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What changed in F&G Annuities & Life, Inc.'s 10-K — 2024 vs 2025

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Paragraph-level year-over-year comparison of F&G Annuities & Life, Inc.'s 2024 and 2025 10-K annual filings, covering the Business, Risk Factors, Legal Proceedings, Cybersecurity, MD&A and Market Risk sections. Every new, removed and edited paragraph is highlighted side-by-side so you can see exactly what management changed in the 2025 report.

+595 added−570 removedSource: 10-K (2026-02-26) vs 10-K (2025-02-28)

Top changes in F&G Annuities & Life, Inc.'s 2025 10-K

595 paragraphs added · 570 removed · 488 edited across 7 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

191 edited+51 added−45 removed240 unchanged
Biggest changeOther community investments include: • Serving as founding partner of the American Council of Life Insurer’s Impact Investments Initiative (“360 Community Capital”) to make housing affordable and sustainable in underserved communities. • Fostering partnerships in the Des Moines community with the Iowa Food Bank and Polk County Housing Trust. • Offering company-wide volunteer events for employees to make an impact locally with organizations such as Rebuilding Together. • Providing employees with 16 hours of paid time off per year for volunteering. • Supporting dozens of other community organizations identified by F&G employees in support of essential needs within the community where they live and work.
Biggest changeOther community investments include: • Serving as founding partner of the American Council of Life Insurer’s 360 Community Capital Initiative to make housing affordable and sustainable in underserved communities. • Fostering partnerships in the Des Moines community with the Iowa Food Bank and Polk County Housing Trust. • Supporting dozens of other community organizations identified by F&G employees in support of essential needs within the community where they live and work. • Supporting Junior Achievement of Central Iowa, helps young people gain the knowledge and skills to own their own economic success, plan for their futures, and make smart academic and economic decisions. • Supporting Ellipsis, which is a care provider for kids and families in Iowa that provides residential care and treatment, counseling and therapy, behavioral health intervention services, care coordination, and family support through volunteering. • Supporting ChildServe which is an organization that improves the health and well-being of thousands of children each year through specialized clinical, home, and community-based programs and services.
BIS, in accordance with our IMAs, has delegated certain investment services to its affiliates, including Blackstone’s Credit, Real Estate Debt and Asset-Based Finance businesses, in each case, pursuant to separate sub-management agreements executed between BIS and each such affiliate.
BIS, in accordance with our IMAs, has delegated certain investment services to its affiliates, including Blackstone’s Credit, Real Estate Debt and Asset-Based Finance businesses, in each case, pursuant to separate sub-management agreements executed between BIS and each such affiliate.
None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relations with our employees to be good. Talent Management F&G’s core values - Collaborative, Authentic, Dynamic and Empowered, coupled with our competitive total rewards philosophy and flexible work environment provide an attractive employee value proposition.
None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. We consider relations with our employees to be good. Talent Management F&G’s core values - Collaborative, Authentic, Dynamic and Empowered, coupled with our competitive total rewards philosophy and flexible work environment provide an attractive employee value proposition.
The Gallup Employee Engagement survey data is our key metric to support strategic decisions on engaging and retaining our talent. Initiatives such as our Employee Resource Groups and our Connection Week program are a few examples of programs that were identified based on our employee engagement data.
The Gallup Employee Engagement survey data is our key metric to support strategic decisions on engaging and retaining our talent. Initiatives such as our Employee Resource Groups and our Connection Week program are a few examples of programs that were identified based on employee engagement data.
State insurance authorities have broad administrative powers over FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance with respect to all aspects of the insurance business, including: • licensing to transact business; • licensing agents; • prescribing which assets and liabilities are to be considered in determining statutory surplus; • regulating premium rates for certain insurance products; • approving policy forms and certain related materials; • requiring insurers and agents to act in the best interests of consumers when making recommendations to purchase annuities, or to determine whether a reasonable basis exists as to the suitability of such investments for consumers; • regulating unfair trade and claims practices; • establishing reserve requirements and solvency standards; • regulating the amount of dividends that may be paid in any year by insurance companies; • regulating the availability of reinsurance or other substitute financing solutions, the terms thereof and the ability of an insurer to take credit on its financial statements for insurance ceded to reinsurers or other substitute financing solutions; • fixing maximum interest rates on life insurance policy loans and minimum accumulation or surrender values; and • regulating the type, amounts, and valuations of investments permitted, transactions with affiliates and other matters. 27 Financial Regulation State insurance laws and regulations require FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance, Raven Re and Corbeau Re to file reports, including financial statements, with state insurance departments in each state in which they do business, and their operations and accounts are subject to examination by those departments at any time.
State insurance authorities have broad administrative powers over FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance with respect to all aspects of the insurance business, including: • licensing to transact business; • licensing agents; • prescribing which assets and liabilities are to be considered in determining statutory surplus; • regulating premium rates for certain insurance products; • approving policy forms and certain related materials; • requiring insurers and agents to act in the best interests of consumers when making recommendations to purchase annuities, or to determine whether a reasonable basis exists as to the suitability of such investments for consumers; • regulating unfair trade and claims practices; • establishing reserve requirements and solvency standards; • regulating the amount of dividends that may be paid in any year by insurance companies; • regulating the availability of reinsurance or other substitute financing solutions, the terms thereof and the ability of an insurer to take credit on its financial statements for insurance ceded to reinsurers or other substitute financing solutions; • fixing maximum interest rates on life insurance policy loans and minimum accumulation or surrender values; and • regulating the type, amounts, and valuations of investments permitted, transactions with affiliates and other matters. 28 Financial Regulation State insurance laws and regulations require FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance, Raven Re and Corbeau Re to file reports, including financial statements, with state insurance departments in each state in which they do business, and their operations and accounts are subject to examination by those departments at any time.
On December 7, 2021, the NAIC assigned to its Macroprudential Working Group, the evaluation of a list of “Regulatory Considerations Applicable (But Not Exclusive) to Private Equity (PE) Owned Insurers.” Included 32 within this list is the consideration of material increases in privately structured securities (both by affiliated and non-affiliated asset managers), which the NAIC says introduces other sources of risk or increases traditional credit risk, such as complexity risk and illiquidity risk.
On December 7, 2021, the NAIC assigned to its Macroprudential Working Group, the evaluation of a list of “Regulatory Considerations Applicable (But Not Exclusive) to Private Equity (PE) Owned Insurers.” Included within this list is the consideration of material increases in privately structured securities (both by affiliated and non-affiliated asset managers), which the NAIC says introduces other sources of risk or increases traditional credit risk, such as complexity risk and illiquidity risk.
See “Risk Factors—Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risk s—Current and emerging developments relating to market conduct standards for the financial industry emerging from the United States Department of Labor’s (“DOL”) implementation of the “fiduciary rule” may over time materially affect our business.” The SECURE 2.0 Act New and recently passed legislation may also impact the industry in which F&G competes.
See “Risk Factors—Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risk s—Current and emerging developments relating to market conduct standards for the financial industry emerging from the United States Department of Labor’s (“DOL”) implementation of the “fiduciary rule” may over time materially affect our business.” 36 The SECURE 2.0 Act New and recently passed legislation may also impact the industry in which F&G competes.
The minimum solvency margin that must be maintained by a Class E insurer is the greater of: (i) $8,000,000; (ii) 2% of first $500,000,000 of assets plus 1.5% of assets above $500,000,000; and (iii) 25% of that insurer’s enhanced capital requirement (“ECR”). An insurer may file an application under the Bermuda Insurance Act to waive the aforementioned requirements.
The minimum solvency margin that must be maintained by a Class E insurer is the greater of: (i) $8,000,000; (ii) 2% of first $500,000,000 of assets plus 1.5% of assets above $500,000,000; and (iii) 25% of that insurer’s 38 enhanced capital requirement (“ECR”). An insurer may file an application under the Bermuda Insurance Act to waive the aforementioned requirements.
The Investment Committee also oversees the relationships with F&G’s Asset Management companies, which includes assessing their sustainability policies and practices for consistency with F&G’s missions and vision. 41 Strategy F&G’s product solutions provide social good by supporting clients to achieve their retirement goals and to improve their financial lives, while protecting against unforeseen events through life insurance policies.
The Investment Committee also oversees the relationships with F&G’s Asset Management companies, which includes assessing their sustainability policies and practices for consistency with F&G’s missions and vision. Strategy F&G’s product solutions provide social good by supporting clients to achieve their retirement goals and to improve their financial lives, while protecting against unforeseen events through life insurance policies.
Bermuda has been awarded full equivalence for commercial insurers under Europe’s Solvency II regime applicable to insurance companies, which regime came into effect on January 1, 2016. 36 Effective January 1, 2020, Bermuda was granted NAIC Reciprocal Jurisdiction status, which makes Bermuda domiciled reinsurers that satisfy certain conditions eligible to be designated as a reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer.
Bermuda has been awarded full equivalence for commercial insurers under Europe’s Solvency II regime applicable to insurance companies, which regime came into effect on January 1, 2016. Effective January 1, 2020, Bermuda was granted NAIC Reciprocal Jurisdiction status, which makes Bermuda domiciled reinsurers that satisfy certain conditions eligible to be designated as a reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer.
Typically, this accumulates for 10 years based on a guaranteed rate of 3% to 8%. Guaranteed withdrawal payments may be stopped and restarted at the election of the contract owner. Some of the FIA contract riders that we offer include an additional death benefit or an increase in benefit amounts under chronic health conditions.
Typically, this accumulates for 10 years based on a guaranteed rate of 3% to 10%. Guaranteed withdrawal payments may be stopped and restarted at the election of the contract owner. Some of the FIA contract riders that we offer include an additional death benefit or an increase in benefit amounts under chronic health conditions.
In addition, the Sub-Manager Fee Agreement has been amended to provide for certain updates thereto, including, among other things, to reflect certain additional asset classes, certain revisions to the applicable sub-manager fee rates in respect of certain existing asset classes and certain revisions to the applicable sub-manager fee 22 rates in respect of assets under management relating to new business of the Company and its subsidiaries generated after March 31, 2023.
In addition, the Sub-Manager Fee Agreement has been amended to provide for certain updates thereto, including, among other things, to reflect certain additional asset classes, certain revisions to the applicable sub-manager fee rates in respect of certain existing asset classes and certain revisions to the applicable sub-manager fee rates in respect of assets under management relating to new business of the Company and its subsidiaries generated after March 31, 2023.
Among other changes, the Inflation Reduction Act introduced a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) 35 on adjusted financial statement income and a 1% excise tax on treasury stock repurchases. These provisions were effective January 1, 2023. For purposes of calculating the adjusted financial statement income, the Company is included in the controlled group of FNF, its parent company.
