space units for resale when we have obtained firm purchase orders (which normally are non-cancelable and include up-front deposits) for such units.
Generally, we purchase new units from a broad network of third-party manufacturers; in some instances, we manufacture the units ourselves. We only purchase new modular space units for resale when we have obtained firm purchase orders (which normally are non-cancelable and include up-front deposits) for such units.
We maintain our steel containers on a regular basis by removing rust, painting them with rust inhibiting paint, plug-welding holes, and occasionally replacing the wooden floor or a rusted steel panel. Repainting the outside 6 of storage units is the most common maintenance item.
We maintain our steel containers on a regular basis by removing rust, painting them with rust inhibiting paint, plug-welding holes, and occasionally replacing the wooden floor or a rusted steel panel. Repainting the outside of storage units is the most common maintenance item.
Our Business Generates Predictable Recurring Cash Flow Due to Our Long-Term Leases and Flexible Capex Requirements Our recurring revenue, combined with our flexible capex requirements and efficient use of working capital has allowed us to generate substantial Free Cash Flow, both in periods of growth and economic downturn.
Our Business Generates Predictable Recurring Cash Flow Due to Our Long-Term Leases and Flexible Capex Requirements Our recurring revenue, combined with our flexible capex requirements and efficient use of working capital has allowed us to generate substantial free cash flow, both in periods of growth and during economic downturn.
We believe that our customers prefer our modular space and portable storage products over fixed, on-site built space because they are a quick, flexible, cost-effective, and low-risk solution for temporary or permanent expansion or storage.
We believe that our customers prefer our modular space and portable storage 8 products over fixed, on-site built space because they are a quick, flexible, cost-effective, and low-risk solution for temporary or permanent expansion or storage.
Commercial and Industrial Customers in this category use our products as their primary office or retail space, to expand their existing commercial workspace, to increase their storage capabilities, or as temporary space for festivals, trade shows, sporting, and 8 other events.
Commercial and Industrial Customers in this category use our products as their primary office or retail space, to expand their existing commercial workspace, to increase their storage capabilities, or as temporary space for festivals, trade shows, sporting, and other events.
Construction customers typically reflect higher demand during months with more temperate weather, while demand from large retailers is stronger from September through December, when 7 more space is needed to store holiday inventories.
Construction customers typically reflect higher demand during months with more temperate weather, while demand from large retailers is stronger from September through December, when more space is needed to store holiday inventories.
Our portable storage containers offer an assortment of differentiated features such as patented locking systems, premium and multiple door options, optional climate control, and numerous configuration options.
Portable Storage Solutions Portable Storage Containers. Our portable storage containers offer an assortment of differentiated features such as patented locking systems, premium and multiple door options, optional climate control, and numerous configuration options.
Storage containers can be equipped with our patented Tri‑Cam Locking System®, which features a waist‑level opening lever and interlocking bars to provide easy access for the customer without sacrificing security. We also offer ContainerGuardLock®, an optional security device, which features a hidden six‑pin tumbler system and is made from drill‑resistant hardened steel.
Storage containers can be equipped with our patented Tri‑Cam Locking System®, which features a waist‑level opening lever and interlocking bars to provide easy access for the customer without sacrificing security. We also offer ContainerGuardLock®, an optional security device, which features a hidden six‑pin tumbler system and is made from drill‑resistant hardened steel. Entrance Packages.
We continuously improve ourselves, our products and services in pursuit of shareholder value. • Trustworthy & Reliable: We hold ourselves accountable to do the right thing, especially when nobody's looking. • Devoted to Our Customers: We anticipate the growing needs of our customers, exceed their expectations and make it easy to do business with us. • Community Focused: We actively engage in the communities we serve and deliver sustainable solutions.
We continuously seek to improve ourselves, our products and services in pursuit of shareholder value. • Trustworthy & Reliable: We hold ourselves accountable to do the right thing, especially when nobody's looking. • Devoted to Our Customers: We anticipate the growing needs of our customers, strive to exceed their expectations and make it easy to do business with us. • Community Focused: We actively engage in the communities we serve and deliver sustainable solutions.
Our client portfolio includes many of the largest general contractors and engineering, architecture, procurement, and construction companies in North America, working across all of the non-residential construction sub-sectors. Examples include highway, street, bridge, and tunnel contractors; water, sewer, communication, and power line contractors; and special construction trades, including glass, glazing, and demolition.
Our client portfolio includes many of the largest general contractors and engineering, architecture, procurement, and construction companies in North America, working across all of the non-residential construction sub-sectors. Examples include highway, street, bridge, and tunnel contractors; water, sewer, communication, and power line contractors; and special construction trades, including plumbing, electrical, glass, glazing, and demolition.
Additionally, we design, source, lease, and maintain a broad offering of ancillary products, including furniture, which render our modular and storage units immediately functional in support of our customers’ needs. We have developed networks of third‑party service providers that we coordinate to expand the breadth of capabilities that our customers can source through us.
Additionally, we design, source, lease, and maintain a broad offering of ancillary products, which render our modular and storage units immediately functional in support of our customers’ needs. We have developed networks of third‑party service providers that we coordinate to expand the breadth of capabilities that our customers can source through us.
We believe that the diversity of our customer end markets reduces our exposure to changes related to a given customer, shifts within an industry or geographic region, and end market industry seasonality, while also providing significant opportunities to grow our business. Furthermore, the nature of our products is such that their use is generally agnostic to industry.
We believe that the diversity of our customer end markets reduces our exposure to changes related to a given customer, shifts within a particular end market or geographic region, and end market industry seasonality, while also providing significant opportunities to grow our business. Furthermore, the nature of our products is such that their use is generally agnostic to industry.
Our health and safety priorities are a driving force that shape who we are and what we do. Safety extends beyond our branches and yards and includes travel and activities at the customer sites. WillScot Mobile Mini fosters an environment in which our employees feel empowered and choose to make the safest and best decisions possible.
Our health and safety priorities are a driving force that shape who we are and what we do. Safety extends beyond our branches and yards and includes travel and activities at the customer sites. WillScot fosters an environment in which our employees feel empowered and choose to make the safest and best decisions possible.
We utilize standard fleet maintenance procedures across the branch network, monitor fleet condition and allocate capital expenditures centrally, and ensure all units meet consistent quality and condition requirements, regardless of unit age, prior to delivery to a customer. Modular leasing is complemented by new unit sales and sales of rental units.
We utilize standard fleet maintenance procedures across our branch network, monitor fleet condition and allocate capital expenditures centrally, and ensure all units meet consistent quality and condition requirements, regardless of unit age, prior to delivery to a customer. Modular leasing is complemented by new unit sales and sales of rental units.
Buying units directly for resale adds scale to our purchasing, which is beneficial to our overall supplier relationships and purchasing terms.
Buying units directly for resale adds scale to our purchasing, which is beneficial to our overall customer and supplier relationships and purchasing terms.
These turnkey space solutions offer customers flexible, low-cost, and timely solutions to meet their temporary space needs on an outsourced basis. With roots dating back more than 80 years, we service diverse end markets across all sectors of the economy from a network of approximately 250 branch locations and additional drop lots throughout the United States (“US”), Canada, and Mexico.
These turnkey space solutions offer customers flexible, low-cost, and timely solutions to meet their space needs on an outsourced basis. With roots dating back more than 80 years, we service diverse end markets across all sectors of the economy from a network of approximately 260 branch locations and additional drop lots throughout the United States (“US”), Canada, and Mexico.
Product Leases We primarily lease, rather than sell, our turnkey temporary space solutions to customers, which results in a highly diversified and predictable recurring revenue stream. For the year ended December 31, 2023, over 90% of new lease orders were on our standard lease agreement, pre-negotiated master lease, or national account agreements.
Product Leases We primarily lease, rather than sell, our turnkey space solutions to customers, which results in a highly diversified and predictable recurring revenue stream. For the year ended December 31, 2024, over 90% of new lease orders were on our standard lease agreement, pre-negotiated master lease, or national account agreements.
Our US and Canadian Modular and Storage teams operate using a single consolidated customer relationship management ("CRM") software platform which provides greater visibility into our customer base and enhances our ability to cross-sell our portfolio of products to our customers.
Our US and Canadian teams operate using a single consolidated customer relationship management ("CRM") software platform which provides greater visibility into our customer base and enhances our ability to cross-sell our portfolio of products to our customers.
Other Related Markets In the normal course of providing our “Ready to Work” solutions, we perform services that are characteristic of activities in other industries. For example, we coordinate a broad network of third-party and in-house transportation and service resources to support the timely movement of our products to, as well as maintenance on, customer sites.
Other Related Markets In the normal course of providing our turnkey solutions, we perform services that are characteristic of activities in other industries. For example, we coordinate a broad network of third-party and in-house transportation and service resources to support the timely movement of our products to, as well as maintenance on, customer sites.
Since geographic proximity to customers is a competitive advantage when offering temporary commercial space, we believe that our extensive branch network allows us to better serve existing customers and attract new customers.
Because geographic proximity to customers is a competitive advantage when offering temporary commercial space, we believe that our extensive branch network allows us to better serve existing customers and attract new customers.
Key customer end markets include: Construction and Infrastructure We provide office and storage space to a broad array of contractors associated with non-residential buildings and non-building infrastructure, and to a lesser extent, residential construction.
Key customer end markets include: Construction and Infrastructure We provide office and storage space and clearspan structures to a broad array of contractors associated with non-residential buildings and non-building infrastructure and, to a lesser extent, residential construction.
Additional programs include voluntary supplemental medical benefits, employer-paid short- and long-term disability and basic life and AD&D, legal and ID theft, home and auto, and pet insurance.
Additional programs include employer-paid short- and long-term disability, basic life insurance and AD&D, as well as voluntary supplemental medical benefits, legal, ID theft, home and auto insurance, and pet insurance.
Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") We are committed to upholding high standards when it comes to our environmental, social and governance responsibilities, as well as the safety of our employees and our business partners.
Sustainability We are committed to upholding high standards when it comes to our environmental, social and governance responsibilities, as well as the safety of our employees and our business partners.
Approximately 90% of employees participate in our 401(k) retirement savings program, which includes a company match up to 4.5% on the first 6% of an employee’s contribution. We matched $14.1 million in 401(k) contributions in 2023. We also offer several educational services employees can use to strengthen their financial acumen.
Approximately 90% of employees participate in our 401(k) retirement savings program, which includes a Company match up to 4.5% on the first 6% of an employee’s contribution. We matched $15.1 million in 401(k) contributions in 2024. We also offer several educational services employees can use to strengthen their financial acumen.
ITEM 1. Business Unless the context otherwise requires, “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refers to WillScot Mobile Mini Holdings Corp. ("WillScot Mobile Mini") and its subsidiaries. Our Company Headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, we are a leading business services provider specializing in innovative and flexible turnkey temporary space solutions.
ITEM 1. Business Unless the context otherwise requires, “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refers to WillScot Holdings Corporation ("WillScot") and its subsidiaries. Our Company Headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, we are a leading business services provider specializing in innovative and flexible turnkey temporary space solutions.
Our Company values are lived through our employees, acknowledged by our vendors and aligned to the needs of our customers and communities. Our values provide the basis of our approach to human capital management as well as how we treat our stakeholders.
Our Company values are lived through our employees, acknowledged by our vendors and aligned to the needs of our customers and communities. Our values provide the basis of our approach to human capital management as well as how we engage with our stakeholders.
Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Accessibility Our commitment to inclusion at all levels of the organization is amplified by our Inclusiveness Resource Teams (“IRTs”): Women of WSMM (“WOW"), Black Organization for Leadership & Direction (“BOLD”), Veterans United, Hispanos, and People Respecting that Identity and Sexuality Matters (“PRISM”).
Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Accessibility Our commitment to inclusion at all levels of the organization is amplified by our Inclusiveness Resource Teams (“IRTs”): Women of WillScot (“WOW"), Black Organization for Leadership & Direction (“BOLD”), Veterans United, Hispanos, People Respecting that Identity and Sexuality Matters (“PRISM”), and Indigenous Connection.
Our units are transported by truck, either towed (if fitted with axles and hitches) or mounted on flat-bed trailers. Modular space units have attractive economic characteristics, and our ability to lease and maintain our assets’ profitability over economic lives, which often exceed 20 years, is a unique capability and competitive advantage.
Our units are transported by truck: either towed (if fitted with axles and hitches) or mounted on flat-bed trailers. Modular space units have attractive economic characteristics, and our ability to lease and maintain our assets’ profitability over economic lives, which often exceed 20 years with average residual values exceeding 50%, is a unique capability and competitive advantage.
As the leader in innovative and flexible temporary space solutions, our approach to ESG seeks to balance short-term and long-term solutions and considers the interests of our stakeholders in our everyday actions. The principal products we provide to our customers are long-lived, reusable and relocatable, while producing minimal waste.
As a leader in innovative and flexible space solutions, our approach to sustainability seeks to balance short-term and long-term solutions and considers the interests of our stakeholders in our everyday actions. The principal products we provide to our customers are long-lived, reusable, and relocatable, while producing minimal waste.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the average effective duration of our consolidated lease portfolio for modular space and portable storage units, excluding seasonal portable storage units, was approximately 37 months. As a result, our lease revenue is highly predictable due to its recurring nature and the underlying stability and diversification of our lease portfolio.
For the year 7 ended December 31, 2024, the average effective duration of our consolidated lease portfolio for modular space and portable storage units, excluding seasonal portable storage units, was approximately 41 months. As a result, our lease revenue is highly predictable due to its recurring nature and the underlying stability and diversification of our lease portfolio.
The stability of cash flows combined with strong economic returns make both modular space and portable storage containers highly attractive specialty rental asset classes, and our logistics and service capabilities and investments in technology further enhance the returns we can generate from these assets. 11 The following chart illustrates the breakdown of the net book value ("NBV") of our rental equipment between modular space units, portable storage units and VAPS as of December 31, 2023.
The stability of cash flows combined with strong economic returns make both modular space and portable storage containers highly attractive specialty rental asset classes, and our logistics and service capabilities and investments in technology further enhance the returns we can generate from these assets. 11 The following chart illustrates the breakdown of the net book value ("NBV") of our rental equipment among modular space units, including clearspan structures, portable storage units, and VAPS as of December 31, 2024.