Among other changes, the Inflation Reduction Act introduced a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) on adjusted financial statement income and a 1% excise tax on treasury stock repurchases. These provisions were effective January 1, 2023. For purposes of calculating the adjusted financial statement income, the Company is included in the controlled group of FNF, its parent company.
F&G and its predecessors have been entering into funding agreements with the FHLB since at least 2004. 17 In June 2021, we established a FABN Program, which is a medium term note program under which funding agreements are issued to a special-purpose trust that issues marketable notes.
F&G and its predecessors have been entering into funding agreements with the FHLB since at least 2004. In June 2021, we established a FABN Program, which is a medium term note program under which funding agreements are issued to a special-purpose trust that issues marketable notes.
The potential funding shortfall will be determined quarterly and, among other items, is impacted by the market value of the assets in the funds withheld account related to the reinsurance agreement and Kubera's capital as calculated on a Bermuda regulatory basis. The NPA matures on November 30, 2071.
The potential funding shortfall will be determined quarterly and, among other items, is impacted by the market value of the assets in the funds 19 withheld account related to the reinsurance agreement and Kubera's capital as calculated on a Bermuda regulatory basis. The NPA matures on November 30, 2071.
On March 10, 2023, the IMAs were amended such that, for assets under management as of March 31, 2023, BIS’s per annum management fees are as follows: • for aggregate assets under management in the F&G Accounts up to $25 billion, 0.26% of such aggregate assets under management; • for aggregate assets under management in the F&G Accounts above $25 billion and up to $34 billion, 0.24% of such aggregate assets under management; and • for aggregate assets under management in the F&G Accounts above $34 billion, .12% of such aggregate assets under management.
On March 10, 2023, the IMAs were amended such that, for assets under management as of March 31, 2023, BIS’s per annum management fees are as follows: • for aggregate assets under management in the F&G Accounts up to $25 billion, 0.26% of such aggregate assets under management; • for aggregate assets under management in the F&G Accounts above $25 billion and up to $34 billion, 0.24% of such aggregate assets under management; and 23 • for aggregate assets under management in the F&G Accounts above $34 billion, .12% of such aggregate assets under management.
The majority of all such equity options are one-year options purchased to match the funding requirements underlying the FIA/IUL contracts. On the anniversary dates of the FIA/IUL contracts, the market index used to compute the annual index credit under the contracts is reset. At such time, we purchase new equity options to fund the next index credit.
The majority of all 15 such equity options are one-year options purchased to match the funding requirements underlying the FIA/IUL contracts. On the anniversary dates of the FIA/IUL contracts, the market index used to compute the annual index credit under the contracts is reset. At such time, we purchase new equity options to fund the next index credit.
Caps (a maximum rate that may be credited) generally range from 1% to 10% when measured annually and 1% to 3% when measured monthly, spreads (a credited rate determined by deducting a specific rate from the index return) generally range from 1% to 3% when measured annually, and participation rates (a credited rate equal to a percentage of index return) generally 15 range from 50% to 250% of the performance of the applicable market index.
Caps (a maximum rate that may be credited) generally range from 1% to 10% when measured annually and 1% to 3% when measured monthly, spreads (a credited rate determined by deducting a specific rate from the index return) generally range from 1% to 3% when measured annually, and participation rates (a credited rate equal to a percentage of index return) generally range from 50% to 250% of the performance of the applicable market index.
Because our subsidiaries can terminate an investment management agreement at any time upon 30 days' notice, it is possible that such a termination by one of our subsidiaries could cause us to be in breach of our obligations under the side letter.
Because our subsidiaries can terminate an investment management agreement at any time upon 30 days' notice, it is possible that such a termination by one of our subsidiaries could cause us to be in breach of our obligations 24 under the side letter.
Market conduct examinations can result in monetary fines or remediation and generally require FGL Insurance to devote significant resources to the management of such examinations. FGL Insurance does not believe that any of the current market conduct examinations it is subject to will result in any fines or remediation orders that will be material to its business.
Market conduct examinations can result in monetary fines or remediation and generally require FGL Insurance to devote significant resources to the management of such examinations. FGL Insurance does not believe that the current market conduct examination it is subject to will result in any fines or remediation orders that will be material to its business.
Among other requirements, the New Fiduciary Rule provides that any person will be an investment advice fiduciary if such person provides investment advice or makes an investment recommendation to a retirement investor (i.e., a plan, a discretionary plan fiduciary, a plan participant or beneficiary, an IRA, an IRA owner or beneficiary, or an IRA fiduciary) for a fee or other compensation, the person makes professional investment recommendations to investors on a regular basis as part of their business, and the recommendation is provided under circumstances that would indicate to a reasonable investor in like circumstances that the recommendation is based on a review of the particular needs or individual investor circumstances of the retirement investor, reflects the application of professional or expert judgment to the retirement investor’s particular needs or individual circumstances, and may be relied upon by the retirement investor as intended to advance the retirement investor’s 34 best interest.
Among other requirements, the New Fiduciary Rule provides that any person will be an investment advice fiduciary if such person provides investment advice or makes an investment recommendation to a retirement investor (i.e., a plan, a discretionary plan fiduciary, a plan participant or beneficiary, an IRA, an IRA owner or 35 beneficiary, or an IRA fiduciary) for a fee or other compensation, the person makes professional investment recommendations to investors on a regular basis as part of their business, and the recommendation is provided under circumstances that would indicate to a reasonable investor in like circumstances that the recommendation is based on a review of the particular needs or individual investor circumstances of the retirement investor, reflects the application of professional or expert judgment to the retirement investor’s particular needs or individual circumstances, and may be relied upon by the retirement investor as intended to advance the retirement investor’s best interest.
Development programs are aligned to the skills and behaviors defined in our F&G Competencies - Think Enterprise 39 Wide, Leverage Data, Center Equity, Communicate with Courage, Be Accountable- and ensure our employees are developing skills that are critical to achieve business goals now and in the future.
Development programs are aligned to the skills and behaviors defined in our F&G Competencies - Think Enterprise Wide, Leverage Data, Center Equity, Communicate with Courage, Be Accountable- and ensure our employees are developing skills that are critical to achieve business goals now and in the future.
As a result, the NAIC has issued several clarifying revisions to the guidance and disclosure requirements for related party and affiliated securities and continues to consider additional proposals and disclosure requirements. In addition, the NAIC continues to refine its application of RBC factors for certain investments.
As a result, the NAIC has issued several clarifying revisions to the 33 guidance and disclosure requirements for related party and affiliated securities and continues to consider additional proposals and disclosure requirements. In addition, the NAIC continues to refine its application of RBC factors for certain investments.
CIMA has broad discretion in its consideration of whether to grant a license and must act in the public interest. CIMA is required by the Cayman 38 Islands Insurance Act to determine whether an applicant is a fit and proper body to be engaged in insurance business.
CIMA has broad discretion in its consideration of whether to grant a license and must act in the public interest. CIMA is required by the Cayman Islands Insurance Act to determine whether an applicant is a fit and proper body to be engaged in insurance business.
Governance Our Company and our Board is committed to sustainable practices to serve our employees, business partners and the community The F&G AC is responsible for overseeing the Company’s sustainability risks. Such risks may include climate risks as a subset of investment risks.
Governance Our Company and our Board is committed to sustainable practices to serve our employees, business partners and the community 42 The F&G AC is responsible for overseeing the Company’s sustainability risks. Such risks may include climate risks as a subset of investment risks.
See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — A financial strength ratings downgrade, potential downgrade, or any other negative action by a rating agency could increase our cost of capital, making it challenging to grow our business, and could hinder our ability to participate in certain market segments, thereby adversely affecting our results of operations and our financial condition ” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 29 See “ Bermuda Regulatory Overview — ECR and Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirements ” for a discussion of Bermuda regulatory requirements that impact F&G Life Re.
See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — A financial strength ratings downgrade, potential downgrade, or any other negative action by a rating agency could increase our cost of capital, making it challenging to grow our business, and could hinder our ability to participate in certain market segments, thereby adversely affecting our results of operations and our financial condition ” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 30 See “ Bermuda Regulatory Overview — ECR and Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirements ” for a discussion of Bermuda regulatory requirements that impact F&G Life Re.
In connection with the reinsurance agreement between FGL 20 Insurance and Corbeau Re, Corbeau Re entered into an excess of loss reinsurance agreement (“XOL”) with Canada Life Barbados Branch to finance the portion of statutory reserves considered to be non-economic.
In connection with the reinsurance agreement between FGL Insurance and Corbeau Re, Corbeau Re entered into an excess of loss reinsurance agreement (“XOL”) with Canada Life Barbados Branch to finance the portion of statutory reserves considered to be non-economic.
PALH markets and sells life insurance and annuity products of various insurance carriers to individuals through a network of agents. Institutional . In 2021, F&G entered two institutional business lines to further diversify our sources of revenue.
PALH markets and sells life insurance and annuity products of various insurance carriers to individuals through a network of agents. 13 Institutional . In 2021, F&G entered two institutional business lines to further diversify our sources of revenue.
As the base contract benefits and GWMB riders are ceded to Somerset, there is sufficient insurance risk present that results in this portion of the reinsurance agreement being accounted for as reinsurance. 19 Everlake Reinsurance Transaction.
As the base contract benefits and GWMB riders are ceded to Somerset, there is sufficient insurance risk present that results in this portion of the reinsurance agreement being accounted for as reinsurance. Everlake Reinsurance Transaction.
To enhance Kubera's ability to pay its obligations under the amended reinsurance agreement, F&G entered into a Variable Note Purchase Agreement (the “NPA”), whereby F&G agreed to fund a note to Kubera to be used to ultimately settle with F&G, with principal increases up to a maximum amount of $300 million, to the extent a potential funding shortfall (treaty assets are less than the total funding requirement) is projected relative to the business ceded to Kubera from F&G as part of the amended reinsurance agreement.
To enhance Kubera's ability to pay its obligations under the amended reinsurance agreement, F&G entered into a Variable Note Purchase Agreement (the “NPA”), whereby F&G agreed to fund a note to Kubera to be used to ultimately settle with F&G, with principal increases up to a maximum amount of $435 million, to the extent a potential funding shortfall (treaty assets are less than the total funding requirement) is projected relative to the business ceded to Kubera from F&G as part of the amended reinsurance agreement.
Statutes, regulations and policies that F&G Cayman Re is subject to may also restrict the ability of F&G Cayman Re to write insurance and reinsurance policies, make certain investments and distribute funds.
Statutes, regulations and policies that F&G Cayman Re is subject to may also restrict the ability of F&G Cayman Re to write insurance and 40 reinsurance policies, make certain investments and distribute funds.
MYGAs are similar to fixed rate annual reset annuities except that the initial crediting rate is guaranteed for a specified number of years before it may be changed at our discretion. As of December 31, 2024, crediting rates on outstanding (i) single-year guaranteed annuities generally ranged from 2% to 6% and (ii) MYGA ranged from 1% to 6%.
MYGAs are similar to fixed rate annual reset annuities except that the initial crediting rate is guaranteed for a specified number of years before it may be changed at our discretion. As of December 31, 2025, crediting rates on outstanding (i) single-year guaranteed annuities generally ranged from 2% to 6% and (ii) MYGA ranged from 1% to 6%.
The coinsurance quota share is only applicable to the base contract benefits under the FIA policies. The yearly renewable term is applicable to the waiver of surrender charges and return of premium.
The coinsurance quota share is applicable to the base contract benefits under the FIA policies and the yearly renewable term is applicable to the waiver of surrender charges and return of premium.
Our investment portfolio is diversified, well positioned and high quality. As of December 31, 2024, 96% of our fixed maturity securities were rated under criteria of the NAIC as NAIC 1 or NAIC 2, the two highest credit rating designations of the NAIC. These assets are managed against what we believe to be prudently underwritten liabilities.
Our investment portfolio is diversified, well positioned and high quality. As of December 31, 2025, 96% of our fixed maturity securities were rated under criteria of the NAIC as NAIC 1 or NAIC 2, the two highest credit rating designations of the NAIC. These assets are managed against what we believe to be prudently underwritten liabilities.
Our Financial Goals Our competitive advantages – product and channel diversification, as well as our strategic partnership with Blackstone – enable us to address a greater share of the markets in which we play. Further, the strength of our distribution partner relationships and pension risk transfer growth strategy has enabled the Company to achieve profitable double digit sales growth.
Our Financial Goals Our competitive advantages – product and channel diversification, as well as our strategic partnership with Blackstone – enable us to address a greater share of the markets in which we play. Further, the strength of our distribution partner relationships and pension risk transfer growth strategy has enabled the Company to achieve profitable sales growth.
As this fee is fixed, the contract holder may lose principal if the index credits received do not exceed the amount of such fee. Approximately 39% of the FIA sales for the year ended December 31, 2024, involved premium bonuses or vesting bonuses. Premium bonuses increase the initial annuity deposit by a specified rate of 2%.
As this fee is fixed, the contract holder may lose principal if the index credits received do not exceed the amount of such fee. Approximately 39% of the FIA sales for the year ended December 31, 2025, involved premium bonuses or vesting bonuses. Premium bonuses increase the initial annuity deposit by a specified rate of 2%.
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no capital contributions were required to be made due to these conditions. As this letter of credit is provided by an unaffiliated financial institution, Raven Re is permitted to carry the letter of credit as an admitted asset on the Raven Re statutory balance sheet. GMWB/GWP Reinsurance Transaction .
As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no capital contributions were required to be made due to these conditions. As this letter of credit is provided by an unaffiliated financial institution, Raven Re is permitted to carry the letter of credit as an admitted asset on the Raven Re statutory balance sheet. GMWB/GWP Reinsurance Transaction .
The average crediting rate on all outstanding fixed rate annuities at December 31, 2024 was 5%. Deferred Annuities - RILA – In early 2024, we entered into the RILA markets. RILAs are similar to FIAs in offering the policyholder the opportunity for tax-deferred growth based in part on the performance of a market index.
The average crediting rate on all outstanding fixed rate annuities at December 31, 2025 was 5%. Deferred Annuities - RILA – In early 2024, we entered into the RILA markets. RILAs are similar to FIAs in offering the policyholder the opportunity for tax-deferred growth based in part on the performance of a market 16 index.
Based on the current level of the treaty assets and projections that these policies will be profitable over the lifetime of the agreement, we do not expect significant fundings to occur under the NPA. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amount funded under the NPA was insignificant. Kubera & Somerset Reinsurance Transactions.
Based on the current level of the treaty assets and projections that these policies will be profitable over the lifetime of the agreement, we do not expect significant fundings to occur under the NPA. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount funded under the NPA was insignificant. Kubera & Somerset Reinsurance Transactions.
FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance, Raven Re and Corbeau Re have filed all of the required opinions with the insurance departments in the states in which they do business. 30 Credit for Reinsurance Regulation States regulate the extent to which insurers are permitted to take credit on their financial statements for the financial obligations that the insurers cede to reinsurers.
FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance, Raven Re and Corbeau Re have filed all of the required opinions with the insurance departments in the states in which they do business. 31 Credit for Reinsurance Regulation States regulate the extent to which insurers are permitted to take credit on their financial statements for the financial obligations that the insurers cede to reinsurers.
The state of California passed two bills that will require certain companies doing businesses in the state to disclose GHG emissions and climate-related financial risk information. Senate Bill 253 (SB 253) requires the annual disclosure of Scope 1, 2 and 3 GHG emissions, with certain GHG emissions data subject to third party assurance.
The state of California passed two bills that will require certain companies doing business in the state to disclose GHG emissions and climate-related financial risk information. Senate Bill 253 (SB 253) requires the annual disclosure of Scope 1, 2 and 3 GHG emissions, with certain GHG emissions data subject to third party assurance.
(“Kubera”), an unaffiliated reinsurer, to cede certain FIA statutory reserves on a coinsurance funds withheld quota share basis, net of applicable existing reinsurance. This agreement has been amended several times to include additional FIA policies, with the latest amendment effective December 1, 2024.
(“Kubera”), an unaffiliated reinsurer, to cede certain FIA statutory reserves on a coinsurance funds withheld quota share basis, net of applicable existing reinsurance. This agreement has been amended several times to include additional FIA policies, with the latest amendment effective December 1, 2025.
As of December 31, 2024, no capital contributions were required to be made due to these conditions. Corbeau Re is permitted to account for the excess of loss reinsurance agreement from Canada Life as an admitted asset on the Corbeau Re statutory balance sheet. PRT Reinsurance Transaction .
As of December 31, 2025, no capital contributions were required to be made due to these conditions. Corbeau Re is permitted to account for the excess of loss reinsurance agreement from Canada Life as an admitted asset on the Corbeau Re statutory balance sheet. PRT Reinsurance Transaction .
On April 23, 2024, following previous attempts to expand fiduciary regulation for advisers, the DOL released a new rule, the New Fiduciary Rule, which significantly broadens the definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and Section 4975 when advisers provide investment recommendations to plans subject to ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code.
On April 23, 2024, following previous attempts to expand fiduciary regulation for advisers, the DOL released a new rule, the “New Fiduciary Rule”, which significantly broadens the definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and Section 4975 when advisers provide investment recommendations to plans subject to ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code.
Effective January 1, 2025, FGL NY Insurance and BIS entered into an IMA pursuant to which BIS is appointed as investment manager of substantially all assets in the general account of FGL NY Insurance . FGL NY Insurance terminated its current IMA with its current investment manager effective December 31, 2024.
Effective January 1, 2025, FGL NY Insur ance and BIS entered into an IMA pursuant to which BIS is appointed as investment manager of substantially all assets in the general account of FGL NY Insurance . FGL NY Insurance terminated its current IMA with its current investment manager effective December 31, 2024.
Leadership Academy is our leadership development program designed to develop the next level of leaders at F&G and enables cross-functional leaders to hone their leadership capability and network with colleagues from across the enterprise. Employee engagement is measured annually through two surveys.
Leadership Academy is our leadership development program designed to develop the next generation of leaders at F&G and enables cross-functional leaders to hone their leadership capability and network with colleagues from across the enterprise. Employee engagement is measured annually through two surveys.
In addition, the insurance laws of Iowa and New York permit a determination of control in circumstances where the thresholds for the presumption of control have not been crossed. Similar laws apply to a direct or indirect change of ownership of Raven Re and 31 Corbeau Re.
In addition, the insurance laws of Iowa and New York permit a determination of control in circumstances where the thresholds for the presumption of control have not been crossed. Similar laws apply to a direct or indirect change of ownership of Raven Re and 32 Corbeau Re.
United States Dep’t of Labor, et al. , held the remaining PTE amendments included in the Final Rule (PTEs 2020-02, 75-1, 77-4, 80-83, 83-1 and 86-128) that were not challenged in Federation of Americans were also stayed, noting that the Northern District fully agreed with the Eastern District’s analysis and decision to stay the effective date of the Final Rule.
United States Dep’t of Labor, et al., held the remaining PTE amendments included in the New Fiduciary Rule (PTEs 2020-02, 75-1, 77-4, 80-83, 83-1 and 86-128) that were not challenged in Federation of Americans were also stayed, noting that the Northern District fully agreed with the Eastern District’s analysis and decision to stay the effective date of the New Fiduciary Rule.
We continue to invest in our life insurance business, focusing our approach to meet the needs of the underserved middle market which we reach largely through Network Marketing Groups (“NMGs”). The middle market segment was the largest in 2023, at 45% of households.
We continue to invest in our life insurance business, focusing our approach to meet the needs of the underserved middle market which we reach largely through Network Marketing Groups (“NMGs”). The middle market segment was the largest in 2025, at 45% of households.
The amended model regulation also requires agents to provide certain disclosures to consumers, obligates insurers to supervise agent compliance with the new requirements, and prohibits sales contests or other incentives based on sales of specific annuities within a limited period of time. Several states have adopted the revised NAIC model regulation, including FGL Insurance’s domiciliary state of Iowa.
The amended model regulation also requires agents to provide certain disclosures to consumers, obligates insurers to supervise agent compliance with the new requirements, and prohibits sales contests or other incentives based on sales of specific annuities within a limited period of time. All 50 states have adopted the revised NAIC model regulation, including FGL Insurance’s domiciliary state of Iowa.
We offer fixed annuities and life insurance products through a network of approximately 22 leading banks and broker-dealers and approximately 300 Independent Marketing Organizations (“IMO”) that provide back-office support for thousands of independent insurance agents. 11 • Winning in high-growth markets. The U.S. retirement and middle markets are growing, and we are both well-established and well-positioned for continued growth.
We offer fixed annuities and life insurance products through a network of approximately 26 leading banks and broker-dealers and approximately 300 Independent Marketing Organizations (“IMO”) that provide back-office support for thousands of independent insurance agents. • Winning in high-growth markets. The U.S. retirement and middle markets are growing, and we are both well-established and well-positioned for continued growth.
Pursuant to the agreed upon terms, Wilton Re purchased through a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement certain FGL Insurance life insurance policies that are subject to redundant reserves, reported on a statutory basis, under Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX, as well as another block of FGL Insurance’s in-force traditional, universal life and IUL insurance policies.
Pursuant to the agreed upon terms, Wilton Re purchased through a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement certain FGL Insurance life insurance policies that are subject to redundant reserves, reported on a statutory basis, under Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX, as well as another block of FGL Insurance’s inforce traditional, universal life and IUL insurance policies.