Precise scheduling of installations and removals, same-day delivery capabilities on certain products, and ability to mobilize large volumes of equipment in any geography serviced by our branch network are all unique capabilities that differentiate WillScot Mobile Mini, particularly among more demanding customer segments.
Convenient scheduling of installations and removals, same-day delivery capabilities on certain products, and the ability to mobilize large volumes of equipment in any geography serviced by our branch network are all unique capabilities that differentiate WillScot, particularly among more demanding customer segments.
Our diverse fleet of blast-resistant modules has been specifically designed to protect our petrochemical, energy, refinery, and defense customers and any customers operating in blast radius zones. These modules range from 480 square foot units to 2,400 square foot complexes and can be stacked to maximize space.
Our diverse fleet of blast-resistant modules is designed to protect any customers operating in blast radius zones, including our petrochemical, energy, refinery, and defense customers. These modules range from 480 square foot units to 2,400 square foot complexes and can be stacked to maximize space.
Certain of our units are subject to regulation in certain states under motor vehicle and similar registrations and certificate of title statutes. Management believes that the Company has complied, in all material respects, with all motor vehicle registration and similar certificate of title statutes in states where such statutes clearly apply to modular space units.
Certain of our units and equipment are subject to regulation in certain states under motor vehicle and similar registrations and certificate of title statutes. We believe that the Company has complied, in all material respects, with all motor vehicle registration and similar certificate of title statutes in states where such statutes clearly apply to modular space units.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, our top 10 customers accounted for approximately 6% of revenues, and our top 50 customers accounted for approximately 13% of revenues, reflecting low customer concentration and significant project diversification within our portfolio.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our top 10 customers accounted for approximately 6% of revenues, and our top 50 customers accounted for approximately 14% of revenues, reflecting low customer concentration and significant project diversification within our portfolio.
While we see numerous organic and inorganic opportunities to re-invest in our core businesses, we believe we can generate surplus Free Cash Flow with which we can both reduce leverage and return capital to shareholders over time.
While we see numerous organic and inorganic opportunities to re-invest in our core businesses, we believe we can generate surplus Free Cash Flow with which we can both reduce leverage and return capital to shareholders over time via share repurchases and dividend distributions.
This flexibility insulates utilization from exposure to industry‑specific shocks, provided there are other needs and applications for these products within a reasonable distance. 10 The following chart illustrates the breakdown of our customers and revenue by end market as of December 31, 2023.
This flexibility helps to insulate utilization from exposure to end market‑specific shocks, provided there are other needs and applications for these products within a reasonable distance. 10 The following chart illustrates the breakdown of our customers and revenue by end market as of December 31, 2024.
Competition Although our competition varies significantly by local market, the temporary space industry is highly competitive and fragmented as a whole. We believe that participants in our industry compete based on of customer relationships, product quality and availability, delivery speed, VAPS and service capabilities, pricing and overall ease of doing business.
Competition Although our competition varies significantly by local market, the temporary space solutions industry is highly competitive and fragmented as a whole with new competitors emerging on a regular basis. We believe that participants in our industry compete based on customer relationships, product quality and availability, delivery speed, VAPS and service capabilities, pricing, and overall ease of doing business.
Our diverse product offering includes modular office complexes, mobile offices, classrooms, restroom solutions, blast-resistant modules, clearspan structures, portable storage containers, and climate-controlled storage units.
Our diverse product offering includes modular office complexes, mobile offices, classrooms, blast-resistant modules, clearspan structures, sanitation solutions, portable storage containers, and climate-controlled containers and trailers.
To optimize the use of fleet assets across our branch network, we centrally manage fleet rebalancing across our end markets. This allows us to serve 15 distinct end markets in which no single customer accounted for more than 2% of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023.
To optimize the use of fleet assets across our branch network, we centrally manage fleet rebalancing across 15 distinct end markets in which no single customer accounted for more than 2% of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024.
We also acquired certain assets and liabilities of five regional and local modular space and storage businesses in 2023 and, given the scalability of our operating platform, quickly integrated these assets into our leasing portfolio and branch network.
Also in 2024, we acquired certain assets of three regional and local modular space and storage businesses, and, given the scalability of our operating platform, quickly integrated these assets into our leasing portfolio and branch network.
The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors ("Board of Directors" or "Board") is responsible for providing oversight of our human capital strategy. Our Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer leads the execution of the Company's human capital strategy, in collaboration with our executive leadership team, to align human capital resources with our strategic objectives.
The Compensation Committee of our Board of Dir ectors ("Board of Directors" or "Board") is responsible for providing oversight of our human capital strategy. Our Executive Vice President - Chief Human Resources Officer, in collaboration with our executive leadership team, leads efforts to align human capital resources with our strategic objectives.
We leverage our state of the art SAP enterprise resource planning platform and our data and analytics platform to achieve operating efficiencies and enhance the overall customer experience.
We leverage our SAP enterprise resource planning ("ERP") platform and our data and analytics platform to achieve operating efficiencies and enhance the overall customer experience.
Proven Track Record Realizing Acquisition Synergies and Deploying Best Practices We have a strong track record of integrating and generating significant revenue and cost synergies with our acquisitions. Since our public listing in 2017, we have executed 33 acquisitions and divestitures totaling approximately $5.4 billion in cumulative enterprise value.
Proven Track Record Realizing Acquisition Synergies and Deploying Best Practices We have a strong track record of integrating and generating significant revenue and cost synergies with our acquisitions. Since our public listing in 2017, we have executed 36 acquisitions totaling approximately $4.7 billion in total enterprise value.
In connection with our leasing and sales activities, we provide services including delivery and installation, maintenance and ad hoc services, and removal services at the end of lease transactions. 5 Panelized and Stackable Offices. O ur FLEX TM p anelized and stackable offices are the next generation of modular space technology and offer maximum flexibility and design configurations.
In connection with our leasing and sales activities, we also provide delivery and installation services, maintenance, removal, and other ad hoc services. Panelized and Stackable Offices. O ur FLEX TM p anelized and stackable offices are the next generation of modular space technology and offer maximum flexibility and design configurations.
These include department, drug, grocery, and strip mall stores, logistics, warehousing and distribution services, as well as restaurants, service stations, and dry cleaners. Our customers in retail and wholesale trade include some of the world's largest retailers who have storage needs throughout all stages of their supply chain.
These include department, drug, grocery, and non-mall-based big box retailers, logistics, warehousing and distribution services, as well as restaurants, and service stations. Our customers in retail and wholesale trade include some of the world's largest retailers who have storage needs throughout all stages of their supply chain.
Approximately 99,000 of our modular space units, or 63%, and 151,000 of our portable storage units, or 71%, were on rent as of December 31, 2023. Product Sales We complement our core leasing business by selling both new and used units, allowing us to leverage our scale, achieve purchasing benefits, and redeploy capital employed in our lease fleet.
Approximately 91,000 of our modular space units, or 59%, and 115,000 of our portable storage units, or 55%, were on rent as of December 31, 2024. Product Sales We complement our core leasing business by selling both new and used units, allowing us to leverage our scale, achieve purchasing benefits, and redeploy capital employed in our lease fleet.
In 2023, our Total Recordable Incident Rate (“TRIR”) was less than 1.0, which translates to keeping our employees very safe, and we remain committed to creating a zero-harm culture.
In 2024, our Total Recordable Incident Rate (“TRIR”) was 0.85, which translates to keeping our employees very safe, and we remain committed to creating a zero-harm culture.
These office units are equipped with electrical wiring, air conditioning, heating and filtration units, phone jacks, carpet or tile, high security doors, and windows with security bars or shutters. If requested, these offices are also equipped with sinks, hot water heaters, cabinets and restroom facilities . Blast-Resistant Modules.
We equip these office units with electrical wiring, air conditioning, heating and filtration units, tile, high security doors, and windows with security bars or shutters. If requested, we equip these offices with sinks, hot water heaters, cabinets, and restroom facilities . Blast-Resistant Modules.
These turnkey solutions offer customers flexible, low‑cost, capital efficient, and timely solutions to meet their space needs on an outsourced basis. VAPS have been a substantial source of revenue growth for us over the last decade.
These turnkey solutions offer customers flexible, low‑cost, capital efficient, and timely solutions to meet their space needs on an outsourced basis. VAPS have been a substantial source of revenue growth for us over the last decade, and we continue to invest in product development to serve evolving customer needs.
The long term nature of our leases, with average lease durations of approximately 37 months as of December 31, 2023, produces strong operating income and predictable cash flow.
We believe the long-term nature of our leases, with average lease durations of approximately 41 months as of December 31, 2024, produces strong operating income and predictable cash flow.
We offer high-deductible healthcare plans to all eligible employees to promote positive consumer behaviors, and we pay an average of 75% of the cost of employee premiums. Through Health Savings Accounts (“HSA”) contributions, we cover between 35% and 50% of employee deductibles. We also provide paid parental leave.
Core healthcare coverage includes medical, dental and vision benefits, and we pay an average of 75% of the cost of employee premiums. We offer high-deductible healthcare plans to all eligible employees to promote positive consumer behaviors. Through Health Savings Account (“HSA”) contributions, we cover between 35% and 50% of plan deductibles. We also provide paid parental leave.
We believe this new structure will allow us to cross-sell our various products more effectively by being closer to our customers in each geographical market, improve operations through sharing of logistics and service capabilities, and provide increased opportunities for our employees for career development and growth as we continue to expand our product offerings and services.
We believe this new structure allows us to cross-sell our various products more effectively by being closer to our customers' needs in each geographical market, improves operations through 14 sharing of logistics and service capabilities, and provides increased opportunities for our employees for career development and growth as we continue to expand our product offerings and services.
Rental contracts with customers within our Modular segment are generally based on a 28-day or monthly rate and billing cycle. The initial lease periods vary, and our leases are customarily renewable on a month-to-month basis after their initial term.
Rental contracts with customers are generally based on a 28-day or monthly rate and billing cycle. The initial lease periods vary, and our leases are customarily renewable on a month-to-month basis after their initial term and continue until cancelled by the customer or us.
Management does not believe that the effect of such compliance will be material to our business or financial condition.
We do not believe that the effect of such compliance will be material to our business or financial condition. 18
We view this as an additional powerful value creation lever, and we are committed to deploying this capital as productively as possible in the interests of our shareholders. Human Capital Management As of December 31, 2023, we employed approximately 5,000 people in North America (the US, Canada and Mexico), the majority of whom are full time.
We view disciplined and prudent capital allocation as an additional powerful value creation lever, and we are committed to deploying this capital as productively as possible in the interests of our shareholders. Human Capital Management As of December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 4,500 people in the US, Canada, Mexico, and India, the majority of whom are full time.
With a single ERP and CRM platform in place and a single logistics platform on the horizon, we have assessed our field management structure and in 2024 will be unifying our go-to-market approach for our modular and storage businesses to a single field sales and operations management structure where all modular and storage products will be managed by a unified team in each local market.
With a single ERP, CRM platform, and logistics platform in place, we unified our go-to-market approach for our modular and storage businesses to a single field sales and operations management structure where all modular and storage products are managed by a unified team in each local geographic market.
In 2023, our employees completed more than 27,000 hours of training across a range of courses dedicated to compliance, safety and job-related learning and skill development. Our learning and development system houses a library of more than 6,000 courses. We also offer a language learning program and tuition reimbursement to increase access to skills associated with social determinants of health.
In 2024, our employees completed more than 35,000 hours of training across a range of courses dedicated to compliance, safety and job-related learning and skill development. Our learning and development system houses a library of more than 6,000 courses. We also offer a language learning program and tuition reimbursement.
Our modular units are typically made of steel and aluminum frames, as well as traditional building materials, and range from standalone portable units as small as 24 square feet to large complex units that can be coupled together or stacked to create versatile workspaces in excess of 10,000 square feet.
Modular Space Solutions Our modular space units meet a broad range of customer needs. Our modular units are typically made of steel and aluminum frames and traditional building materials and range from standalone portable units as small as 24 square feet to large complex units that can be coupled together or stacked to create versatile workspaces exceeding 40,000 square feet.
Every Company employee has “stop-work” authority allowing employees to stop work, report near misses and identify improvements that impact their own safety and that of others, which supports our constant goal to identify and correct safety issues before they turn into incidents. WillScot Mobile Mini leverages technology to assist our drivers and other team members in the safety arena.
Every Company employee has “stop-work” authority allowing employees to stop work, report near misses, and identify improvements that impact their own safety and that of others, which supports our constant goal to identify and correct safety issues before they turn into incidents.
We continually assess both our existing lease fleet and customer demand for opportunities to deploy capital more efficiently. We manage our maintenance capex and growth capex to align with the economic conditions in which we operate. Within our existing lease fleet, we examine the potential cash and earnings generation of an asset sale versus continuing to lease the asset.
We manage our maintenance capex and growth capex to align with the economic conditions in which we operate. Within our existing lease fleet, we examine the potential cash and earnings generation of an asset sale versus continuing to lease the asset.
When we source talent through external sources for skilled trades, sales associates, and professional staff, we retain reputable recruiting firms that perform background checks as part of our new hire process.
When we source 16 talent through external sources for skilled trades, sales associates, and professional staff, we retain reputable recruiting firms that perform background checks as part of our new hire process. Safety The protection of people is a core value at WillScot.
Approximately 77% of employees work in our approximately 250 branch locations, while 23% of employees serve in various corporate functions. We have not experienced a strike or significant work stoppage, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.
Approximately 72% of employees work in our approximately 260 branch locations and additional drop lots, while 28% of employees serve in various shared services and corporate functions. We have not experienced a strike or significant work stoppage, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.
Shift from traditional fixed, on-site built space to modular space solutions: driven by several advantages as compared with fixed, on-site built space, including: • Quick to install: the pre-fabrication of modular space units allows them to be put in place rapidly, providing potential long-term solutions to needs that may have materialized quickly. • Flexibility: flexible assembly design allows modular space units to be built to suit a customer’s needs while offering customers the ability to adjust their space as their needs change. 12 • Cost effectiveness: modular space units provide a cost-effective solution for temporary and permanent space requirements and allow customers to improve returns on capital in their core business. • Quality: the pre-fabrication of modular space units is based on a repeatable process in a controlled environment, resulting in more consistent quality. • Mobility: modular space units can easily be disassembled, transported to a new location and re-assembled. • Environmentally friendly: relocatable buildings promote the reuse of facilities, on an as-needed basis, by the occupants, and leave no residual footprint once removed.
The key growth drivers in this market are similar to portable storage and include: • Growing need and demand for space: driven by general economic activity, including gross domestic product growth, industrial production, mining and natural resources activity, non-residential construction, urbanization, public and education spending, the scale and frequency of special events, and increased occurrences of natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornados, and wildfires. • Shift from traditional fixed, on-site built space to modular space solutions: driven by several advantages as compared with fixed, on-site built space, including: • Quick to install: the pre-fabrication of modular space units allows them to be put in place rapidly, providing potential long-term solutions to needs that may have materialized quickly. • Flexibility: flexible assembly design allows modular space units to be built to suit a customer’s needs while offering customers the ability to adjust their space as their needs change. 12 • Cost effectiveness: modular space units provide a cost-effective solution for temporary and permanent space requirements and allow customers to improve returns on capital in their core business. • Quality: the pre-fabrication of modular space units is based on a repeatable process in a controlled environment, resulting in more consistent quality. • Mobility: modular space units can easily be disassembled, transported to a new location and re-assembled. • Environmentally friendly: relocatable buildings promote the reuse of facilities, on an as-needed basis, by the occupants, and leave no residual footprint once removed.
We offer a range of other specialty products that vary across regions and provide flexibility to serve demands for local markets. Examples include workforce accommodation units with dining facilities used to house workers, often in remote locations, and stand-alone restroom facilities to complement office and classroom units. Portable Storage Solutions Portable Storage Containers.
We offer a range of other specialty products that vary across regions and provide flexibility to serve demands for local markets. Examples include workforce accommodation units with dining facilities used to house workers, often in remote locations, and a range of restroom solutions, including premium restroom trailers and in-unit restroom facilities to complement both permanent and temporary infrastructure.
Government and Institutions Government customers consist of national, state, provincial, and local public sector organizations. Modular space and portable storage solutions are particularly attractive to focused niches such as healthcare facilities, small municipal buildings, courthouses, military installations, national security buildings, and offices during building modernization, as well as disaster relief.
Modular space and portable storage solutions are particularly attractive to focused niches such as healthcare facilities, small municipal buildings, courthouses, military and border installations, national security buildings, and offices during building modernization, as well as disaster relief.
Initiatives that the Company has implemented to maintain the highest level of professionalism and integrity include annual compliance training that focuses on the applicable cybersecurity, data privacy, legal and regulatory requirements needed to maintain a high level of security and risk standards.
Initiatives that the Company has implemented to maintain the highest level of professionalism and integrity include annual compliance training that focuses on the applicable cybersecurity, data privacy, legal and regulatory requirements needed to maintain a high level of security and risk standards. Our compliance training includes required modules on respectful communication, reporting and whistleblower protection, and bystander intervention for harassment.
Most recently in 2023, we acquired a U.S. national provider of cold storage solutions, a regional modular space manufacturing and leasing business, and a U.S. national provider of premium large clearspan structures.
In 2023, we acquired a US national provider of cold storage solutions, a regional modular space manufacturing and leasing business, and a US national provider of premium large clearspan structures. In 2024, we acquired certain assets of a regional provider of perimeter solutions and certain assets of a provider of premium large clearspan structures.
Units can also be outfitted with partitions, ramps, lighting, shelving and other interior organizational solutions, including PRORACK™, our innovative complete system of sturdy, readily movable surfaces that can increase the capacity and functionality of our products. • Affordability: portable storage provides customers with a flexible and low‑cost storage alternative to permanent warehouse space and fixed‑site self‑storage. • Safety: units can be easily outfitted with fire and water‑resistant surfaces and materials.
Units can also be outfitted with partitions, ramps, lighting, shelving and other interior organizational solutions. • Affordability: portable storage provides customers with a flexible and low‑cost storage alternative to permanent warehouse space and fixed‑site self‑storage. • Safety: units can be easily outfitted with fire and water‑resistant surfaces and materials.
As of December 31, 2023, we had over 368,000 total units including over 156,000 modular space units, approximately 212,000 portable storage units, and other value-added products representing fleet net book value of $3.4 billion and approximately 130 million square feet of relocatable commercial space.
As of December 31, 2024, we had over 362,000 total units including over 152,000 modular space units, over 210,000 portable storage units, and other VAPS representing fleet net book value of $3.4 billion and approximately 128 million square feet of relocatable commercial space.
These features offer additional protection for high‑value goods and inventory. • Convenience: portable storage units provide immediate ground‑level access for consumers and can be easily transported in large quantities via truck, rail, or cargo ship to their job site, facility, retail location, or office site. • Aesthetics: portable storage units can be easily painted and decorated with company colors and logos and are less conspicuous than other portable storage alternatives.
Nearly all units are made from steel, which is a low‑cost, durable material. • Security: a variety of enhanced locking mechanisms are available for portable storage units offering additional protection for high‑value goods and inventory. • Convenience: portable storage units provide immediate ground‑level access for consumers and can be easily transported in large quantities via truck, rail, or cargo ship to their job site, facility, retail location, or office site. • Aesthetics: portable storage units can be easily painted and decorated with company colors and logos and are less conspicuous than other portable storage alternatives.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, our average minimum contractual lease term at the time of delivery in our Modular segment for modular space units was 13 months.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our average minimum contractual lease term at the time of delivery for modular space units, excluding ground level offices, was 10 months.
We have been able to successfully drive a material increase in customer VAPS spend into our recently acquired businesses, which generates highly tangible revenue synergies.
We have been able to successfully drive a material increase in customer VAPS spend into our recently acquired businesses, which generates highly tangible revenue synergies. We believe our ability to drive VAPS growth following our historical acquisitions highlights the value proposition our VAPS provide to our customers.
Our logistics and service infrastructure is designed to meet or exceed our customers’ expectations by reacting quickly, efficiently, and with consistent service levels. As a result, we have established strong relationships with a diverse customer base, ranging from large multinational companies to local sole proprietors. We served over 85,000 unique customers in 2023.
Our logistics and service infrastructure is designed to meet or exceed our customers’ expectations by reacting quickly, efficiently, and with consistent service levels. As a result, we have established strong relationships with a diverse customer base, ranging from large multinational companies that operate across multiple geographic markets to local sole proprietors that may only have a single operating location.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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We must continue to take actions to realize the combined cost synergies and commercial synergies that we forecast for our acquisitions.
We must continue to take actions to realize the combined cost and commercial synergies that we forecast for our acquisitions.
We may incur more costs than we anticipated to achieve the forecast synergies (thus reducing the net benefit of the cost synergies), realize synergies later than we expected or fail altogether to achieve a portion of the cost savings or commercial synergies we anticipated.
We may incur more costs than we anticipated to achieve the forecast synergies (thus reducing the net benefit of the cost or commercial synergies), realize synergies later than we expected or fail altogether to achieve a portion of the cost savings or commercial synergies we anticipated.
We compete based on of a number of factors, including customer relationships, product quality and availability, delivery speed, VAPS and service capabilities, pricing, and overall ease of doing business.
We compete based on a number of factors, including customer relationships, product quality and availability, delivery speed, VAPS and service capabilities, pricing, and overall ease of doing business.
Our leverage could have important consequences, including (a) making it more difficult to satisfy our obligations with respect to our various debt and liabilities; (b) requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to debt payments, thus reducing the availability of cash flow to fund internal growth through working capital and capital expenditure on our existing fleet or a new fleet and for other general corporate p urposes; (c) increasing our vulnerability to a downturn in our business or adverse economic or industry conditions; (d) placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt in relation to cash flow and that, therefore, may be able to take advantage of opportunities that our leverage would prevent us from pursuing; (e) limiting our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and industry; (f) restricting us from pursuing strategic acquisitions or exploiting certain business opportunities or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures; restricting us from pursuing strategic acquisitions or exploiting certain business opportunities or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures; (g) requiring additional monitoring, reporting and borrowing base requirements under our ABL Facility if borrowings significantly increase or if certain liquidity thresholds are not satisfied; and (h) limiting our ability to borrow additional funds or raise equity capital in the future and increasing the costs of such additional financings.
Our leverage could have important consequences, including (a) making it more difficult to satisfy our obligations with respect to our various debt and liabilities; (b) requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to debt payments, thus reducing the availability of cash flow to fund internal growth through working capital and capital expenditure on our existing fleet or on new fleet and for other general corporate p urposes; (c) increasing our vulnerability to a downturn in our business or adverse economic or industry conditions; (d) placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt in relation to cash flow and that, therefore, may be able to take advantage of opportunities that our leverage would prevent us from pursuing; (e) limiting our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and industry; (f) restricting us from pursuing strategic acquisitions or exploiting certain business opportunities or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures; restricting us from pursuing strategic acquisitions or exploiting certain business opportunities or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures; (g) requiring additional monitoring, reporting and borrowing base requirements under our ABL Facility if borrowings significantly increase or if certain liquidity thresholds are not satisfied; and (h) limiting our ability to borrow additional funds or raise equity capital in the future and increasing the costs of such additional financings.
These requirements include, for example: (a) specialized disclosure and accounting requirements unique to US government 21 contracts; (b) financial and compliance audits that may result in potential liability for price adjustments, recoupment of government funds after such funds have been spent, civil and criminal penalties, or administrative sanctions such as suspension or debarment from doing business with the US government; (c) public disclosures of certain contract and company information; and (d) mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements, including labor requirements, non-discrimination and affirmative action programs and environmental compliance requirements.
These requirements include, for example: (a) specialized disclosure and accounting requirements unique to US government contracts; (b) financial and compliance audits that may result in potential liability for price adjustments, recoupment of government funds after such funds have been spent, civil and criminal penalties, or administrative sanctions such as suspension or debarment from doing business with the US government; (c) public disclosures of certain contract and company information; and (d) mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements, including labor requirements, non-discrimination and affirmative action programs and environmental compliance requirements.
In addition, because our systems contain information about individuals and other businesses, the failure to maintain the security of the data we hold, whether the result of our own error or the malfeasance or errors of others, could harm our reputation or give rise to legal liabilities leading to lower revenue, increased costs, regulatory sanctions and other potential material adverse effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, because our systems contain information about individuals and other businesses, the failure to maintain the security of the data we hold, whether the result of our own error or the malfeasance or errors of others, could harm our reputation or give rise to legal liabilities or other consequences leading to lower revenue, increased costs, regulatory sanctions and other potential material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our operations in any of these countries could be affected by foreign and domestic economic, political and regulatory risks, including (a) regulatory requirements that are subject to change and that could restrict our ability to assemble, lease or sell products; (b) economic downturns, inflationary and recessionary markets, including in capital and equity markets, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates; (c) trade protection measures, including increased duties and taxes and import or export licensing requirements; (d) compliance with applicable antitrust and other regulatory rules and regulations relating to potential acquisitions; (e) different local product preferences and product requirements; (f) pressures on management time and attention due to the complexities 27 of overseeing multi-national operations; (g) challenges in maintaining staffing; (h) different labor regulations and the potential impact of collective bargaining; (i) potentially adverse consequences from changes in, or interpretations of, tax laws; (j) potentially adverse consequences from change in, or interpretation of, securities laws and other financial reporting regulations; (k) political and economic instability; (l) enforcement of remedies in various jurisdictions; (m) the risk that the business partners upon whom we depend for technical assistance will not perform as expected; (n) compliance with applicable export control laws and economic sanctions laws and regulations; (o) price controls and ownership regulations; (p) obstacles to the repatriation of earnings and cash; (q) differences in business practices that may result in violation of Company policies, including, but not limited to, bribery and collusive practices; and (r) reduced protection for intellectual property in some countries.
Our operations in any of these countries could be affected by foreign and domestic economic, political and regulatory risks, including (a) regulatory requirements that are subject to change and that could restrict our ability to assemble, lease or sell products; (b) economic downturns, inflationary and recessionary markets, including in capital and equity markets, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates; (c) trade protection measures, including increased duties, taxes or tariffs, and import or export licensing requirements; (d) compliance with applicable antitrust and other regulatory rules and regulations relating to potential acquisitions; (e) different local product preferences and product requirements; (f) pressures on management time and attention due to the complexities of overseeing multi-national operations; (g) challenges in maintaining staffing; (h) different labor regulations and the potential impact of collective bargaining; (i) potentially adverse consequences from changes in, or interpretations of, tax laws; (j) potentially adverse consequences from change in, or interpretation of, securities laws and other financial reporting regulations; (k) political and economic instability; (l) enforcement of remedies in various jurisdictions; (m) the risk that the business partners upon whom we depend for technical assistance will not perform as expected; (n) compliance with applicable export control laws and economic sanctions laws and regulations; (o) price controls and ownership regulations; (p) obstacles to the 25 repatriation of earnings and cash; (q) differences in business practices that may result in violation of Company policies, including, but not limited to, bribery and collusive practices; and (r) reduced protection for intellectual property in some countries.
We are partly self-insured for a number of different risk categories, such as general liability (including product liability), workers' compensation, automobile claims, crime, and cyber liability, with insurance coverage for certain catastrophic risks. The types and amounts of insurance may vary from time to time based on our decisions with respect to risk retention and regulatory requirements.
We are partly self-insured for a number of different risk categories, such as general liability (including product liability), workers' compensation, automobile claims, crime, property and cyber liability, with insurance coverage for certain catastrophic risks. The types and amounts of insurance may vary from time to time based on our decisions with respect to risk retention and regulatory requirements.
If we are not able to manage credit risk, or if a large number of our customers should have financial difficulties at the same time, our credit and rental equipment losses would increase above historical levels. If this should occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.
If we are not able to manage credit risk, or if a large number of our customers should have financial difficulties at the same time, our credit and 22 rental equipment losses would increase above historical levels. If this should occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.
Unanticipated changes in our tax obligations, the adoption of a new tax legislation, or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect profitability. We are subject to income taxes in the US, Canada and Me xico. Our tax liab ilities are affected by the amounts we charged for inventory, services, funding and other transactions on an intercompany basis.
Unanticipated changes in our tax obligations, the adoption of a new tax legislation, or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect profitability. We are subject to income taxes in the US, Canada, Me xico, and India. Our tax liab ilities are affected by the amounts we charged for inventory, services, funding and other transactions on an intercompany basis.