Effective December 1, 2023, FGL Insurance executed an additional coinsurance funds withheld agreement with Somerset to cede certain flow MYGA business written effective on or after December 1, 2023. As the policies ceded to Somerset are investment contracts, there is no significant insurance risk present and the reinsurance agreements are accounted for as separate investment contracts.
Effective December 1, 2023, FGL Insurance executed an additional coinsurance funds withheld agreement with Somerset to cede certain flow MYGA business written effective on or after December 1, 2023. As the policies ceded to Somerset are investment contracts, there is no significant insurance risk present and these portions of the reinsurance agreements are accounted for as separate investment contracts.
State insurance departments also have the authority to conduct examinations of non-domiciliary insurers that are licensed in their states. The IID last completed a routine financial examination of FGL Insurance for the five year period ending 2022 and found no material deficiencies and proposed no adjustments to the financial statements as filed.
State insurance departments also have the authority to conduct examinations of non-domiciliary insurers that are licensed in their states. The IID last completed a routine financial examination and a market conduct examination of FGL Insurance for the five year period ending December 31, 2022 and found no material deficiencies and proposed no adjustments to the financial statements as filed.
We have long-standing relationships with a broad range of distributors representing nearly 138,000 independent agents and financial advisors, and built on our reputation for transparency and a consistently competitive product portfolio.
We have long-standing relationships with a broad range of distributors representing nearly 187,000 independent agents and financial advisors, and built on our reputation for transparency and a consistently competitive product portfolio.
Owned distribution further strengthens our relationships with key partners and with industry consolidation underway, we believe we are uniquely positioned to partner as a distribution consolidator. We have invested $680 million in owned distribution partners through the following transactions: • In October 2021, we purchased a 30% minority ownership stake in Freedom Equity Group (“FEG”).
Owned distribution further strengthens our relationships with key partners and with industry consolidation underway, we believe we are uniquely positioned to partner as a distribution consolidator. We have invested approximately $700 million in owned distribution partners through the following transactions: • In October 2021, we purchased a 30% minority ownership stake in Freedom Equity Group (“FEG”).
Originally effective January 1, 2017, FGL Insurance has a reinsurance agreement with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America, an unaffiliated reinsurer, to reinsure an in-force block of FGL Insurance’s FIA and fixed rate deferred annuity contracts with GMWB and Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (“GMDB”) guarantees.
Originally effective January 1, 2017, FGL Insurance has a reinsurance agreement with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America, an unaffiliated reinsurer, to reinsure an inforce block of FGL Insurance’s FIA and fixed rate deferred annuity contracts with GMWB and Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (“GMDB”) guarantees.
See “Risk Factors— L egal, Regulatory and Tax Risks —The SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022 may impact our business and the markets in which we compete .” Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”) was signed into law on August 16, 2022.
See “Risk Factors—Legal, Regulatory and Tax Risks —The SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022 may impact our business and the markets in which we compete .” Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”) was signed into law on August 16, 2022.
We offer competitive health care benefit options for medical, dental and vision coverage, as well as a health savings account with an employer contribution. Other benefits offerings include health care and dependent care flexible spending accounts, employee assistance program, lifestyle reimbursements, charitable matching donations, and adoption assistance.
We offer competitive health care benefit options for medical, dental and vision coverage, as well as a health savings account with an employer contribution. Other benefit offerings include health care and dependent care flexible spending accounts, employee assistance programs, lifestyle reimbursements, charitable matching donations, and adoption assistance.
Any failure to meet the applicable requirements or minimum statutory capital requirements could subject it to further examination or corrective action by CIMA, including restrictions on dividend payments, limitations on our writing of additional business or engaging in finance activities, supervision or liquidation. Human Capital Resources As of December 31, 2024, we had 1,338 full-time equivalent employees.
Any failure to meet the applicable requirements or minimum statutory capital requirements could subject it to further examination or corrective action by CIMA, including restrictions on dividend payments, limitations on our writing of additional business or engaging in finance activities, supervision or liquidation. Human Capital Resources As of December 31, 2025, we had 1,173 full-time equivalent employees.
The average surrender charge was 8% for our FIAs and 7% for our fixed rate annuities as of December 31, 2024. A market value adjustment (“MVA”) will also apply in most states to any withdrawal that incurs a surrender charge, subject to certain exceptions.
The average surrender charge was 7% for our FIAs and 7% for our fixed rate annuities as of December 31, 2025. A market value adjustment (“MVA”) will also apply in most states to any withdrawal that incurs a surrender charge, subject to certain exceptions.
Block Transactions Since January 2023, the BMA has required all long-term (life) commercial reinsurers such as F&G Life Re to obtain the prior approval of the BMA for all long-term block reinsurance transactions, which is defined as a block transaction that covers an existing long-term business policy that is written and in force and on the books of the cedant, as of the date of the reinsurance transaction (including pension risk transfer transactions).
Block Transactions Since January 2023, the BMA has required all long-term (life) commercial reinsurers such as F&G Life Re to obtain the prior approval of the BMA for all long-term block reinsurance transactions, which is defined as a block 39 transaction that covers an existing long-term business policy that is written and inforce and on the books of the cedant, as of the date of the reinsurance transaction (including pension risk transfer transactions).
F&G’s management team and over 1,300 employees have a record of long-term success and have delivered impressive results in the last few years.
F&G’s management team and over 1,100 employees have a record of long-term success and have delivered impressive results in the last few years.
We have a disciplined approach for considering new lines of business to enter, the appropriate product/channel mix for achieving our targeted new business profitability, and the management of our capital and in-force liabilities. Further, we target and pursue opportunities that leverage our strengths.
We have a disciplined approach for considering new lines of business to enter, the appropriate product/channel mix for achieving our targeted new business profitability, and the management of our capital and inforce liabilities. Further, we target and pursue opportunities that leverage our strengths.
Workplace Flexibility F&G is committed to providing employees with the opportunities and flexibility they need to succeed, as well as ensuring a culture of belonging and inclusion by: • Providing well rounded benefits that support employees diverse needs such as, domestic partner medical coverage, gender dysphoria services, $50,000 lifetime maximum for infertility services ($35,000 is United Health Care standard), travel & lodging reimbursement for services rendered out-of-state due to state law, Employee Assistance Program including 6 free counseling sessions per person per incident per year, in addition to other emotional health solutions, $10,000 in adoption assistance benefit, parental leave benefits, flexible PTO and lifestyle reimbursements. • Supporting employee training, developing and educating through LinkedIn learning with a wide array of topics (e.g., Using Gender inclusive language, fueling your Company Culture, Inclusive Leadership, Unconscious Bias, etc.), tuition reimbursement, and manager and leadership training. • Hosting educational and developmental events such as, a Mental Awareness and Racial Equity Master Class, a Mental Health panel, and a panel on Neurodiversity. • Recognized for several Cultural Excellence Awards in 2024, 2023 and 2022 through Energage, for excellence in 1) Compensation and Benefits, 2) Leadership, 3) Work-Life Flexibility, 4) Professional Development, 5) Appreciation, 6) Employee Wellbeing, 7) Professional Development and 8) Purpose and Values. 40 Community engagement F&G focuses its community engagement and charitable giving to support essential needs such as food insecurity and housing.
Workplace Flexibility F&G is committed to providing employees with the opportunities and flexibility they need to succeed, as well as ensuring a culture of belonging and inclusion by: 41 • Providing well rounded benefits that support employees diverse needs such as, domestic partner medical coverage, gender dysphoria services, $50,000 lifetime maximum for infertility services ($35,000 is United Health Care standard), travel & lodging reimbursement for services rendered out-of-state due to state law, Employee Assistance Program including 6 free counseling sessions per person per incident per year, in addition to other emotional health solutions, $10,000 in adoption assistance benefit, parental leave benefits, flexible PTO and lifestyle reimbursements. • Supporting employee training, developing and educating through LinkedIn learning with a wide array of topics (e.g., Using Gender inclusive language, fueling your Company Culture, Inclusive Leadership, Unconscious Bias, etc.), tuition reimbursement, and manager and leadership training. • Hosting educational and developmental events such as, a Mental Awareness and Racial Equity Master Class, a Mental Health panel, and a panel on Neurodiversity. • Recognized for several Cultural Excellence Awards in 2025, 2024 and 2023 through Energage, for excellence in 1) Compensation and Benefits, 2) Leadership, 3) Work-Life Flexibility, 4) Professional Development, 5) Appreciation, 6) Employee Wellbeing, 7) Professional Development and 8) Purpose and Values.
In connection with the CARVM reinsurance agreement, FGL Insurance and Raven Re entered into an agreement with Nomura Bank International plc (“NBI”) to establish a reserve financing facility in the form of a letter of credit issued by NBI. The financing facility has $175 million available to draw on as of December 31, 2024.
In connection with the CARVM reinsurance agreement, FGL Insurance and Raven Re entered into an agreement with Nomura Bank International plc (“NBI”) to establish a reserve financing facility in the form of a letter of credit issued by NBI. The financing facility has $150 million available to draw on as of December 31, 2025.
No extraordinary dividends may be paid without prior approval of the IID. In addition, no ordinary dividends may be paid except from the earned profits arising from FGL Insurance’s business, which does not include contributed capital or contributed surplus. 28 In 2024, FGL Insurance did not pay dividends to Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. (“FGLH”).
No extraordinary dividends may be paid without prior approval of the IID. In addition, no ordinary dividends may be paid except from the earned profits arising from FGL Insurance’s business, which does not include contributed capital or contributed surplus. 29 In 2025, FGL Insurance did not pay dividends to Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. (“FGLH”).
This has allowed us to build deep and lasting relationships with both the NMGs and the agents. Since 2019, largely due to our NMG strategy, F&G’s IUL sales growth has far outpaced the industry, with a three-year combined annual growth rate of 46% compared to the industry’s 10%.
This has allowed us to build deep and lasting relationships with both the NMGs and the agents. Since 2019, largely due to our NMG strategy, F&G’s IUL sales growth has far outpaced the industry, with a three-year combined annual growth rate of 24% compared to the industry’s 7%.
New Re Reinsurance Transaction. Effective December 31, 2022, FGL Insurance entered into an indemnity reinsurance agreement with New Reinsurance Company Ltd., an unaffiliated reinsurer and wholly owned subsidiary of Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft in München (d/b/a Munich Re), to cede certain FIA policies. Effective July 1, 2023, this agreement was amended to reinsure additional FIA products.
Effective December 31, 2022, FGL Insurance entered into an indemnity reinsurance agreement with New Reinsurance Company Ltd., an unaffiliated reinsurer and wholly owned subsidiary of Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft in München (d/b/a “Munich Re”), to cede certain FIA policies. Effective July 1, 2023, this agreement was amended to reinsure additional FIA products.