While we maintain certain related insurance coverages, we have no reserves for any such liabilities. 22 We are also required to obtain environmental permits from governmental authorities for certain of our operations. If we violate or fail to obtain or comply with these laws, regulations, or permits, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators.
While we maintain certain related insurance coverages, we have no reserves for any such liabilities. We are also required to obtain environmental permits from governmental authorities for certain of our operations. If we violate or fail to obtain or comply with these laws, regulations, or permits, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators.
In certain markets, some of our competitors may have greater market share, less debt, greater pricing flexibility, more attractive product or service offerings, better brand recognition or superior marketing and financial resources. Increased competition could result in lower profit margins, substantial pricing pressure and reduced market share.
In certain markets or product lines, some of our competitors may have greater market share, less debt, greater pricing flexibility, more attractive product or service offerings, better brand recognition or superior marketing and financial resources. Increased competition could result in lower profit margins, substantial pricing pressure, and reduced market share.
Effective management of our fleet is vital to our business, and our failure to properly safeguard, design, manufacture, repair, maintain and manage our fleet could harm our business and reduce our operating results and cash flows. Our modular space and portable storage units have long economic lives and managing our fleet is a critical element to our leasing business.
Effective management of our fleet is vital to our business, and our failure to properly safeguard, design, manufacture, repair, maintain and manage our fleet could harm our business and reduce our operating results and cash flows. Our modular space solutions and portable storage units have long economic lives and managing our fleet is a critical element to our leasing business.
Our consolidated financial results are denominated in US Dollars, and therefore, during times of a strengthening US Dollar, our reported revenue in non-US Dollar jurisdictions will be reduced because the local currency will translate into fewer US Dollars. Revenue and expenses are translated into US Dollars at the 28 average exchange rate for the period.
Our consolidated financial results are denominated in US Dollars, and therefore, during times of a strengthening US Dollar, our reported revenue in non-US Dollar jurisdictions will be reduced because the local currency will translate into fewer US Dollars. Revenue and expenses are translated into US Dollars at the average exchange rate for the period.
In the event impairment is identified, a charge to earnings would be recorded which may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Risks Relating to Income Tax Our ability to use our net operating los s carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.
In the event 27 impairment is identified, a charge to earnings would be recorded which may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Risks Relating to Income Tax Our ability to use our net operating los s carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.
Price competition, together with other forms of competition, may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. 24 If we do not manage our credit risk effectively, collect on our accounts receivable, or recover our rental equipment from our customers, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Price competition, together with other forms of competition, may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If we do not manage our credit risk effectively, collect on our accounts receivable, or recover our rental equipment from our customers, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights and protect our proprietary information and patents, or to defend against claims by third parties that our services or our use of intellectual property infringe their intellectual property rights. Any litigation or claims brought by or against us could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources.
Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights and protect our proprietary information and patents, or to defend against claims by third parties that our services or our use of intellectual property infringe their intellectual property rights. Any litigation or claims 23 brought by or against us could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources.
If the costs of raw materials increase or the availability thereof is restricted, it could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Fluctuations in fuel costs or a reduction in fuel supplies may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
If the costs of raw materials increase or the availability of raw materials is restricted, it could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. Fluctuations in fuel costs or a reduction in fuel supplies may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Accordingly, changes in currency exchange rates will cause our foreign currency translation adjustment in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) to fluctuate. In addition, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates will impact the amount of US Dollars we receive when we repatriate funds from our non-US Dollar operations.
Accordingly, changes in currency exchange rates will cause our foreign currency translation adjustment in the consolidated 26 statements of comprehensive income (loss) to fluctuate. In addition, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates will impact the amount of US Dollars we receive when we repatriate funds from our non-US Dollar operations.
Sale transactions are subject to certain factors that 26 are beyond our control, including permit requirements, the timely completion of prerequisite work by others and weather conditions. Accordingly, the actual timing of the completion of these transactions may take longer than we expect.
Sale transactions are subject to certain factors that are beyond our control, including permit requirements, the timely completion of prerequisite work by others and weather conditions. Accordingly, the actual timing of the completion of these transactions may take longer than we expect.
Our operations could be subject to natural disasters and other business disruptions such as pandemics, fires, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and terrorism, which could adversely affect our information systems, future revenue, financial condition, and cash flows and increase our costs and expenses.
Our operations could be subject to natural disasters and other business disruptions such as pandemics, fires, floods, hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes and terrorism, which could adversely affect our information systems, future revenue, financial condition, and cash flows and increase our costs and expenses.
From time to time, the US government has historically imposed and may in the future impose tariffs on steel, aluminum and lumber imports from certain countries, which could result in increased costs to us for these materials.
From time to time, the US government has historically imposed and may in the future impose tariffs on steel, aluminum, lumber, and other imports from certain countries, which could result in increased costs to us for these materials.
Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in the 29 performance of the business, adverse market conditions, stock price and adverse changes in applicable laws and regulations, including changes that restrict our activities.
Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in the performance of the business, adverse market conditions, stock price and adverse changes in applicable laws and regulations, including changes that restrict our activities.
Changes in tax laws or regulations, including changes in the US related to the treatment of accelerated depreciation expense, carry-forwards of net operating losses, and taxation of foreign income and expenses may increase tax uncertainty and adversely affect our results of operations. 30 Risks Relating to Our Capital Structure Global capital and credit market conditions could materially and adversely affect our ability to access the capital and credit markets or the ability of key counterparties to perform their obligations to us.
Changes in tax laws or regulations, including changes in the US related to the treatment of accelerated depreciation expense, carry-forwards of net operating losses, and taxation of foreign income and expenses may increase tax uncertainty and adversely affect our results of operations. 28 Risks Relating to Our Capital Structure Global capital and credit market conditions could materially and adversely affect our ability to access the capital and credit markets or the ability of key counterparties to perform their obligations to us.
In addition, the credit agreement that governs our credit facility and the indentures do not prevent us from incurring other obligations that do not constitute indebtedness under those agreements.
In addition, the credit agreement that governs our credit facility and the indentures do 29 not prevent us from incurring other obligations that do not constitute indebtedness under those agreements.
If we add debt to 31 our and our subsidiaries’ existing debt levels, the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness described above, including our possible inability to service our debt, will increase.
If we add debt to our and our subsidiaries’ existing debt levels, the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness described above, including our possible inability to service our debt, will increase.
We believe a unionized workforce outside of Mexico would generally increase our operating costs, divert attention of management from servicing customers and increase the risk of work stoppages, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
We believe a unionized workforce would generally increase our operating costs, divert attention of management from servicing customers, and increase the risk of work stoppages, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
If we fail to manage the risks inherent in our geographic expansion, we could incur capital and operating costs without any related increase in revenue, which would harm our operating results. We may incur property, casualty or other losses not covered by our insurance.
If we fail to manage the risks inherent in our geographic or product line expansion, we could incur capital and operating costs without any related increase in revenue, which would harm our operating results. We may incur property, casualty or other losses not covered by our insurance.
These factors could potentially increase the cost of doing business and the risk that our business practices could result in liabilities that may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have in the past, and we intend in the future, to expand our operations into new geographic markets.
These factors could potentially increase the cost of doing business and the risk that our business practices could result in liabilities that may adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We have in the past, and we intend in the future, to expand our operations into new geographic markets and into new product lines.
During periods of rising prices for labor or raw materials, and in particular, when the prices increase rapidly or to levels significantly higher than normal, we may incur significant increases in our acquisition costs for new units and higher operating costs that we may not be able to recoup from customers through changes in pricing, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
During periods of rising prices for labor or raw materials, and in particular, when the prices increase rapidly or to levels significantly higher than normal, we have incurred and may continue to incur significant increases in our acquisition costs for new units and higher operating costs that we may not be able to recoup from customers through changes in pricing, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of governmental and self-regulatory organizations, including the SEC and Nasdaq, as well as evolving investor expectations around disclosures, financial reporting, corporate governance and environmental and social practices.
We are subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of governmental and self-regulatory organizations, including the SEC and Nasdaq, as well as evolving investor expectations around disclosures, financial reporting, internal controls, corporate governance and environmental and social practices.
Our operations are exposed to operational, economic, political and regulatory risks. We operate in the US, Canada, and Mexico. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 94%, 5%, and 1% of our revenue was generated in the US, Canada, and Mexico, respectively.
Our operations are exposed to operational, economic, political, and regulatory risks. We operate in the US, Canada, and Mexico. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 94%, 5%, and 1% of our revenue was generated in the US, Canada, and Mexico, respectively.
We believe we have implemented appropriate measures to mitigate potential risks; however, like other companies, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions due to our own error or events beyond our control.
Although we believe we have implemented appropriate measures to mitigate potential risks, like other companies, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions due to our own error or events beyond our control.
Noncompliance with applicable regulations, implementation of new regulations or modifications to existing regulations may increase costs of compliance, require a termination of certain activities or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Noncompliance with applicable regulations, implementation of new regulations or modifications to existing regulations may increase costs of compliance, require the termination of certain activities or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: our ability to execute our operational strategies and achieve our goals within the currently projected costs and the expected timeframes; the availability and cost of renewable energy and other materials; compliance with, and changes or additions to, global and regional regulations, taxes, charges, mandates or requirements relating to climate-related goals; labor-related regulations and requirements that restrict or prohibit our ability to impose requirements on third-party contractors; the actions of competitors and competitive pressures; and an acquisition of or merger with another company that has not adopted similar goals or whose progress towards reaching its goals is not as advanced as ours.
These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: our ability to execute our operational strategies and achieve our goals within the costs that we currently project and the timeframes we expect; the availability and cost of renewable energy and other materials; compliance with, and changes or additions to, global and regional regulations, taxes, charges, mandates or requirements relating to climate-related goals; labor-related regulations and requirements that restrict or prohibit our ability to impose requirements on third-party contractors; the actions of competitors and competitive pressures; and an acquisition of or merger with another company that has not adopted similar goals or whose progress towards reaching its goals is not as advanced as ours.
The US NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2025 for state and 2037 for federal if not utilized. Our US NOL and tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities.
The US NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2025 for state and 2031 for federal if not utilized. Our US NOL and tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities.
Recent Pronouncements Recent pronouncements by the SEC, Federal Trade Commission, Department of Justice, and the state of California, among others, related to antitrust, climate related disclosures, and privacy could have the impact of increasing Company compliance costs, increasing potential liability to the Company as a result of frivolous lawsuits, or place the Company in a position of not knowing when or if the laws are settled in a particular area for the Company to effectively comply.
Recent Pronouncements Recent pronouncements by the SEC, Federal Trade Commission, and Department of Justice, and from the state of California, among others, related to antitrust, climate related disclosures, cybersecurity, and privacy could have the impact of increasing Company compliance costs, increasing potential liability to the Company as a result of frivolous lawsuits, or place the Company in a position of not knowing when or if the laws are finalized in a particular area for the Company to effectively comply.
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business We are subject to various laws and regulations, including recent pronouncements related to laws and regulations governing antitrust, climate related disclosures, privacy, government contracts, anti-corruption and the environment. Obligations and liabilities under these laws and regulations may materially harm our business.
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Risks Relating to Our Business We are subject to various laws and regulations, including recent pronouncements related to laws and regulations governing antitrust, climate related disclosures, cybersecurity and information technology, privacy, government contracts, anti-corruption and the environment. Obligations and liabilities under these laws and regulations may materially harm our business.
We perform credit evaluation procedures on our customers on each transaction and require security deposits or other forms of security from our customers when we identify a significant credit risk.
We perform credit evaluation procedures on our customers on each transaction and require advance payment, security deposits, or other forms of security from our customers when we identify a significant credit risk.
In most of our end markets, we face competition from national, regional and local companies who have an established market position in the specific service area, and we expect to encounter similar competition in any new markets that we may enter.
In most of our end markets, we face competition from national, regional and local companies who have an established market position in the specific service area, and we expect to encounter similar competition in any new markets or new product lines that we may enter.
Any of these events could cause reductions in our earnings per share, impact our ability to borrow funds under our credit facility, decrease or delay the accretive effect of the acquisitions that we anticipated and negatively impact our stock price. Global or local economic movements could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Any of these events could cause lower revenue growth than anticipated, reductions in our earnings per share, impact our ability to borrow funds under our credit facility, decrease or delay the accretive effect of the acquisitions that we anticipated and negatively impact our stock price. Global or local economic movements could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to evolving public disclosure, financial reporting and corporate governance expectations and regulations that impact compliance costs and risks of noncompliance.
We are subject to evolving public disclosure, financial reporting, internal controls, and corporate governance expectations and regulations that impact compliance costs and risks of noncompliance.
Our business, which operates in the US, Canada, and Mexico, may be negatively impacted by economic movements or downturns in the local markets in which we operate or global markets generally. These adverse economic conditions may reduce commercial activity, cause disruption and extreme volatility in global financial markets and increase rates of default and bankruptcy.
Our business, which operates in the US, Canada, and Mexico, has been, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by economic movements or downturns in the local markets in which we operate or global markets generally. Adverse economic conditions may reduce commercial activity, cause disruption and extreme volatility in global financial markets and increase rates of default and bankruptcy.
The historical market price of WillScot Mobile Mini’s Common Stock has been volatile and the market price of our Common Stock may continue to be volatile and the value of your investment may decline. The historical market price of our Common Stock has been volatile and the market price of our Common Stock may continue to be volatile moving forward.
The historical market price of WillScot’s Common Stock has been volatile and the market price of our Common Stock may continue to be volatile and the value of your investment may decline. The historical market price of our Common Stock has been volatile and the market price of our Common Stock may continue to be volatile moving forward.
Failure to close our unit sales transactions as we project could cause our actual revenue or cash flow for a particular fiscal period to differ from expectations. Sales of new and used modular space and portable storage units to customers represented approximately 4% of WillScot Mobile Mini's revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Failure to close our unit sales transactions as we project could cause our actual revenue or cash flow for a particular fiscal period to differ from expectations. Sales of new and used modular space and portable storage units to customers represented approximately 6% of WillScot's revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024.