We made compensating adjustments in the commission paid to the agent or the surrender charges on the policy to offset the premium bonus. Approximately 48% of our FIA contracts were issued with a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) rider for the year ended December 31, 2024.
We made compensating adjustments in the commission paid to the agent or the surrender charges on the policy to offset the premium bonus. Approximately 77% of our FIA contracts were issued with a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) rider for the year ended December 31, 2025.
The XOL matures on December 31, 2043, and provides for coverage on losses up to $1,500 million as of December 31, 2024. With Corbeau Re, non-economic reserves were financed through the maturity date of the XOL and statutory reserves are recorded for all risks expected to be incurred after the maturity date of the XOL.
The XOL matures on December 31, 2043, and provides for coverage on losses up to $2,400 million as of December 31, 2024. With Corbeau Re, non-economic reserves were financed through the maturity date of the XOL and statutory reserves are recorded for all risks expected to be incurred after the maturity date of the XOL.
The FSOC monitors systemic risks and may designate insurers offering RILAs as systemically important financial institutions if their activities pose significant risks to the broader economy, subjecting them to enhanced prudential standards and supervision by the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve.
The FSOC monitors systemic risks and may designate insurers offering RILAs, as well as certain other products, as systemically important financial institutions if their activities pose significant risks to the broader economy, subjecting them to enhanced prudential standards and supervision by the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve.
In 2020, F&G launched a set of fixed rate annuity and FIA products to banks and broker-dealers and gained selling agreements with some of the largest banks and broker-dealers in the United States. We offer our products through a network of approximately 22 banks and broker-dealers, representing approximately 12,000 financial advisers.
In 2020, F&G launched a set of fixed rate annuity and FIA products to banks and broker-dealers and gained selling agreements with some of the largest banks and broker-dealers in the United States. We offer our products through a network of approximately 26 banks and broker-dealers, representing approximately 14,000 financial advisers.
Approximately 93% of our $35.6 billion fixed indexed and fixed rate annuities account value are surrender-charge protected and our asset and liability cash flows are well matched. Additionally, our funding agreements, pension risk transfer and immediate annuities are non-surrenderable. • Track record of attracting top talent.
Approximately 93% of our $36.1 billion indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities account value are surrender-charge protected and our asset and liability cash flows are well matched. Additionally, our funding agreements, pension risk transfer and immediate annuities are non-surrenderable. • Track record of attracting top talent.
Pursuant to the limitations described above, it is estimated that FGL Insurance’s maximum ordinary dividend capacity for 2025 is $0.
Pursuant to the limitations described above, it is estimated that FGL Insurance’s maximum ordinary dividend capacity for 2026 is $0.
United States Department of Labor, et al. , (“Federation of Americans”) the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an order staying the effective date of the DOL’s final fiduciary rule (and related amendments to PTE 84-24) that was issued in March 2024.
United States Department of Labor, et al., (“Federation of Americans”) the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “Eastern District of Texas”) issued an order staying the effective date of the DOL’s New Fiduciary Rule (and related amendments to PTE 84-24) that was issued in March 2024.
For the avoidance of doubt, there will be no management fee payable under the IMAs with respect to New AUM. Aggregate fees paid to BIS were $203 million, $194 million and $155 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
For the avoidance of doubt, there will be no management fee payable under the IMAs with respect to New AUM. Aggregate fees paid to BIS were $182 million, $203 million and $194 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Federal and state governments and regulatory bodies may be expected to consider additional or more detailed regulation regarding these subjects and the privacy and security of personal information. The Dodd-Frank Act The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“The Dodd-Frank Act”) established the Federal Insurance Office within the U.S. Department of the Treasury to monitor the insurance industry.
Federal and state governments and regulatory bodies may be expected to consider additional or more detailed regulation regarding these subjects and the privacy and security of personal information. The Dodd-Frank Act The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“The Dodd-Frank Act”) established the Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the U.S.
Our competitive asset management advantage through Blackstone allows us to have very competitive offerings in our spread lending products as well as in the PRT market, while still meeting our internal pricing targets. • In addition to our funding agreement business with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, (“FHLB”), we now offer the proven ability to originate Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”), a $210 billion market.
Our competitive asset management advantage through Blackstone allows us to have very competitive offerings in our spread lending products as well as in the PRT market, while still meeting our internal pricing targets. • In addition to our funding agreement business with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, (“FHLB”), we originate Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”), a $276 billion market.
In these retail markets F&G ranks: (i) 5th and 11th in FIA sales in the IMO and bank channels and 7th in FIA industry sales; (ii) 7th and 4th in MYGA sales in the broker-dealer and bank channels and 6th in MYGA industry sales; and (iii) 5th in IUL sales in the IMO channel, 4th in the number of IUL policies sold and 6th in IUL industry sales, in each case, for the year to date as of September 30, 2024, as sourced from Wink’s Sales and Market Report.
In these retail markets F&G ranks: (i) 5th and 10th in FIA sales in the IMO and bank channels and 6th in FIA industry sales; (ii) 9th and 7th in MYGA sales in the broker-dealer and bank channels and 11th in MYGA industry sales; and (iii) 5th in IUL sales in the IMO channel, 8th in the number of IUL policies sold and 7th in IUL industry sales, in each case, for the year to date as of September 30, 2025, as sourced from Wink’s Sales and Market Report.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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Biggest changeIn addition, our investments could be adversely affected as a result of deteriorating financial and business conditions affecting the issuers of the securities in our investment portfolio. As of December 31, 2024, current economic conditions, including high inflation rates, have not adversely affected our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Biggest changeIn addition, the use or threatened use of tariffs by the current administration may cause disruptions in global trade, which could negatively impact clients that we serve and reduce demand for our services. 55 In addition, our investments could be adversely affected as a result of deteriorating financial and business conditions affecting the issuers of the securities in our investment portfolio.
While these acquisitions are intended to diversify our earnings, they present several risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Successfully integrating acquisitions into our existing operations involves significant challenges such as integrating IT systems, consolidating GAAP financials, aligning organizational cultures, and retaining key 51 personnel.
While these acquisitions are intended to diversify our 51 earnings, they present several risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Successfully integrating acquisitions into our existing operations involves significant challenges such as integrating IT systems, consolidating GAAP financials, aligning organizational cultures, and retaining key personnel.
Among other requirements, the New Fiduciary Rule provides that any person will be an investment advice fiduciary if such person provides investment advice or makes an investment recommendation to a retirement investor (i.e., a plan, a discretionary plan fiduciary, a plan participant or beneficiary, an IRA, an IRA owner or 61 beneficiary, or an IRA fiduciary) for a fee or other compensation, the person makes professional investment recommendations to investors on a regular basis as part of their business, and the recommendation is provided under circumstances that would indicate to a reasonable investor in like circumstances that the recommendation is based on a review of the particular needs or individual investor circumstances of the retirement investor, reflects the application of professional or expert judgment to the retirement investor’s particular needs or individual circumstances, and may be relied upon by the retirement investor as intended to advance the retirement investor’s best interest.
Among other requirements, the New Fiduciary Rule provides that any person will be an investment advice fiduciary if such person provides investment advice or makes an investment recommendation to a retirement investor (i.e., a plan, a discretionary plan fiduciary, a plan participant or beneficiary, an IRA, an IRA owner or beneficiary, or an IRA fiduciary) for a fee or other compensation, the person makes professional investment recommendations to investors on a regular basis as part of their business, and the recommendation is provided under circumstances that would indicate to a reasonable investor in like circumstances that the recommendation is based on a review of the particular needs or individual investor circumstances of the retirement investor, reflects the application of professional or expert judgment to the retirement investor’s particular needs or individual circumstances, and may be relied upon by the retirement investor as intended to advance the retirement investor’s best interest.
As described in the Certificate of Designations, subject to certain exceptions, so long as any share of FNF Preferred Stock remains outstanding, no dividend or distribution will be declared or paid on shares of the Company’s common stock, or any other class or series of stock ranking junior to the FNF Preferred Stock, and no common stock or any other class or series of stock ranking junior to or on parity with the FNF Preferred Stock will be purchased, redeemed, or otherwise acquired for consideration by the Company or any of its subsidiaries unless, in each case, all accumulated and unpaid dividends for all preceding dividend periods have been declared and paid in cash, shares of common stock or a combination thereof, or a sufficient sum of cash or number of shares of common stock has been set aside for the payment of such dividends, on all outstanding shares of FNF Preferred Stock.
As described in the Certificate of Designations, subject to certain exceptions, so long as any share of FNF Preferred Stock remains outstanding, no dividend or distribution will be declared or paid on shares of the Company’s common stock, or any other class or series of stock ranking junior to the FNF Preferred Stock, and no common stock or any other class or series of stock ranking junior to or on parity with the FNF Preferred Stock will be purchased, redeemed, or otherwise acquired for consideration by the Company or any of its subsidiaries unless, in each case, all accumulated and unpaid dividends for all preceding dividend periods have been declared and paid in cash, shares of common stock or a combination thereof, or a sufficient sum of cash or number of shares of common stock has been 74 set aside for the payment of such dividends, on all outstanding shares of FNF Preferred Stock.
In addition, when dividends on shares of the FNF Preferred Stock (i) have not been declared and paid in full on any dividend payment date (or, in the case of any parity stock having dividend payment dates different from such dividend payment dates, on a dividend payment date falling within a regular dividend period related to such dividend payment date), or (ii) 73 have been declared but a sum of cash or number of shares of common stock sufficient for payment thereof has not been set aside for the benefit of the holders thereof on the applicable regular record date, no dividends may be declared or paid on any parity stock unless dividends are declared on the shares of FNF Preferred Stock such that the respective amounts of such dividends declared on the shares of FNF Preferred Stock and such shares of parity stock shall be allocated pro rata among the holders of the shares of FNF Preferred Stock and the holders of any shares of parity stock then outstanding.
In addition, when dividends on shares of the FNF Preferred Stock (i) have not been declared and paid in full on any dividend payment date (or, in the case of any parity stock having dividend payment dates different from such dividend payment dates, on a dividend payment date falling within a regular dividend period related to such dividend payment date), or (ii) have been declared but a sum of cash or number of shares of common stock sufficient for payment thereof has not been set aside for the benefit of the holders thereof on the applicable regular record date, no dividends may be declared or paid on any parity stock unless dividends are declared on the shares of FNF Preferred Stock such that the respective amounts of such dividends declared on the shares of FNF Preferred Stock and such shares of parity stock shall be allocated pro rata among the holders of the shares of FNF Preferred Stock and the holders of any shares of parity stock then outstanding.
Many factors could cause the market price of our common stock to rise and fall, including the following: • our business profile and market capitalization may not fit the investment objectives of current shareholders, causing a shift in our investor base, and our common stock may not be included in some indices causing certain holders to sell their common stock; • our announcements or our competitors’ announcements regarding new products or services, significant contracts, acquisitions or strategic investments; • fluctuations in our quarterly or annual financial results or the quarterly or annual financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us; • the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock; 72 • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results; • changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts or our ability to meet those estimates; • the operating and stock price performance of other comparable companies; • investors’ general perception of us and our industry; • changes to the regulatory and legal environment under which we operate; • changes in general economic and market conditions; • changes in industry conditions; • changes in regulatory and other dynamics; and • the other factors described in this “ Risk Factors ” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Many factors could cause the market price of our common stock to rise and fall, including the following: • our business profile and market capitalization may not fit the investment objectives of current shareholders, causing a shift in our investor base, and our common stock may not be included in some indices causing certain holders to sell their common stock; • our announcements or our competitors’ announcements regarding new products or services, significant contracts, acquisitions or strategic investments; 73 • fluctuations in our quarterly or annual financial results or the quarterly or annual financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us; • the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock; • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results; • changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts or our ability to meet those estimates; • the operating and stock price performance of other comparable companies; • investors’ general perception of us and our industry; • changes to the regulatory and legal environment under which we operate; • changes in general economic and market conditions; • changes in industry conditions; • changes in regulatory and other dynamics; and • the other factors described in this “ Risk Factors ” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Under a NPA with Kubera, in which we are a noteholder, and capital keep-well agreements with our reinsurance subsidiary, F&G Cayman Re, there is an obligation to provide financing to the extent of a funding shortfall on a reserve note facility. Adverse market conditions have affected and continue to affect the availability and cost of capital from external sources.
Under a NPA with Kubera, in which we are a noteholder, and capital keep-well agreements with our reinsurance subsidiary, F&G Cayman Re, there is an obligation to provide financing to the extent of a funding shortfall on a reserve note facility. Adverse market conditions have affected and continue to 46 affect the availability and cost of capital from external sources.
In the event our assets are not sufficient to meet our redemption obligations, this could have a significant adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, growth and ability to accomplish our strategic objectives. 65 We may be the target of future litigation, law enforcement investigations or increased scrutiny which may negatively affect our operations or financial strength or reduce profitability.
In the event our assets are not sufficient to meet our redemption obligations, this could have a significant adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, growth and ability to accomplish our strategic objectives. We may be the target of future litigation, law enforcement investigations or increased scrutiny which may negatively affect our operations or financial strength or reduce profitability.
In addition, because BIS is 54 compensated based solely on our assets which it manages, rather than by investment return targets, BIS is not directly incentivized to maximize investment return targets. Accordingly, there can be no guarantee that BIS will be able to achieve, or seek to achieve, any particular returns for our investment portfolio in the future.
In addition, because BIS is compensated based solely on our assets which it manages, rather than by investment return targets, BIS is not directly incentivized to maximize investment return targets. Accordingly, there can be no guarantee that BIS will be able to achieve, or seek to achieve, any particular returns for our investment portfolio in the future.
Please refer to “ Business-Regulation of F&G ” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on the impact of regulations on our business. Our business is subject to government regulation in each of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business and regulators have broad administrative and discretionary authority over our business and business practices.
Please refer to “ Business-Regulation of F&G ” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on the impact of regulations on our business. 60 Our business is subject to government regulation in each of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business and regulators have broad administrative and discretionary authority over our business and business practices.
However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and the provisions 69 could delay or prevent an acquisition that our Board determines is not in the best interests of us and our shareholders. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.
However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and the provisions could delay or prevent an acquisition that our Board determines is not in the best interests of us and our shareholders. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.
Such a requirement could be the result of 67 investment losses, reserve charges, adverse operating conditions in the current economic environment or changes in interpretation of statutory accounting requirements by regulators. Risks Related to the Separation and Distribution and our Status as a Subsidiary of Fidelity National Financial, Inc.
Such a requirement could be the result of investment losses, reserve charges, adverse operating conditions in the current economic environment or changes in interpretation of statutory accounting requirements by regulators. Risks Related to the Separation and Distribution and our Status as a Subsidiary of Fidelity National Financial, Inc.
If we cannot maintain adequate capital for our 46 insurance subsidiaries, or if we are obligated to provide capital contributions in the event of funding shortfalls, we may be required to limit growth in sales of new policies which could materially adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.
If we cannot maintain adequate capital for our insurance subsidiaries, or if we are obligated to provide capital contributions in the event of funding shortfalls, we may be required to limit growth in sales of new policies which could materially adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.
Our invested assets and derivative financial instruments are subject to risks of credit defaults and changes in market values. Periods of extreme volatility or disruption in the financial and credit markets could increase these risks. Changes in interest rates and credit spreads could cause market price and cash flow variability in the fixed income instruments in our investment portfolio.
Our invested assets and derivative financial instruments are subject to risks of credit defaults and changes in market values. Periods of extreme volatility or disruption in the financial and credit markets could increase these 56 risks. Changes in interest rates and credit spreads could cause market price and cash flow variability in the fixed income instruments in our investment portfolio.
RBC ratios may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors, most of which are outside of the control of each of our insurance subsidiaries, including, but not limited to, the following: • the amount of statutory income or losses generated by such insurance subsidiary (which itself is sensitive to equity market and credit market conditions); • the amount of additional capital such insurance subsidiary must hold to support business growth and changes to the RBC calculation methodologies; 63 • changes in statutory accounting or reserve requirements applicable to such insurance subsidiary; • such insurance subsidiary’s ability to access capital markets to provide reserve relief; • changes in equity market levels, interest rates, and market volatility; • the value of certain fixed-income and equity securities in such insurance subsidiary’s investment portfolio; • changes in the credit ratings of investments held in such insurance subsidiary’s portfolio; and • the value of certain derivative instruments.
RBC ratios may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors, most of which are outside of the control of each of our insurance subsidiaries, including, but not limited to, the following: • the amount of statutory income or losses generated by such insurance subsidiary (which itself is sensitive to equity market and credit market conditions); 64 • the amount of additional capital such insurance subsidiary must hold to support business growth and changes to the RBC calculation methodologies; • changes in statutory accounting or reserve requirements applicable to such insurance subsidiary; • such insurance subsidiary’s ability to access capital markets to provide reserve relief; • changes in equity market levels, interest rates, and market volatility; • the value of certain fixed-income and equity securities in such insurance subsidiary’s investment portfolio; • changes in the credit ratings of investments held in such insurance subsidiary’s portfolio; and • the value of certain derivative instruments.
If there is a delay in our third-party providers’ introduction of our new products or if our third-party providers are unable to service our customers appropriately, we may experience a loss of 50 business that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If there is a delay in our third-party providers’ introduction of our new products or if our third-party providers are unable to service our customers appropriately, we may experience a loss of business that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, future adoption of more restrictive privacy laws, rules or industry security requirements by federal or state 52 regulatory bodies or by a specific industry in which we do business could have an adverse impact on us through increased costs or restrictions on business processes.
In addition, future adoption of more restrictive privacy laws, rules or industry security requirements by federal or state regulatory bodies or by a specific industry in which we do business could have an adverse impact on us through increased costs or restrictions on business processes.
Consequently, persons considering an investment in our common stock (our voting securities) should also take into consideration their ownership of FNF voting securities and consult their own legal advisors regarding such insurance holding company laws relating to the purchase and ownership of our common stock in light of their particular circumstances. 71 Our amended and restated bylaws contain an exclusive forum provision that could limit our shareholders’ ability to choose a judicial forum that they find favorable for certain disputes with us or our directors, officers, shareholders, employees or agents, and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.
Consequently, persons considering an investment in our common stock (our voting securities) should also take into consideration their ownership of FNF voting securities and consult their own legal advisors regarding such insurance holding company laws relating to the purchase and ownership of our common stock in light of their particular circumstances. 72 Our amended and restated bylaws contain an exclusive forum provision that could limit our shareholders’ ability to choose a judicial forum that they find favorable for certain disputes with us or our directors, officers, shareholders, employees or agents, and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.
We are exposed to liquidity risk, which is the risk that we are unable to meet near-term obligations as they come due. Liquidity risk is a manifestation of events that are driven by other risk types, including market, insurance, investment or operational risks.
We are exposed to liquidity risk, which is the risk that we are unable to meet near-term obligations as they come due. 58 Liquidity risk is a manifestation of events that are driven by other risk types, including market, insurance, investment or operational risks.
Our ownership stakes also expose us to financial risks, including the potential for impairment of goodwill or intangible assets if these entities underperform, as well as regulatory and 59 compliance risks related to licensing and fiduciary standards.
Our ownership stakes also expose us to financial risks, including the potential for impairment of goodwill or intangible assets if these entities underperform, as well as regulatory and compliance risks related to licensing and fiduciary standards.
Further, depending on business and regulatory conditions, we may in the future need to retain cash in our subsidiaries or even contribute cash to one or more of them in order to maintain their ratings or their statutory capital position.
Further, depending on business and regulatory 68 conditions, we may in the future need to retain cash in our subsidiaries or even contribute cash to one or more of them in order to maintain their ratings or their statutory capital position.
Additionally, customers may turn to our competitors as a result of our or our client’s failure, or perceived failure, to deliver on customer expectations, product or service flaws, technology issues, gaps in operational support or other issues affecting customer 49 experience.
Additionally, customers may turn to our competitors as a result of our or our client’s failure, or perceived failure, to deliver on customer expectations, product or service flaws, technology issues, gaps in operational support or other issues affecting customer experience.
Please refer to “ Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Business Trends and Conditions ” for additional details on economic conditions and market conditions that may impact our business. 55 Our investments are subject to geopolitical risk.
Please refer to “ Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Business Trends and Conditions ” for additional details on economic conditions and market conditions that may impact our business. Our investments are subject to geopolitical risk.
We and our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capitalization requirements based on RBC formulas for life insurance companies that establish capital requirements relating to insurance, business, asset, interest rate and certain other risks.
We and our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capitalization requirements based on RBC formulas for life insurance companies that establish capital requirements relating to insurance, business, asset, interest rate 61 and certain other risks.
A shift away from life insurance and annuity products could 64 reduce FGL Insurance’s and FGL NY Insurance’s income from the sale of such products, as well as the assets upon which FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance earn investment income.
A shift away from life insurance and annuity products could reduce FGL Insurance’s and FGL NY Insurance’s income from the sale of such products, as well as the assets upon which FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance earn investment income.
As of December 31, 2024, the amount funded under the note agreement was insignificant; and • limiting our ability to hedge index risk inherent in the products offered due to Additional Termination Event (“ATE”) provisions in our ISDA/Credit Support Annex (“CSA”), which could allow counterparties to opt not to trade with us should our rating fall below a certain threshold.