The market price of our Common Stock is likely to be affected by (a) changes in general conditions in the economy, geopolitical events or the financial markets; (b) variations in our quarterly operating results; (c) changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; (d) our share repurchase or dividend policies; (e) other developments affecting us, our industry, customers or competitors; (f) changes in demand for our products or the prices we charge due to changes in economic conditions, competition or other factors; (g) general economic conditions in the markets where we operate; (h) the cyclical nature of our customers’ businesses and certain end markets that we service; (i) rental rate changes in response to competitive factors; (j) bankruptcy or insolvency of our customers, thereby reducing demand for our used units; (k) seasonal rental patterns; (l) acquisitions or divestitures and related costs; (m) labor shortages, work stoppages or other labor difficulties; (n) possible unrecorded liabilities of acquired companies; (o) possible write-offs or exceptional charges due to changes in applicable accounting standards, goodwill impairment, or divestiture or impairment of assets; (p) the operating and stock price performance of companies that investors deem comparable to us; (q) the number of shares available for resale in the public markets under applicable securities laws; (r) the composition of our shareholder base; and (s) other unspecified circumstances that may be company specific circumstances or overall industry and market driven. 32 Risks Related to the McGrath Acquisition The McGrath Acquisition may not be completed within the expected timeframe, if at all, and the failure to complete the McGrath Acquisition, or the failure to realize the anticipated synergies from the McGrath Acquisition, may negatively affect the price of our common stock and could adversely affect our financial results.
The market price of our Common Stock is likely to be affected by (a) changes in general conditions in the economy, geopolitical events or the financial markets; (b) variations in our quarterly operating results; (c) changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; (d) our share repurchase or dividend policies; (e) other developments affecting us, our industry, customers or competitors; (f) changes in demand for our products or the prices we charge due to changes in economic conditions, competition or other factors; (g) general economic conditions in the markets where we operate; (h) the cyclical nature of our customers’ businesses and certain end markets that we service; (i) rental rate changes in response to competitive factors; (j) bankruptcy or insolvency of our customers, thereby reducing demand for our units; (k) seasonal rental patterns; (l) acquisitions or divestitures and related costs; (m) labor shortages, work stoppages or other labor difficulties; (n) possible unrecorded liabilities of acquired companies; (o) possible write-offs or exceptional charges due to changes in applicable accounting standards, goodwill or intangible asset impairment, or divestiture or impairment of assets; (p) the operating and stock price performance of companies that investors deem comparable to us; (q) the number of shares available for resale in the public markets under applicable securities laws; (r) the composition of our shareholder base; and (s) other unspecified circumstances that may be company specific circumstances or overall industry and market driven. 30
As of December 31, 2023, we had $3.6 billion of total indebtedness, excluding deferred financing fees, consisting of $2.0 billion of borrowings under our ABL Facility, $526.5 million of our 2025 Secured Notes, $500.0 million of our 2028 Secured Notes, $500.0 million of our 2031 Secured Notes, and $117.1 million of finance leases.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $3.7 billion of total indebtedness, excluding deferred financing fees, consisting of $1.6 billion of borrowings under our ABL Facility, $526.5 million of our 2025 Secured Notes, $500.0 million of our 2028 Secured Notes, $500.0 million of our 2029 Secured Notes, $500.0 million of our 2031 Secured Notes, and $143.8 million of finance leases.
Fluctuations in interest rates may negatively impact the amount of interest payments, as well as our ability to refinance portions of our existing debt in the future at attractive interest rates.
However, fluctuations in interest rates have in the past negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, the amount of our interest payments, as well as our ability to refinance portions of our existing debt in the future at attractive interest rates.
A s of December 31, 2023, we had US net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $465.2 million and $240.3 million for US federal income tax and state tax purposes, respectively, available to offset future taxable income, prior to consideration of annual limitations that Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 may impose.
As of December 31, 2024, we had US net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $105.1 million and $190.3 million for US federal income tax and state tax purposes, respectively, available to offset future taxable income, prior to consideration of annual limitations that Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 may impose.
Additionally, we are subject to, and may be required to expend funds to ensure compliance with a variety of laws, regulations, and ordinances related to unit titling, stamping, and registration rules and procedures, and notification requirements to agencies and law enforcement relating to unit transfers, particularly when acquiring new assets and operations.
Should additional rules be enacted in the future, compliance with such rules could result in additional costs. 19 Additionally, we are subject to, and may be required to expend funds to ensure compliance with a variety of laws, regulations, and ordinances related to unit titling, stamping, and registration rules and procedures, and notification requirements to agencies and law enforcement relating to unit transfers, particularly when acquiring new assets and operations.
Anti-Corruption Laws and Regulations We are subject to various anti-corruption laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials by a US person for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We operate in countries that may present a more corruptible business environment than the US.
Anti-Corruption Laws and Regulations We are subject to various anti-corruption laws that prohibit improper paym ents or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials by a US person for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business.
Effective August 1, 2023, we are self-insured for property risks. The occurrence of significant claims, a substantial rise in costs to maintain our insurance, or the failure to maintain adequate insurance coverage could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
The occurrence of significant claims, a substantial rise in costs to maintain our insurance, or the failure to maintain adequate insurance coverage could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Generally, increases in labor and raw material costs will increase the acquisition costs of new units and also increase the repair and maintenance costs of our fleet. We also maintain a truck fleet to deliver units to and return units from our customers, the cost of which is sensitive to maintenance, replacement, fuel costs, and rental rates on leased equipment.
We also maintain a truck fleet to deliver units to and return units from our customers, the cost of which is sensitive to maintenance, replacement, and fuel costs and rental rates on leased equipment.
A poor safety ranking may result in the loss of customers or difficulty attracting and retaining qualified drivers which could affect our results of operations. Should additional rules be enacted in the future, compliance with such rules could result in additional costs.
A poor safety ranking may result in the loss of customers or difficulty attracting and retaining qualified drivers which could affect our results of operations.
Trade policies and changes in trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs, their enforcement and downstream consequences, may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and outlook. Tariffs and/or other developments with respect to trade policies, trade agreements and government regulations may materially, adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Tariffs and/or other developments with respect to trade policies, trade agreements and government regulations may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A decline or slowed growth in any of these sectors or geographic regions could result in reduced demand for our products and services, which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. 23 Any failure of our management information systems could disrupt our business operations, which could result in decreased lease or sale revenue and increase overhead costs.
A decline or slowed growth in any of these sectors or geographic regions could result in reduced demand for our products and services, which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Such activities create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees or agents that could be in violation of various laws, including the FCPA. We have implemented safeguards and policies to discourage these practices by our employees and agents.
We also operate in countries outside the US where activities such as unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees or agents could be in violation of various laws, including the FCPA. We have implemented safeg uards and policies to discourage these practices by our employees and agents.
In addition, certain of our end markets, as well as portions of our cost structure, such as transportation costs, are sensitive to changes in commodity prices, which can impact both demand for and profitability of our services. These changes could impact our future earnings and cash flows, assuming other factors are held constant.
Lastly, certain of our end markets, as well as portions of our cost structure, such as transportation costs, have in the past been, and may continue to be, sensitive to changes in commodity prices, which can impact both demand for and profitability of our services. These changes could impact our future earnings and cash flows.
We have tax attributes subject to the foregoing provisions primarily from the Merger. Lastly, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control.
Lastly, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control.
The failure of our management information systems to perform as anticipated could damage our reputation with our customers, disrupt our business or result in, among other things, decreased lease and sales revenue and increased overhead costs. Any such failure could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our ability to effectively manage our business depends significantly on the reliability and capacity of these systems. The failure of our management information systems to perform as anticipated could damage our reputation with our customers, disrupt our business or result in, among other things, decreased lease and sales revenue and increased overhead costs.
Our ability to profitably execute our business plan depends on our ability to attract, develop and retain qualified personnel. Certain of our key executives, managers and employees have knowledge and an understanding of our business and our industry, and/or have developed meaningful customer relationships, that cannot be duplicated readily.
Certain of our key executives, managers and employees have knowledge and an understanding of our business and our industry, and/or have developed meaningful customer relationships, that cannot be duplicated readily.
Our ability to compete effectively depends in part upon protection of our rights in trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights we own or license, including patents to the Mobile Mini locking system.
We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights that are material to our business. Our ability to compete effectively depends in part upon protection of our rights in trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights we own or license, including patents to our patented locking system.
Acquisitions are inherently risky, and we cannot provide assurance that any future acquisitions will be successful or will not materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we do not manage new markets effectively, some of our new branches and acquisitions may lose money or fail, and we may have to close unprofitable branches.
Acquisitions are inherently risky, and we cannot provide assurance that any future acquisitions will be successful or will not materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which could lead to a loss of investor confidence in our financial statements and have an adverse effect on our stock price.
If we are unable to accurately predict the timing of these sal es, we may fail to take advantage of business and growth opportunities otherwise available, and our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be materially adversely affected. 24 If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which could lead to a loss of investor confidence in our financial statements and have an adverse effect on our stock price.
In addition, the delay or failure to implement information system upgrades and new systems effectively could disrupt our business, distract management’s focus and attention from business operations and growth initiatives and increase our implementation and operating costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our operations and operating results.
In addition, the delay or failure to implement information system upgrades and new systems effectively could disrupt our business, distract management’s focus and attention from business operations and growth initiatives and increase our implementation and operating costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our operations and operating results. 21 Moreover, the integration of any acquisition may create unforeseen challenges for our management information systems, which could result in unforeseen expenditures and other risks, including difficulties in managing facilities and employees in different geographic areas or those operating other product lines.
In addition, certain of our customers are facing financial pressure and such pressure, or other factors, may result in consolidation in some industries and/or an increase in bankruptcy filings by certain customers.
In addition, certain of our customers are facing financial pressure and such pressure, or other factors, may result in consolidation in some industries and/or an increase in bankruptcy filings by certain customers. Each of these facts and industry impacts, individually or in the aggregate, could have a materially adverse effect on our operating results.
As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $1,176.6 million and $419.7 million of goodwill and intangible assets, net, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet, which represented approximately 19.2% and 6.8% of total assets, respectively, and primarily arose through our acquisition of Mobile Mini.
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $1,201.4 million and $251.2 million of goodwill and intangible assets, net, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheet, which represented approximately 19.9% and 4.2% of total assets, respectively.
Furthermore, collective bargaining agreements may limit our ability to reduce the size of work forces during an economic downturn, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage.
We may incur increased legal costs and indirect labor costs as a result of contractual disputes, negotiations or other labor-related disruptions. Labor organizing activities could result in employees becoming unionized. Furthermore, collective bargaining agreements may limit our ability to reduce the size of work forces during an economic downturn, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage.
Each of these sectors is influenced not only by the state of the general global economy, but also by a number of more specific factors as well. For example, a decline in global or local energy prices may materially adversely affect demand for modular buildings within the energy and resources sector.
For example, a decline in global or local energy prices may materially adversely affect demand for modular buildings within the energy and resources sector.
We rely heavily on information systems across our operations. We also utilize third-party cloud providers to host certain of our applications and to store data. Our ability to effectively manage our business depends significantly on the reliability and capacity of these systems.
Any failure of our management information systems could disrupt our business operations, which could result in decreased lease or sale revenue and increase overhead costs. We rely heavily on information systems across our operations. We also utilize third-party cloud providers to host certain of our applications and to store data.
Removed
Moreover, the integration of any acquisition may create unforeseen challenges for our management information systems which could result in unforeseen expenditures and other risks, including difficulties in managing facilities and employees in different geographic areas.
Added
Actions of activist shareholders could negatively affect our business We have in the past received, and we may in the future be subject to, communications from activist investors urging us to take certain corporate actions.
Removed
We may incur increased legal costs and indirect labor costs as a result of contractual disputes, negotiations or other labor-related disruptions. We have collective bargaining agreements with employees in portions of our Mexico-based operations, which accounted for less than 1% of our total employees as of December 31, 2023.
Added
Activist investor activities could adversely affect our business as responding to threatened or actual proxy contests and other demands of activist investors can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations, and divert the attention of management and our employees.
Removed
These operations may be more highly affected by labor force activities than others, and all collective bargaining agreements must be renegotiated annually. Other locations may also face organizing activities or effects. Labor organizing activities could result in additional employees becoming unionized.
Added
For example, we have retained, and may in the future need to retain, the services of various professionals to advise us on activist investor matters, including legal, financial and communications advisors, the costs of which may negatively impact our future financial results.
Removed
Each of these facts and industry impacts, individually or in the aggregate, could have a materially adverse effect on our operating results. 25 We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights that are material to our business.
Added
Activist investors may lead campaigns to effect changes at publicly-traded companies such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases, or sales of assets or the entire company.
Removed
If we are unable to accurately predict the timing of these sal es, we may fail to take advantage of business and growth opportunities otherwise available, and our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.
Added
Additionally, activist investors may attempt to replace some or all members of our Board of Directors, which could create uncertainly regarding our strategic direction and negatively impact our governance and leadership stability.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

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Governance : As discussed in more detail under the “Governance” heading, the Audit Committee provides oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management processes in collaboration with our Chief Information Officer, Chief Legal Officer, Vice President of Risk Management, information technology team and other internal and external experts.
Governance : As discussed in more detail under the “Governance” heading, the Audit Committee provides oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management processes in collaboration with our Information Technology Leadership Team, Chief Legal Officer, Vice President of Risk Management and other internal and external experts.
Through ongoing communications, management and other applicable personnel monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents in real time and report such threats and incidents to the Audit Committee and the Board, as appropriate.
Through ongoing communications, management and other applicable personnel monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents in real time and report such threats and incidents to the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors, as appropriate.
Our processes have been integrated into our overall risk management system, consistent with our commitment to safeguarding our operations and data on a Company-wide basis. Our cybersecurity risk management efforts are overseen by our Audit Committee in collaboration with individual members of our management team, specifically our Chief Information Officer, Chief Legal Officer, and Vice President of Risk Management.
Our processes have been integrated into our overall risk management system, consistent with our commitment to safeguarding our operations and data on a Company-wide basis. Our cybersecurity risk management efforts are overseen by our Audit Committee in collaboration with individual members of our management team, specifically our Information Technology Leadership Team, Chief Legal Officer, and Vice President of Risk Management.
These management members report to the Audit Committee, and the Audit Committee reports to the full Board of Directors, as appropriate.
These management members report to the Audit 31 Committee, and the Audit Committee reports to the full Board of Directors, as appropriate.