As of December 31, 2025, the amount funded under the note agreement was insignificant; and • limiting our ability to hedge index risk inherent in the products offered due to Additional Termination Event (“ATE”) provisions in our ISDA/Credit Support Annex (“CSA”), which could allow counterparties to opt not to trade with us should our rating fall below a certain threshold.
Factors such as consumer spending, business investment, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, investor and consumer confidence, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, inflation levels, changes in trade policy, tariffs and trade sanctions on goods, trade wars, United States-China relations and supply chain disruptions all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the amount and profitability of our business.
Factors such as consumer spending, business investment, government spending, potential government shutdowns, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, investor and consumer confidence, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, inflation levels, changes in trade policy, tariffs and trade sanctions on goods, trade wars, United States-China relations and supply chain disruptions all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the amount and profitability of our business.
If we do not have agreements with other providers for these services once certain Transaction Agreements expire or terminate, we may not be able to operate our business effectively, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. 70 In connection with the separation and distribution, FNF has agreed to indemnify us for certain liabilities, and we have agreed to indemnify FNF for certain liabilities.
If we do not have agreements with other providers for these services once certain Transaction Agreements expire or terminate, we may not be able to operate our business effectively, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. 71 In connection with the separation and distribution, FNF has agreed to indemnify us for certain liabilities, and we have agreed to indemnify FNF for certain liabilities.
If the value of the eligible securities declines significantly, and there is no available eligible security collateral in the portfolio, we may need to supplement the collateral account with cash. • Kubera NPA: we issued a variable note purchase agreement to Kubera for which we may be liable to fund any shortfall in Kubera’s ability to pay its obligations under the amended reinsurance agreement with FGL Insurance, assuring such principal up to $300 million is timely paid. 58 • Holding Company Liquidity: as a holding company, we are required to make interest and expense payments to satisfy obligations.
If the value of the eligible securities declines significantly, and there is no available eligible security collateral in the portfolio, we may need to supplement the collateral account with cash. • Kubera NPA: we issued a variable note purchase agreement to Kubera for which we may be liable to fund any shortfall in Kubera’s ability to pay its obligations under the amended reinsurance agreement with FGL Insurance, assuring such principal up to $435 million is timely paid. • Holding Company Liquidity: as a holding company, we are required to make interest and expense payments to satisfy obligations.
In addition, a significant number of our employees continue to work from home and we believe this will continue into 2025 and future years. The remote work environment puts greater demands on our technological systems, puts us at greater risk of cybersecurity incidents and adds complexity to our programs that are designed to protect private data.
In addition, a significant number of our employees continue to work from home and we believe this will continue into 2026 and future years. The remote work environment puts greater demands on our technological systems, puts us at greater risk of cybersecurity incidents and adds complexity to our programs that are designed to protect private data.
We have developed and maintain ALM programs and procedures that are, we believe, designed to mitigate interest rate risk by matching asset cash flows to expected liability cash flows, and robust inflows provide additional opportunities to allocate in force assets in support of news business, further mitigating potential losses due to disintermediation risk.
We have developed and maintain ALM programs and procedures that are, we believe, designed to mitigate interest rate risk by matching asset cash flows to expected liability cash flows, and robust inflows provide additional opportunities to allocate inforce assets in support of news business, further mitigating potential losses due to disintermediation risk.
We also had an unsecured revolving credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, the lenders ( the “Lenders”) and guarantors party there-to and the other parties there-to (the “Credit Agreement”), which had no balance outstanding and $750 million of borrowing availability at December 31, 2024.
We also had an unsecured revolving credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, the lenders ( the “Lenders”) and guarantors party there-to and the other parties there-to (the “Credit Agreement”), which had no balance outstanding and $750 million of borrowing availability at December 31, 2025.
On April 23, 2024, following previous attempts to expand fiduciary regulation for advisers, the DOL released a new rule, the New Fiduciary Rule, which significantly broadens the definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and Section 4975 when advisers provide investment recommendations to plans subject to ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code.
On April 23, 2024, following previous attempts to expand fiduciary regulation for advisers, the DOL released a new rule, the “New Fiduciary Rule”, which significantly broadens the definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and Section 4975 when advisers provide investment recommendations to plans subject to ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code.
As of December 31, 2024, current economic conditions, including higher interest rates, have not adversely affected our business, results of operations and financial condition. However, we cannot predict if it will impact our business, results of operations and financial condition in the future for the forgoing reasons.
As of December 31, 2025, current economic conditions, including higher interest rates, have not adversely affected our business, results of operations and financial condition. However, we cannot predict if it will impact our business, results of operations and financial condition in the future for the forgoing reasons.
FNF is our principal shareholder and retains significant rights with respect to our governance and certain corporate actions. In certain cases, FNF may have interests which differ from our other shareholders. FNF owns approximately 85% of our outstanding common stock and 5,000,000 shares of our FNF Preferred Stock.
FNF is our principal shareholder and retains significant rights with respect to our governance and certain corporate actions. In certain cases, FNF may have interests which differ from our other shareholders. FNF owns approximately 70% of our outstanding common stock and 5,000,000 shares of our FNF Preferred Stock.
United States Dep’t of Labor, et al. , held the remaining PTE amendments included in the Final Rule (PTEs 2020-02, 75-1, 77-4, 80-83, 83-1 and 86-128) that were not challenged in Federation of Americans were also stayed, noting that the Northern District fully agreed with the Eastern District’s analysis and decision to stay the effective date of the Final Rule.
United States Dep’t of Labor, et al., held the remaining PTE amendments included in the New Fiduciary Rule (PTEs 2020-02, 75-1, 77-4, 80-83, 83-1 and 86-128) that were not challenged in Federation of Americans were also stayed, noting that the Northern District fully agreed with the Eastern District’s analysis and decision to stay the effective date of the New Fiduciary Rule.
Evaluating this asset’s recoverability requires us to make estimates and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our reporting unit. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no goodwill impairment charge was recorded.
Evaluating this asset’s recoverability requires us to make estimates and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our reporting unit. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, no goodwill impairment charge was recorded.
In the event of a withdrawal or downgrade of our S&P issuer credit rating to BB or lower, we are required to fund a note issued by a reinsurance counterparty up to $300 million.
In the event of a withdrawal or downgrade of our S&P issuer credit rating to BB or lower, we are required to fund a note issued by a reinsurance counterparty up to $435 million.
In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, negative investor sentiment and lower consumer spending, the demand for our insurance products could be adversely affected. Under such conditions, we may also experience an elevated incidence of policy lapses, policy loans, withdrawals and surrenders.
In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, negative investor sentiment and lower consumer spending, the demand for our insurance products could be adversely affected. Under such conditions, we may also experience increased pricing pressures and an elevated incidence of policy lapses, policy loans, withdrawals and surrenders.
The redemption of our preferred stock may require a significant amount of cash and may result in adverse tax consequences. We have 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024 .
The redemption of our preferred stock may require a significant amount of cash and may result in adverse tax consequences. We have 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2025 .
Further, FNF may, from time to time, acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us, and FNF may either directly, or through affiliates, also maintain business 68 relationships with companies that may directly compete with us.
Further, FNF may, from time to time, acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us, and FNF may either directly, or through affiliates, also maintain business 69 relationships with companies that may directly compete with us.
The District Court, in part relying on the Supreme Court’s recent ruling in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo , found that the plaintiffs (primarily insurance agents) were likely to succeed on their arguments that the Final Rule improperly expanded the definition of an “investment advice fiduciary” under ERISA.
The District Court, in part relying on the Supreme Court’s recent ruling in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo , found that the plaintiffs (primarily insurance agents) were likely to succeed on their arguments that the New Fiduciary Rule improperly expanded the definition of an “investment advice fiduciary” under ERISA.
As of December 31, 2024, our ratings exceeded the ATE threshold in our ISDA/CSAs. We may face losses if our actual experience differs significantly from our reserving assumptions.
As of December 31, 2025, our ratings exceeded the ATE threshold in our ISDA/CSAs. We may face losses if our actual experience differs significantly from our reserving assumptions.
United States Department of Labor, et al. , (“Federation of Americans”) the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an order staying the effective date of the DOL’s final fiduciary rule (and related amendments to PTE 84-24) that was issued in March 2024.
United 62 States Department of Labor, et al., (“Federation of Americans”) the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an order staying the effective date of the DOL’s New Fiduciary Rule (and related amendments to PTE 84-24) that was issued in March 2024.
The Credit Agreement imposes operating and financial restrictions, including financial covenants, and the Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the 6.250% F&G Notes, the 6.50% F&G Notes, the 7.95% F&G Notes, the 7.40% F&G Notes and the 5.50% F&G Notes impose limitations.
The Credit Agreement imposes operating and financial restrictions, including financial covenants, and the Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the 6.250% F&G Notes, the 6.50% F&G Notes, the 7.95% F&G Notes, the 7.40% F&G Notes and the 7.300% F&G Notes impose limitations.
As of December 31, 2024, we also maintained approximately 21% of the assets in our investment portfolio in floating rate investments. We have executed some variable interest rate credit agreements, floating rate funding agreements and pay-float and receive-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce market risks from interest rate changes on our earnings associated with our floating rate investments.
As of December 31, 2025, we also maintained approximately 24% of the assets in our investment portfolio in floating rate investments. We have executed some variable interest rate credit agreements, floating rate funding agreements and pay-float and receive-fixed interest rate swaps to reduce market risks from interest rate changes on our earnings associated with our floating rate investments.
We may adopt and integrate generative artificial intelligence tools into our systems for specific use cases reviewed by legal and information security.
We have and may adopt and integrate artificial intelligence tools into our systems for specific use cases reviewed by legal and information security.
At December 31, 2024, we had outstanding (i) $500 million in aggregate principal balance of our 6.250% F&G Senior Notes due 2034 (the “6.250% F&G Notes”), (ii) $550 million in aggregate principal of our 6.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (the 6.50% F&G Notes”), (iii) $345 million in aggregate principal of our 7.95% Senior Notes due 2053 (the “7.95% F&G Notes”), (iv) $500 million in aggregate principal of our 7.40% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “7.40% F&G Notes”) and (v) $300 million in aggregate principal of our 5.50% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “5.50% F&G Notes”).
At December 31, 2025, we had outstanding (i) $500 million in aggregate principal balance of our 6.250% F&G Senior Notes due 2034 (the “6.250% F&G Notes”), (ii) $550 million in aggregate principal of our 6.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (the 6.50% F&G Notes”), (iii) $345 million in aggregate principal of our 7.95% Senior Notes due 2053 (the “7.95% F&G Notes”), (iv) $500 million in aggregate principal of our 7.40% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “7.40% F&G Notes”) and (v) $375 million in aggregate principal of our 7.300% Senior Notes due 2065 (the “7.300% F&G Notes”).