Governance In accordance with our internal policies, our Chief Information Officer, Chief Legal Officer and Vice President of Risk Management, are tasked with certain oversight and management responsibilities related to the monitoring, prevention, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents.
Governance In accordance with our internal policies, o ur Information Technology Leadership Team, Chief Legal Officer, and Vice President of Risk Management are tasked with certain oversight and management responsibilities related to the monitoring, prevention, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents.
Technical Safeguards : The Company deploys technical safeguards designed to protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and access controls, all of which are evaluated and improved through vulnerability assessments on a periodic basis. 33 Incident Response and Recovery Plans : The Company has established and maintains comprehensive incident response and recovery plans, which detail the steps to be taken from the initial internal reporting of a potential cybersecurity incident.
Technical Safeguards : The Company deploys technical safeguards designed to protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and access controls, all of which are evaluated and improved through vulnerability assessments on a periodic basis.
The Company’s Chief Information Officer has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 29 years and holds degrees in Business Information Systems and Accounting.
The Company’s Vice President of Infrastructure and Information Technology Operations has served in various information technology security, infrastructure, and application roles for over 27 years and is supported by a team of information technology and cyber security professionals with decades of relevant experience.
Added
Incident Response and Recovery Plans : The Company has established and maintains comprehensive incident response and recovery plans, which detail the steps to be taken from the initial internal reporting of a potential cybersecurity incident.
Added
Members of the Information Technology Leadership Team have experience managing risks arising from cybersecurity threats and hold security certifications including Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) and Certified Information Security Manager (CISM).

Item 2. Properties

Properties — owned and leased real estate

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Subject to certain exceptions, substantially all of our owned real and personal property in the US and Canada is encumbered under our credit facility and our secured notes. We do not believe that the encumbrances will materially detract from the value of our properties, or materially interfere with their use in the operation of our business. 34
Subject to certain exceptions, substantially all of our owned real and personal property in the US and Canada is encumbered under our credit facility and our secured notes. We do not believe that the encumbrances will materially detract from the value of our properties, or materially interfere with their use in the operation of our business.
ITEM 2. Properties Our primary corporate headquarters is located in Phoenix, Arizona. We operate approximately 250 branch locations and additional drop lots across the US, Canada, and Mexico. Collectively, we lease approximately 84% of our branch properties and own the remaining balance.
ITEM 2. Properties Our primary corporate headquarters is located in Phoenix, Arizona, with additional shared services locations in Baltimore, Maryland; Orlando, Florida; and India. We operate approximately 260 branch locations and additional drop lots across the US, Canada, and Mexico. Collectively, we lease approximately 85% of our branch properties and own the remaining balance.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings — active lawsuits and investigations

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As of December 31, 2023, with respect to these outstanding matters, the Company believes that the amount or range of reasonably possible loss will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.
As of December 31, 2024, with respect to these outstanding matters, the Company believes that the amount or range of reasonably possible loss will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

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The graph plots the growth in value of an initial investment of $100 in each of our common shares, the S&P 400 Index and the Russell 1000 Index over the indicated time periods, and as sumes reinvestment of all dividends, if any, paid on the securities.
The graph plots the growth in value of an initial investment of $100 in each of our common shares, the S&P MidCap 400 Index and the Russell 1000 Index over the indicated time periods, and as sumes reinvestment of all dividends, if any, paid on the securities.
The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any particular number of shares, and the timing and exact amount of any repurchases will depend on various factors, including market pricing and conditions, business, legal, accounting, and other considerations. As of December 31, 2023, $498.2 million of the $1.0 billion share repurchase authorization remained available for use.
The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any particular number of shares, and the timing and exact amount of any repurchases will depend on various factors, including market pricing and conditions, business, legal, accounting, and other considerations. As of December 31, 2024, $821.8 million of the $1.0 billion share repurchase authorization remained available for use.
Repurchases In May 2023, the Board of Directors approved a reset of the share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of its outstanding shares of Common Stock and equivalents.
Repurchases In September 2024, the Board of Directors approved a reset of the share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of its outstanding shares of Common Stock and equivalents.
Declaration or payment of dividends, if any, in the future, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our then current financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors.
The declaration, amount and payment of future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our then current financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors.
The graph below compares the cumulative total return of our Common Stock from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2023, with the comparable cumulative return of two indices: the S&P 400 Index and the Russell 1000 Index.
The graph below compares the cumulative total return of our Common Stock from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2024, with the comparable cumulative return of two indices: the S&P MidCap 400 Index and the Russell 1000 Index.
The Company had 189,967,135 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023. The outstanding shares of the Company's Common Stock are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. Preferred Stock Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of 1,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share.
The Company had 183,564,899 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024. The outstanding shares of the Company's Common Stock are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. Preferred Stock Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of 1,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share.
As of December 31, 2023, no shares of Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding, and no designation of rights and preferences of preferred stock had been adopted. Holders As of February 14, 2024, there were 30 holders of record of our Common Stock and no holders of record of our Preferred Stock.
As of December 31, 2024, no shares of Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding, and no designation of rights and preferences of preferred stock had been adopted. Holders As of February 13, 2025, there were 27 holders of record of our Common Stock and no holders of record of our Preferred Stock.
The following table summarizes our purchase of Common Stock during the fourth quarter of 2023: Period Total Number of Shares and Equivalents Purchased (in thousands) Average Price Paid per Share Total Numbers of Shares and Equivalents Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Plan (in thousands) Maximum Dollar Value of Shares and Equivalents that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (in thousands) October 1, 2023 to October 31, 2023 2,087.2 $ 40.13 2,087.2 $ 550.4 November 1, 2023 to November 30, 2023 1,408.8 $ 37.05 1,408.8 $ 498.2 December 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023 — $ — — $ 498.2 Total 3,496.0 3,496.0 36 Performance Graph The following stock price performance graph should not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference and shall not otherwise be deemed filed under such acts.
The following table summarizes our purchase of Common Stock during the fourth quarter of 2024: Period Total Number of Shares and Equivalents Purchased (in thousands) Average Price Paid per Share Total Numbers of Shares and Equivalents Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Plan (in thousands) Maximum Dollar Value of Shares and Equivalents that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (in millions) October 1, 2024 to October 31, 2024 3,141.1 $ 37.23 3,141.1 $ 834.9 November 1, 2024 to November 30, 2024 369.0 $ 35.46 369.0 $ 821.8 December 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 — $ — — $ 821.8 Total 3,510.1 3,510.1 33 Performance Graph The following stock price performance graph should not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference and shall not otherwise be deemed filed under such acts.
The number of holders of record does not include a substantially greater number of “street name” holders or beneficial holders whose Common Stock are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions. Dividend Policy To date, we have not declared or paid dividends on our Common Stock.
The number of holders of record does not include a substantially greater number of “street name” holders or beneficial holders whose Common Stock are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.
We have not paid any cash dividends and, therefore, the cumulative total return calculation for us is based solely upon share price appreciation and not upon reinvestment of cash dividends. The share price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.
F rom January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2024 , we did not pay cash dividends and, therefore, the cumulative total return calculation for us is based solely upon share price appreciation and not upon reinvestment of cash dividends. The share price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.
We have strong recurring cash flows, which gives us flexibility in how we allocate capital, and we review the appropriate mix of growth investments, debt reduction, and returns to shareholders on an ongoing basis.
Dividend Policy We have strong recurring cash flows, which give us flexibility in how we allocate capital, and we review the appropriate mix of growth investments, debt reduction, and returns to shareholders on an ongoing basis. On February 18, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.07 per share as part of a recurring quarterly dividend program.
Added
Our Board of Directors will regularly assess the cash dividend program with a long-term focus on increasing the dividend payment over time.

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to using GAAP financial measurements, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operating results. As such, we include in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reconciliations to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to using GAAP financial measurements, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operating results. As such, we include in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
Some of these limitations are: • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for our working capital needs; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our indebtedness; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our tax expense or the cash requirements to pay our taxes; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect historical cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact on earnings or changes resulting from matters that we consider not to be indicative of our future operations; • although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and • other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
Some of these limitations are: • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for our working capital needs; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our indebtedness; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our tax expense or the cash requirements to pay our taxes; • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect historical cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments; 43 • Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact on earnings or changes resulting from matters that we consider not to be indicative of our future operations; • although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and • other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company accounts for uncertain income tax positions using a benefit recognition model with a two-step approach; a more-likely-than-not recognition criterion; and a measurement approach that measures the position as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company accounts for uncertain income tax positions using a benefit recognition model with a two-step approach; a more-likely-than-not recognition criterion; and a measurement approach that measures the position as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon 48 ultimate settlement.
Services Revenue The Company generally has three non-lease service-related performance obligations in its contracts with customers: • Delivery and installation of the modular or portable storage unit; • Maintenance and other ad hoc services performed during the lease term; and • Removal services that occur at the end of the lease term.
Services Revenue The Company generally has three non-lease service-related performance obligations in its contracts with customers: • Delivery and installation of the modular or portable storage unit; • Other ad hoc services performed during the lease term; and • Removal services that occur at the end of the lease term.
The Company classifies interest on tax deficiencies and income tax penalties within income tax expense. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions involves judgment in the application of GAAP and complex tax laws. None of the critical accounting estimates or assumptions noted above have changed materially since the prior year. 59
The Company classifies interest on tax deficiencies and income tax penalties within income tax expense. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions involves judgment in the application of GAAP and complex tax laws. None of the critical accounting estimates or assumptions noted above have changed materially since the prior year.
In addition, we will continue to evaluate alternatives to optimize our capital structure, which could include the issuance or repurchase of additional unsecured and secured debt, equity securities and/or equity-linked securities. There can be no assurance as to the timing of any such issuance or repurchase.
In addition, we continue to evaluate alternatives to optimize our capital structure, which could include the issuance or repurchase of additional unsecured and secured debt, equity securities and/or equity-linked securities. There can be no assurance as to the timing of any such issuance or repurchase.
We believe we have ample liquidity in the ABL Facility and are generating substantial free cash flow, which together support both organic operations and other capital allocation priorities as they arise.
We believe we have ample liquidity in the ABL Facility and are generating substantial Adjusted Free Cash Flow, which together support both organic operations and other capital allocation priorities as they arise.
Our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") evaluates business segment performance utilizing Adjusted EBITDA as shown in the reconciliation of the Company’s consolidated income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA below.
Our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") evaluates business performance utilizing Adjusted EBITDA as shown in the reconciliation of the Company’s consolidated income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations below.
Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives, as follows: Estimated Useful Life Residual Value Modular space units 10 - 30 years 20 - 55% Portable storage units 7 - 30 years 20 - 55% VAPS and other related rental equipment 1 - 10 years 0% 58 Allowance for Credit Losses The Company is exposed to credit losses from trade receivables.
Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives, as follows: Estimated Useful Life Residual Value Modular space units 5 - 30 years 0 - 55% Portable storage units 7 - 30 years 20 - 55% VAPS and other related rental equipment 1 - 10 years 0% Allowance for Credit Losses The Company is exposed to credit losses from trade receivables.
MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto, contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report. The discussion of results of operations in this MD&A is presented on a historical basis, as of or for the year ended December 31, 2023 or prior periods.
MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto, contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report. The discussion of results of operations in this MD&A is presented on a historical basis, as of or for the year ended December 31, 2024 or prior periods.
In addition to using GAAP financial measurements, we use Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow, which are non-GAAP financial measures, to evaluate our operating results. As such, we include in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reconciliations to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
In addition to using GAAP financial measurements, to evaluate our operating results, we use Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Free Cash Flow, and Net Capex, which are non-GAAP financial measures. As such, we include in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reconciliations to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
Our average monthly rental rate per unit for a period is equal to the ratio of (i) our rental income for that period including VAPS but excluding delivery and installation services and other leasing-related revenues, to (ii) the average number of lease units rented to our customers during that period.
Our average monthly rental rate per unit for a period is equal to the ratio of (i) our rental revenue for that period including VAPS but excluding delivery and installation services and other leasing-related revenues, to (ii) the average number of lease units rented to our customers during that period.
The estimated fair value and useful lives of customer relationships is determined based on estimates and judgments regarding discounted future after-tax earnings and cash flows expected from customer relationships. The fair value of trade name intangible assets is determined utilizing the relief from royalty method.
The estimated fair value and useful lives of customer relationships is determined based on estimates and judgments regarding discounted future after-tax earnings and cash flows arising from customer relationships. The fair value of trade name intangible assets is determined utilizing the relief-from-royalty method.
Management believes that evaluating segment performance excluding such items is meaningful because it provides insight with respect to the intrinsic and ongoing operating results of the Company and captures the business performance of the segments, inclusive of indirect costs.
Management believes that evaluating performance excluding such items is meaningful because it provides insight with respect to the intrinsic and ongoing operating results of the Company and captures the business performance, inclusive of indirect costs.
The Company monitors ongoing credit exposure through an active review of customer balances against contract terms and due dates. The Company may employ collection agencies and legal counsel to pursue recovery of defaulted receivables.
The Company monitors ongoing credit exposure through an active review of customer balances against established credit limits, contract terms, and due dates. The Company may employ collection agencies and legal counsel to pursue recovery of defaulted receivables.
The Company assesses each customer’s ability to pay for the products it leases or sells by conducting a credit review. The credit review considers expected billing exposure and timing for payment and the customer’s established credit rating.
The Company assesses each customer’s ability to pay for the products it leases or sells and the services it provides by conducting a credit review. The credit review considers expected billing exposure and timing for payment and the customer’s established credit rating.
There were no changes in the Company's estimates or underlying assumptions relating to the determination of the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2023 that would have materially impacted the allowance for credit losses.
There were no changes in the Company's estimates or underlying assumptions relating to the determination of the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 that would have materially impacted the allowance for credit losses.
If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the calculated fair value of the reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recognized for the excess of carrying value over fair value, not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the calculated fair value of the reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recognized for the excess of carrying value over fair value, not to exceed the amount of goodwill attributable to that reporting unit.
We track several market leading indicators to predict demand, including those related to our two largest end markets, the commercial and industrial sector and the construction sector, which collectively accounted for approximately 85% of our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2023.
We track several market leading indicators to predict demand, including those related to our two largest end markets, the commercial and industrial sector and the construction and infrastructure sector, which collectively accounted for approximately 85% of our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2024.
Other (Income) Expense, Net Other (income) expense, net primarily consists of the gain (loss) on disposal of non-operational property, plant and equipment, insurance proceeds, other financing related costs and other non-recurring charges.
Other (Income) Expense, Net Other (income) expense, net primarily consists of (gain) loss on disposal of non-operational property, plant and equipment, insurance proceeds, (gain) loss on investments, other financing-related costs, and other non-recurring charges.
In addition to the cash requirements described above, the Company has a Share Repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors, which allows the Company to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of outstanding shares of Common Stock and equivalents. This program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific amount of shares.
Other In addition to the cash requirements described above, the Company has a Share Repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors, which allows the Company to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of outstanding shares of Common Stock. This program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific amount of shares.
Goodwill is measured as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets and is assigned to the Company's reporting units that are expected to benefit from the acquisition. Judgment is exercised in the determination of the estimated fair value of intangible assets acquired and their estimated useful lives.
Goodwill is measured as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets and is assigned to the Company's reporting units that are expected to benefit from the acquisition. The Company exercises judgment in the determination of the estimated fair value of intangible assets acquired and their estimated useful lives.
In addition to leasing revenue, we also generate revenue from sales of new and used modular space and portable storage units to our customers, as well as delivery, installation, maintenance, removal services and other incidental items related to accommodation services for our customers. Included in our sales revenue are charges for modifying or customizing sales equipment to customers’ specifications.
In addition to leasing revenue, we also generate revenue from sales of new and used units to our customers, as well as delivery, installation, maintenance, removal services and other incidental items related to accommodation services for our customers. Included in our sales revenue are charges for modifying or customizing sales equipment to customers’ specifications.
Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider the measure in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss), cash flow from operations or other methods of analyzing WillScot Mobile Mini’s results as reported under US GAAP.
Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider the measure in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss), cash flow from operations or other methods of analyzing WillScot’s results as reported under US GAAP.
Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this annual report for a summary of activity in the allowance for credit losses.
R efer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this annual report for a summary of activity in the allowance for credit losses.
It also includes the leasing of facilities we occupy, professional fees and information systems, our overhead costs, such as salaries and other employee costs of management, administrative and corporate personnel, and integration costs associated with acquisitions and business combinations.
SG&A expense also includes the leasing of facilities we occupy, professional fees and information systems, our overhead costs, such as salaries and other employee costs of management, administrative and corporate personnel, and integration costs associated with acquisitions and business combinations.
Examples of lease components include, but are not limited to, the lease of modular space and portable storage units and VAPS. Examples of non-lease components include, but are not limited to, the delivery, installation, maintenance, and removal services commonly provided in a bundled transaction with the lease components.
Examples of lease components include, but are not limited to, the lease of modular space and portable storage units and VAPS. Examples of non-lease components include, but are not limited to, the delivery, install ation, and removal services commonly provided in a bundled transaction with the lease components.
ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand WillScot Mobile Mini Holdings Corp. ("WillScot Mobile Mini") operations and our present business environment.
ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand WillScot Holdings Corporation's ("WillScot") operations and our present business environment.
The allowance for credit losses reflects the estimate of the amount of receivables that the Company will be unable to collect based on historical write-off experience and, as applicable, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability.
The allowance for credit losses reflects the estimate of the amount of receivables that the Company will be unable to collect based on historical write-off experience and, as applicable, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. This estimate is sensitive to changing circumstances.
Selling, General and Administrative Expense Our selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense includes all costs associated with our selling efforts, including marketing costs, marketing salaries and benefits, as well as the salary and commissions of sales personnel.
Selling, General and Administrative Expense Our SG&A expense includes all costs associated with our selling efforts, including marketing costs, marketing salaries and benefits, as well as the salary, benefits, and commissions of sales personnel.
Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Costs of improvements and conversions of rental equipment are capitalized when such costs extend the useful life of the equipment or increase the rental value of the unit.
Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Costs of improvements and conversions of rental equipment are capitalized when such costs extend the useful life of the equipment.
Gross Profit We define gross profit as the difference between total revenues and cost of revenues. Cost of revenues associated with our leasing business includes payroll and payroll-related costs for branch operations personnel, material and other costs related to the repair, maintenance, storage and transportation of rental equipment. Cost of revenues also includes depreciation expense associated with our rental equipment.
Cost of Revenues and Gross Profit Cost of revenues associated with our leasing business includes payroll and payroll-related costs for branch operations personnel, material and other costs related to the repair, maintenance, storage and transportation of rental equipment. Cost of revenues also includes depreciation expense associated with our rental equipment.
Under the terms of the agreements, the Company receives a floating rate equal to one-month term SOFR and will make payments based on a weighted average fixed interest rate of 3.70% on the notional amount.
Under the terms of the agreements, the Company receives a floating rate equal to one-month term SOFR and makes payments based on a fixed interest rate of 3.70% on the notional amount.
Cost of revenues associated with our new unit sales business includes the cost to purchase , assemble, transport and customize units that are sold. Cost of revenues for our rental unit sales consist primarily of the net book value of the unit at date of sale.
Cost of revenues associated with our new unit sales business includes the cost to purchase , assemble, transport and customize units that are sold. Cost of revenues for our rental unit sales consist primarily of the net book value of the unit at date of sale. We define gross profit as the difference between total revenues and cost of revenues.
Management believes that the presentation of Free Cash Flow provides useful additional information concerning cash flow available to fund our capital allocation alternatives. As presented below, Free Cash Flow includes amounts for the former Tank and Pump segment through September 30, 2022 and the UK Storage Solutions segment through January 31, 2023.
Management believes that the presentation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow provides useful additional information concerning cash flow available to fund our capital allocation alternatives. As 44 presented below, Adjusted Free Cash Flow includes amounts for the UK Storage Solutions segment through January 31, 2023.
Even in an uncertain macro-economic environment, market catalysts such as increased infrastructure spending and onshoring and reshoring, and idiosyncratic growth levers such as continued penetration of our customer base with our VAPS offering, long-term pricing tailwinds, cross-selling between our Modular and Storage segment customers, and other commercial best practice sharing between our segments provide us confidence in our continued organic growth outlook.
Even in an uncertain macro-economic environment, market catalysts such as increased infrastructure spending, onshoring and reshoring, and idiosyncratic growth levers such as continued penetration of our customer base with our VAPS offerings, long-term pricing tailwinds, cross-selling our portfolio of products, and other commercial best practice sharing within WillScot provide us confidence in our continued organic growth outlook.
Evaluation of Goodwill Impairment The Company performs its assessment of goodwill utilizing either a qualitative or quantitative impairment test. The qualitative impairment test assesses company-specific, industry, market and general economic factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.
The qualitative impairment test assesses company-specific, industry, market and general economic factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.
The Company may record adjustments to the fair values and corresponding 57 adjustment to goodwill during the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition if new information is obtained related to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date.
The Company may record adjustments to the fair values and corresponding adjustment to goodwill during the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition if new information is obtained related to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. After the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.
Cash flows from investing activities Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $350.0 million as compared to $309.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $40.7 million.
Cash flows from investing activities Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $362.3 million as compared to $350.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $12.3 million.
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets Intangible assets that are acquired by the Company and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of the Williams Scotsman and Mobile Mini trade names.
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets Intangible assets that are acquired by the Company and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually.
In January 2024, the Company entered into two interest rate swap agreements with financial counterparties relating to $500.0 million in aggregate notional amount of variable-rate debt under the Company's ABL Facility.
As of December 31, 2024, $821.8 million of the approved share repurchase pool remained available. Interest Rate Swap Agreements In January 2024, the Company entered into two interest rate swap agreements with financial counterparties relating to $500.0 million in aggregate notional amount of variable-rate debt under the Company's ABL Facility.
If circumstances were to change that required a change in estimates, such as a change in financial condition of customers or unanticipated changes in the economy, additional allowances may be required.
If circumstances change in a way that require a change in estimates, such as a change in financial condition of customers or unanticipated changes in the economy, we may accrue additional allowances.
The increase in currency losses, net, was primarily attributable to a loss on the settlement of the contingent foreign currency forward contract relating to the sale of the former UK Storage Solutions segment.
This change was primarily attributable to a $7.7 million loss in 2023 on the settlement of the contingent foreign currency forward contract relating to the sale of the former UK Storage Solutions segment in January 2023.
Share Repurchases In May 2023, our Board of Directors approved a reset of our share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of our outstanding shares of Common Stock and equivalents. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 18,533,819 shares of Common Stock for $810.8 million.
Share Repurchases In September 2024, our Board of Directors approved a reset of our share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of our outstanding shares of Common Stock and equivalents. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 7,133,446 shares of Common Stock for $270.4 million.
These reconciliations and descriptions of why we believe these measures provide useful information to investors as well as a description of the limitations of these measures are included in "Reconciliation of non-GAAP Financial Measures." Significant Developments Entry into an Agreement to Acquire McGrath RentCorp On January 28, 2024, the Company, along with its newly formed subsidiaries, Brunello Merger Sub I, Inc.
These reconciliations and descriptions of why we believe these measures provide useful information to investors as well as a description of the limitations of these measures are included in "Reconciliation of non-GAAP Financial Measures." 36 Significant Developments Termination of Agreement to Acquire McGrath RentCorp On January 28, 2024, we entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with McGrath.
Other Depreciation and Amortization Other depreciation and amortization includes depreciation of our property, plant and equipment, as well as the amortization of our intangible assets. 42 Currency Losses, Net Currency losses, net includes unrealized and realized gains and losses on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than our functional currency at the reporting date.
Currency (Gains) Losses, Net Currency (gains) losses, net includes unrealized and realized (gains) losses on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than our functional currency at the reporting date.
Cash flows from financing activities Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $418.9 million as compared to $429.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $10.4 million.
Cash flows from financing activities Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $200.1 million as compared to $418.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $218.8 million.
Components of Our Consolidated Historical Results of Operations Revenue Our revenue consists mainly of leasing, services and sales revenue. We derive our leasing and services revenue primarily from the leasing of modular space and portable storage units.
Components of Our Consolidated Historical Results of Operations Revenues Our revenues consist mainly of leasing and services revenue and sales revenue. We derive our leasing and services revenue primarily from the leasing of space solutions.
This method is used to estimate the cost savings that accrue to the owner of an intangible asset who would otherwise have to pay royalties or license fees on revenues earned through the use of the asset.
When utilizing a quantitative impairment test, the Company calculates fair value using a relief-from-royalty method. This method is used to estimate the cost savings that accrue to the owner of an intangible asset who would otherwise have to pay royalties or license fees on revenues earned through the use of the asset.
Income from Discontinued Operations Income from discontinued operations was related to the former Tank and Pump and UK Storage Solutions segments which were sold in 2022 and 2023, respectively. 43 Consolidated Results of Operations Certain consolidated results of operations for th e years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are presented below.
Income from Discontinued Operations Income from discontinued operations was related to the former UK Storage Solutions segment which was sold in January 2023. 39 Consolidated Results of Operations Certain consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below.
Management believes that the presentation of Net CAPEX provides useful information regarding the net capital invested in our rental fleet and property, plant and equipment each year to assist in analyzing the performance of our business.
Management believes that the presentation of Net CAPEX provides useful information regarding the net capital invested in our rental fleet and property, plant and equipment each year to assist in analyzing the performance of our business. As presented below, Net CAPEX includes amounts for the UK Storage Solutions segment through January 31, 2023.
Judgment and uncertainties are present in determining the allowance for credit losses due to the sensitivity of changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, the Company may be required to increase or decrease its allowances. Changes in estimates are reflected in the period they become known.
Accordingly, the Company may be required to increase or decrease its allowances in future periods in response to changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Changes in estimates are reflected in the period they become known.
Furthermore, given that our customers value flexibility, they consistently extend their leases or renew on a month-to-month basis such that the average effective duration of our lease portfolio, excluding seasonal portable storage units, is approximately 37 months.
Given that our customers value flexibility, they consistently extend their leases or renew on a month-to-month basis such that the average effective duration of our consolidated lease portfolio, excluding seasonal portable storage units, is approximately 41 months. We believe our lease revenue is highly predictable due to its recurring nature and the underlying stability and diversification of our lease portfolio.
The rate is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, such as legislative enactments. These discrete items may not be consistent from year to year. Income tax expense (benefit), deferred tax assets and liabilities and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid.
These discrete items may not be consistent from year to year. Income tax expense (benefit), deferred tax assets and liabilities and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid.
We complement our core leasing business by selling both new and used units, allowing us to leverage scale, achieve purchasing benefits and redeploy capital employed in our lease fleet.
We complement our core leasing business by selling both new and used units, allowing us to leverage scale, achieve purchasing benefits and redeploy capital employed in our lease fleet. We remain focused on safely and frugally growing lease revenue by increasing volumes, driving VAPS penetration, and optimizing rates.
Our business is capital intensive, and these additional metrics allow management to further evaluate its operating performance. See below for reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures.
Our business is capital intensive, and these additional metrics allow management to further evaluate its operating performance.
Critical Accounting Estimates The Company's discussion and analysis of its financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources is based on its consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.
As of December 31, 2024, $821.8 million of the authorization for future repurchases of our common stock remained available. Critical Accounting Estimates The Company's discussion and analysis of its financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources is based on its consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Refer to Note 10 for further information regarding outstanding debt. Operating leases The Company has commitments for future minimum rental payments relating to operating leases, which are primarily for real estate. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had lease obligations of $288.7 million, with $69.4 million payable within the next twelve months.
Operating leases The Company has commitments for future minimum rental payments relating to operating leases, which are primarily for real estate. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had lease obligations of $311.5 million, with $73.8 million payable within the next twelve months.
Modular space average units on rent decreased 3,986 units, or 3.8%, and portable storage average units on rent decreased by 15,179 units, or 9.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
Modular space average units on rent decreased 3,870 units, or 3.9%, and portable storage average units on rent decreased 30,103 units, or 19.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
Cost of leasing and services decreased by $25.1 million, or 12.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by a $7.0 million, or 27.7%, decrease in material costs, a $20.4 million, or 32.9%, decrease in subcontractor costs, partially offset by a $2.6 million, or 3.4%, increase in labor costs.
Cost of leasing and services decreased by $1.6 million, or 0.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by a $12.6 million, or 12.1%, decrease in materials costs and a $8.0 million, or 3.1%, decrease in subcontractor costs.
Substantially all such currency gains (losses) are unrealized and attributable to financings due to and from affiliated companies. • Goodwill and other impairment charges related to non-cash costs associated with impairment charges to goodwill, other intangibles, rental fleet and property, plant and equipment. • Restructuring costs, lease impairment expense, and other related charges associated with restructuring plans designed to streamline operations and reduce costs including employee and lease termination costs. • Transaction costs including legal and professional fees and other transaction specific related costs. • Costs to integrate acquired companies, including outside professional fees, non-capitalized costs associated with system integrations, non-lease branch and fleet relocation expenses, employee training costs, and other costs required to realize cost or revenue synergies. • Non-cash charges for stock compensation plans. • Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value and extinguishment of common stock warrant liabilities. • Other expense, including consulting expenses related to certain one-time projects, financing costs not classified as interest expense, and gains and losses on disposals of property, plant, and equipment.
Our adjusted EBITDA ("Adjusted EBITDA") reflects the following further adjustments to EBITDA to exclude certain non-cash items and the effect of what we consider transactions or events not related to our core business operations: • Currency (gains) losses, net on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currency. • Goodwill and other impairment charges related to non-cash costs associated with impairment charges to goodwill, other intangibles, rental fleet and property, plant and equipment. • Restructuring costs, lease impairment expense, and other related charges associated with restructuring plans designed to streamline operations and reduce costs including employee and lease termination costs. • Transaction costs including legal and professional fees and other transaction specific related costs. • Costs to integrate acquired companies, including outside professional fees, non-capitalized costs associated with system integrations, non-lease branch and fleet relocation expenses, employee relocation and training costs, and other costs required to realize cost or revenue synergies. • Non-cash charges for stock compensation plans. • Other expense, including consulting expenses related to certain one-time projects, financing costs not classified as interest expense, gains and losses on disposals of property, plant, and equipment, and unrealized gains and losses on investments.
Consideration is allocated to each of these performance obligations within the contract based upon their estimated relative standalone selling prices using an adjusted market approach. Purchase Accounting The Company accounts for acquisitions of businesses under the acquisition method.
Consideration is allocated to each of these performance obligations within the contract based upon their estimated relative standalone selling prices using an adjusted market approach. Purchase Accounting The Company records assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective estimated fair values on the date of acquisition.
See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our debt. Income Tax Expense: Income tax expense increased $37.7 million to $126.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $88.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our debt. 42 Income Tax Expense from Continuing Operations: Income tax expense decreased $118.1 million to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $126.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We have consistently accessed the debt and equity capital markets both opportunistically and as necessary to support the growth of our business, desired leverage levels, and other capital allocation priorities.
Our principal sources of liquidity include cash flows generated from operating activities of our subsidiaries, borrowings under our ABL Facility, and sales of debt securities. We have consistently accessed the debt and equity capital markets both opportunistically and as necessary to support the growth of our business, desired leverage levels, and other capital allocation priorities.
The average modular space unit utilization rate during the year ended December 31, 2023 was 64.7%, as compared to 45 68.5% during 2022. The average portable storage unit utilization rate during the year ended December 31, 2023 was 73.2%, as compared to 86.8% during 2022.
The average modular space unit utilization rate during the year ended December 31, 2024 was 61.9%, as compared to 64.4% during 2023. The average portable storage unit utilization rate during the year ended December 31, 2024 was 60.0%, as compared to 73.4% during 2023.
After the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this annual report provides further discussion regarding business combinations and any fair value adjustments to amounts previously reported.
Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this annual report provides further discussion regarding business combinations and any fair value adjustments to amounts previously reported. Evaluation of Goodwill Impairment The Company performs its assessment of goodwill utilizing either a qualitative or quantitative impairment test.
Increases were primarily a result of increased revenues due to favorable average monthly rental rates and delivery and installation pricing across both portable storage and modular space units, which offset lower unit on rent volumes.
The increase in leasing gross profit was a result of increased revenues due to favorable average monthly rental rates including VAPS across both portable storage and modular space units, which offset lower units on rent.
Rental Equipment Rental equipment is comprised of modular space and portable storage units held for rent or on rent to customers and value-added products and services (“VAPS”) which are in use or available to be used by customers. Rental equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
Any material deviation in actual results could affect the calculated fair value of the intangible asset. 47 Rental Equipment Rental equipment is comprised of modular space and portable storage units held for rent or on rent to customers and VAPS that are in use or available to be used by customers. Rental equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation.
The consolidated statements of cash flows include amounts for the former Tank and Pump segment through September 30, 2022 and the UK Storage Solutions segment through January 31, 2023. See Note 3 to the financial statements for disclosure of significant operating and investing items related to the former Tank and Pump segment and the UK Storage Solutions segment.
At December 31, 2024, we had $1.6 billion of available borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility. Cash Flows The consolidated statements of cash flows include amounts for the UK Storage Solutions segment through January 31, 2023. See Note 3 to the financial statements for disclosure of significant operating and investing items related to the UK Storage Solutions segment.
The increase in cash used in financing activities was driven by an increase of $388.2 million in repurchases of common stock and warrants as well as an increase of $76.6 million in repayment of borrowings, partially offset by a $235.6 million increase in receipts from borrowings. 56 Material cash requirements The Company’s material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations: Debt The Company has outstanding debt related to its ABL Facility, 2025 Secured Notes, 2028 Secured Notes, 2031 Secured Notes and finance leases, including interest, totaling $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2023, $18.8 million of which is obligated to be repaid within the next twelve months.
Material cash requirements The Company’s material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations: Debt The Company has outstanding debt related to its ABL Facility, 2025 Secured Notes, 2028 Secured Notes, 2029, Secured Notes, 2031 Secured Notes, and finance leases, including interest, totaling $3.7 billion as of December 31, 2024, $549.9 million of which is obligated to be repaid within the next twelve months.
The increase in income tax expense was driven by an increase in income from continuing operations before income tax for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. 46 Income from Discontinued Operations: Income from discontinued operations increased $71.4 million to $134.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $63.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The decrease in income tax expense was driven by a decrease in income from continuing operations before income tax for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
The following summarizes our change in cash and cash equivalents for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Net cash from operating activities $ 761,240 $ 744,658 $ 539,902 Net cash from investing activities (350,003) (309,333) (384,047) Net cash from financing activities (418,935) (429,368) (167,887) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 882 (882) (206) Net change in cash and cash equivalents $ (6,816) $ 5,075 $ (12,238) Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and December 31, 2022 and 2021 Cash Flows from operating activities Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $761.2 million as compared to $744.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $16.6 million, or 2%.
The following summarizes our change in cash and cash equivalents for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 561,644 $ 761,240 Net cash used in investing activities (362,348) (350,003) Net cash used in financing activities (200,119) (418,935) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (1,134) 882 Net change in cash and cash equivalents $ (1,957) $ (6,816) 45 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 Cash flows from operating activities Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $561.6 million as compared to $761.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $199.6 million.
Arrangement consideration is allocated between lease deliverables and non-lease components based on the relative estimated selling (leasing) price of each deliverable. Estimated selling (leasing) price of the lease deliverables is based upon the estimated stand-alone selling price of the related performance obligations using an adjusted market approach.
Arrangement consideration is allocated between lease components and non-lease components based on the relative estimated selling (leasing) price of each deliverable. Selling (leasing) price of the 46 lease component is estimated using an adjusted market approach whereby the Company estimates the price that customers in the market would be willing to pay.
Income Tax Expense After the sale of the UK Storage Solutions segment, we are subject to income taxes in the US, Canada, and Mexico. Our overall effective tax rate is affected by a number of factors, such as the relative amounts of income we earn in differing tax jurisdictions, tax law changes, and certain non-deductible expenses such as compensation disallowance.
Our overall effective tax rate is affected by a number of factors, such as the relative amounts of income we earn in differing tax jurisdictions, tax law changes, and certain non-deductible expenses such as compensation disallowance. The rate is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, such as legislative enactments and tax credits.
Storage segment revenue drivers for the year ended December 31, 2023 included: – Portable storage average monthly rental rate of $238 increased 24.0% year over year as a result of our price management tools and processes and early benefits from increased VAPS penetration opportunities, as well as due to higher rates on the acquired climate-controlled containers and refrigerated storage units.
Average portable storage monthly rental rates of $266 represented an increase of $31, or 13.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, as a result of our price management tools and processes, benefits from increased VAPS penetration 41 opportunities, and higher rental rates on the climate-controlled containers acquired in 2024 and the third and fourth quarters of 2023.
We use certain non-GAAP financial metrics to supplement the GAAP reported results to highlight key operational metrics that are used by management to evaluate Company performance. Reconciliations of GAAP financial information to the disclosed non-GAAP measures are provided in the Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures section.
The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the US (“GAAP”). We use certain non-GAAP financial metrics to supplement the GAAP reported results to highlight key operational metrics that are used by management to evaluate Company performance.
Other (Income) Expense, Net: Other (income) expense, net was $6.7 million of income for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $1.7 million of expense for the year ended year ended December 31, 2021.
Other Expense (Income), Net: Other expense, net was $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to other income, net of $15.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The following table provides a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 761,240 $ 744,658 $ 539,902 Purchase of rental equipment and refurbishments (226,976) (443,138) (278,498) Proceeds from sale of rental equipment 51,290 70,703 55,210 Purchase of property, plant and equipment (22,237) (43,664) (30,498) Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment 13,272 1,775 16,911 Free Cash Flow $ 576,589 $ 330,334 $ 303,027 Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview WillScot Mobile Mini is a holding company that derives its operating cash flow from its operating subsidiaries.
The following table provides reconciliations of net cash provided by operating activities to Adjusted Free Cash Flow: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 561,644 $ 761,240 Purchase of rental equipment and refurbishments (280,857) (226,976) Proceeds from sale of rental equipment 63,997 51,290 Purchase of property, plant and equipment (18,435) (22,237) Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment 1,867 13,272 Cash paid for termination fee 180,000 — Cash paid for transaction costs from terminated acquisitions 45,721 — Adjusted Free Cash Flow $ 553,937 $ 576,589 Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview WillScot is a holding company that derives its operating cash flow from its operating subsidiaries.
This MD&A presents the historical financial results of the former Tank and Pump segment and the former UK Storage Solutions segment as discontinued operations for all periods presented. The divestitures of the UK Storage Solutions segment and the former Tank and Pump segment completed the Company's transition of its portfolio to core turnkey temporary space solutions in North America.
On January 31, 2023, the Company completed the sale of its United Kingdom Storage Solutions ("UK Storage Solutions") segment. This MD&A presents the historical financial results of the former UK Storage Solutions segment as discontinued operations for all periods presented.
Average modular space monthly rental rates increased 21.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $682 driven by the continuation of our long-term price optimization initiative and VAPS penetration opportunities across our portfolio. Average modular space units on rent increased by 866 units, or 4.0%, year over year, of which approximately 1,100 was acquisition driven.
Modular space average monthly rental rates increased $86, or 7.8%, to $1,185 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Increases were driven by a continuation of the long-term price optimization and VAPS penetration opportunities.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk — interest-rate, FX, commodity exposure

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Impact of Inflation Similar to many other organizations, we face inflationary pressures across most of our input costs such as building materials, labor, transportation and fuel. Inflation has contributed to increased capital costs for both new units and refurbishment of our existing units.
Impact of Inflation Similar to many organizations, we face inflationary pressures across most of our input costs, such as building materials, labor, transportation and fuel. Inflation contributed to increased capital costs for both new units and refurbishment of our existing units.
Foreign Currency Risk In 2023, we generated approximately 94% of our consolidated net revenues in the US, and the reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the US dollar. However, we are exposed to currency risk through our operations in Canada and Mexico.
Foreign Currency Risk In 2024, we generated approximately 94% of our consolidated net revenues in the US, and the reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the US dollar. However, we are exposed to currency risk through our operations in Canada and Mexico.
After taking into account the impact of the swaps, an increase in interest rates by 100 basis points on our ABL Facility would have increased annual interest expense by approximately $12.1 million based on outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2023 .
After taking into account the impact of the swaps, an increase in interest rates by 100 basis points on our ABL Facility would have increased annual interest expense by approximately $3.3 million based on outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2024 .
We evaluate and manage exposure to these market risks as follows: Interest Rate Risk We are primarily exposed to interest rate risk through our ABL Facility, which bears interest at variable rates. We had $2.0 billion in outstanding principal under the ABL Facility at December 31, 2023 .
We evaluate and manage exposure to these market risks as follows: Interest Rate Risk We are primarily exposed to interest rate risk through our ABL Facility, which bears interest at variable rates. We had $1.6 billion in outstanding principal under the ABL Facility at December 31, 2024 .
The swap agreements provide for us to pay a weighted average effective fixed interest rate of 3.44% per annum and receive a variable interest rate equal to one-month term SOFR, with maturity dates of June 30, 2027.
The January 2024 and January 2023 swap agreements provide for us to pay effective fixed interest rates of 3.70% and 3.44% per annum, respectively, and receive a variable interest rate equal to one-month term SOFR, with maturity dates of June 30, 2027.
However, given our scale and our strong rate performance, we believe we have been able to navigate the inflationary environment well and have consistently driven margin improvements during this period of rising costs. Therefore, we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations. 60
However, given our scale and our strong rate performance, we believe we have been able to navigate the inflationary environment well. Therefore, we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations. 49
In January 2024, we entered into two interest rate swap agreements with financial counterparties relating to $500.0 million in aggregate notional amount of variable-rate debt under our ABL Facility.
To manage interest rate risk, in January 2024 and January 2023, respectively, we executed interest rate swap agreements relating to an aggregate of $500.0 million and $750.0 million in notional amount of variable-rate debt under our ABL Facility.
Removed
To manage interest rate risk, we maintain interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert $750.0 million in aggregate notional amount of variable-rate debt under our ABL Facility into fixed rate debt.
Removed
Under the terms of the agreements, we receive a floating rate equal to one-month term SOFR and will make payments based on a weighted average fixed interest rate of 3.70% on the notional amount.
Removed
The swap agreements were designated and qualified as hedges of our exposure to changes in interest payment cash flows created by fluctuations in variable interest rates on the ABL Facility. The swap agreements terminate on June 30, 2027.

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