As a result, the Final Rule’s original effective date of September 23, 2024 has been delayed until further notice. In addition, on July 26, 2024, a companion case to Federation of Americans filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, American Council of Life Insurers, et al. v.
As a result, the New Fiduciary Rule’s original effective date of September 23, 2024 was delayed until further notice. In addition, on July 26, 2024, a companion case to Federation of Americans filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, American Council of Life Insurers, et al. v.
Higher interest rates have decreased the fair value of our investment security portfolio, primarily our fixed maturity securities, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, resulting in our AOCI being a loss of $1.9 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively.
Higher interest rates have decreased the fair value of our investment security portfolio, primarily our fixed maturity securities, as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, resulting in our AOCI being a loss of $1.5 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively.
On September 20, 2024, the DOL appealed both rulings to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. On February 11, 2025, the DOL filed an unopposed motion to hold the appeals in abeyance to allow new agency officials time to become familiar with the issues in these cases and determine how they wish to proceed.
On September 20, 2024, the DOL appealed both rulings to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. In early 2025, the DOL filed successive unopposed motions to hold the appeals in abeyance to allow new agency officials time to become familiar with the issues in these cases and determine how they wish to proceed.
Certain other provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws may be considered to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay or prevent a tender offer or other corporate transaction that a shareholder might consider to be in its best interest, including those transactions that might result in payment of a premium over the market price for our shares.
These provisions apply even if an offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders. 70 Certain other provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws may be considered to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay or prevent a tender offer or other corporate transaction that a shareholder might consider to be in its best interest, including those transactions that might result in payment of a premium over the market price for our shares.
If we do not maintain an effective outsourcing strategy or third-party providers do not perform as contracted, we may experience operational difficulties, increased costs and a loss of business that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our business could be interrupted or compromised if we experience difficulties arising from outsourcing relationships. 50 If we do not maintain an effective outsourcing strategy or third-party providers do not perform as contracted, we may experience operational difficulties, increased costs and a loss of business that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our top five states for the distribution of our products were Florida, California, Pennsylvania, Texas and Ohio, which together accounted for 38.7% of our premiums. Any adverse economic developments or catastrophes in these states could have an adverse impact on our business.
For the year ended December 31, 2025, our top five states for the distribution of our products were California, Florida, Pennsylvania, Texas and New Jersey, which together accounted for 40% of our premiums. Any adverse economic developments or catastrophes in these states could have an adverse impact on our business.
Natural and man-made catastrophes, pandemics (including COVID-19) present risks that could materially adversely affect our results of operations or the mortality or morbidity experience of our business.
Natural and man-made catastrophes, including but not limited to, pandemics, present risks that could materially adversely affect our results of operations or the mortality or morbidity experience of our business.
We and our eligible subsidiaries are “affiliated” with FNF for U.S. federal income tax purposes and will join in filing with FNF a consolidated federal income tax return.
We and our eligible subsidiaries are “affiliated” with FNF for U.S. federal income tax purposes and will join in filing with FNF a consolidated federal income tax return for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Regulatory agencies are evaluating existing regulatory frameworks for insurance industry wide use of AI. New AI algorithms and predictive models may be used by insurance companies in the development, administration and sales of insurance products to consumers. However, the use of new artificial intelligence models may make insurance companies more susceptible to potential bias, discrimination, and data security risks.
New AI algorithms and predictive models may be used by insurance companies in the development, administration and sales of insurance products to consumers. However, the use of new artificial intelligence models may make insurance companies more susceptible to potential bias, discrimination, and data security risks.
The number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion will be determined based on the average volume weighted average price per share of common stock over the 20 consecutive trading day period beginning on, and including, the 21st scheduled trading day immediately prior to January 15, 2027. The FNF Preferred Stock is not subject to redemption at our option.
The number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion will be determined based on the average volume weighted average price per share of common stock over the 20 consecutive trading day period beginning on, and including, the 21st scheduled trading day immediately prior to January 15, 66 2027.
Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant expense and liability for damages or we could be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers or utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses, or alternatively, we could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. 66 Changing rules, public disclosure regulations and stakeholder expectations on environmental, social and corporate governance (“ESG”) related matters create a variety of risks for our business.
Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant expense and liability for damages or we could be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers or utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or 67 licenses, or alternatively, we could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The redemption of the FNF Preferred Stock and the payment of any excise tax could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position and results of operations.
The FNF Preferred Stock is not subject to redemption at our option. The redemption of the FNF Preferred Stock and the payment of any excise tax could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position and results of operations.
Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None.
Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock. 75
Our vendors may incorporate generative artificial intelligence tools into their offerings without disclosing this use to us, and the providers of these generative artificial intelligence tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to privacy and data protection and may inhibit our or our vendors’ ability to maintain an adequate level of service and experience.
The providers of these artificial intelligence tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to privacy and data protection and may inhibit our or our vendors’ 53 ability to maintain an adequate level of service and experience.
As of December 31, 2024, the net amount recoverable from Aspida Re, Somerset, Everlake and Wilton Re were $7,844 million, $2,822 million, $1,168 million and $1,066 million, respectively. The risk of non-performance is mitigated with various forms of collateral or collateral arrangements, including secured trusts, funds withheld accounts and irrevocable letters of credit.
As of December 31, 2025, the net amount recoverable from Aspida, Somerset, Everlake and Wilton Re were $8,589 million, $5,071 million, $1,868 million and $1,032 million, respectively. The risk of non-performance is mitigated with various forms of collateral or collateral arrangements, including secured trusts, funds withheld accounts and irrevocable letters of credit.
Any inability to prevent security or privacy breaches, or the perception that such breaches may occur, could inhibit our ability to retain or attract new clients and/or result in financial losses, litigation, increased costs, negative publicity, or other adverse consequences to our business.
Any inability to prevent security or privacy breaches, or the perception that such breaches may occur, could inhibit our ability to retain or attract new clients and/or result in financial losses, litigation, increased costs, negative publicity, or other adverse consequences to our business. 52 Further, our financial institution clients have obligations to safeguard their information technology systems and the confidentiality of customer information.
Management believes these current and emerging developments relating to market conduct standards for the financial services industry may, over time, materially affect the way in which our agents do business, the role of IMOs, sale of IRA products including IRA-to-IRA and employer plan rollovers, how we supervise our distribution force, compensation practices and liability exposure and costs.
We cannot predict the final outcome of the pending litigation regarding the New Fiduciary Rule, however, management believes these current and emerging developments relating to market conduct standards for the financial services industry may, over time, materially affect the way in which our agents do business, the role of IMOs, sale of IRA products including IRA-to-IRA and employer plan rollovers, how we supervise our distribution force, compensation practices and liability exposure and costs, all of which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.
For example, changes in tax law could reduce or eliminate the tax-deferred accumulation of earnings on the deposits paid by the holders of annuities and life insurance products, which could make such products less attractive to potential purchasers.
For example, changes in tax law could reduce or eliminate the tax-deferred accumulation of earnings on the deposits paid by the holders of annuities and life insurance products, which could make such products less attractive to potential purchasers. Any such enactment, interpretation, change, repeal or modification could adversely affect us, possibly with retroactive effect.
If we fail to comply with these regulations and requirements, we could be exposed to suits for breach of contract, governmental proceedings or the imposition of fines.
In certain of our businesses, we are bound contractually and/or by regulation to comply with the same requirements. If we fail to comply with these regulations and requirements, we could be exposed to suits for breach of contract, governmental proceedings or the imposition of fines.
In addition, our business operations may be adversely affected by the increased risk of malicious and terrorist acts, as evidenced by recent incidents such as the New Orleans attack and Las Vegas explosion, which could disrupt our operations or the safety of our employees or customers.
In addition, our business operations may be adversely affected by the increased risk of malicious and terrorist acts, which could disrupt our operations or the safety of our employees or customers.
Claims arising from such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition, either directly or as a result of their effect on our reinsurers or other counterparties. Such events could also have an adverse effect on the rate and amount of lapses and surrenders of existing policies, as well as sales of new policies.
Claims arising from such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition, either directly or as a result of their effect 59 on our reinsurers or other counterparties.
Historically, we have not experienced material credit losses; however, any event reducing the estimated fair value of these securities, other than on a temporary basis, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. 56 We also maintain holdings in floating rate, and less rate-sensitive investments, including senior tranches of CLOs and directly originated senior secured loans.
Historically, we have not experienced material credit losses; however, any event reducing the estimated fair value of these securities, other than on a temporary basis, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.
If we, our vendors, or our third-party partners experience an actual or perceived breach or privacy or security incident because of the use of AI/ML/LLM, we may lose valuable intellectual property and confidential information and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed. 53 The new and emerging types of AI and their uses are very early stage in the industry and may be subject to many uncertain future developments and regulations.
If we, our vendors, or our third-party partners experience an actual or perceived breach or privacy or security incident because of the use of AI/ML/LLM, we may lose valuable intellectual property and confidential information and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed.
Our competitive position may be impacted if we are unable to deploy, in a cost effective and competitive manner, technology such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, or if our competitors collect and use data which we do not have the ability to access or use.
Our competitive position may be impacted if we are unable to deploy, in a cost effective and competitive manner, technology such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, or if our competitors collect and use data which we do not have the ability to access or use. 49 There is a risk that purchasers may be able to obtain more favorable terms and offerings from competitors, vendors or other third parties, including pricing and technology.
If one of our subsidiaries were to terminate an IMA or take other actions that we have agreed will not be taken under the omnibus termination side letter, we and FNF may be in breach of our respective obligations to BIS under such side letter.
If one of our subsidiaries were to terminate an IMA or take other actions that we have agreed will not be taken under the omnibus termination side letter, we and FNF may be in breach of our respective obligations to BIS under such side letter. 54 The historical performance of BIS, or any other asset manager we engage, should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our investment portfolio, our future results or any returns expected on our common stock.
During periods of increasing interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and we may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive.
Over the period since March 2022, market rates across the yield curve have risen. During periods of increasing interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as universal life insurance and fixed annuities, and we may increase crediting rates on inforce products to keep these products competitive.
If legislation were enacted to eliminate the tax deferral for annuities or life insurance policies, such a change would have a material adverse effect on our ability to sell non-qualified annuities or life insurance policies. Changes in tax law may increase our future tax liabilities and related compliance costs.
If legislation were enacted to eliminate the tax deferral for annuities or life insurance policies, such a change would have a material adverse effect on our ability to sell non-qualified annuities or life insurance policies. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to federal law.
These regulations may limit or curtail our activities, including activities that might be profitable, and changes to existing regulations may affect our ability to continue to offer our existing products and services, or new products and services we may wish to offer in the future. 62 Our reinsurance subsidiary, F&G Life Re, is registered in Bermuda under the Bermuda Insurance Act and is subject to the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
These regulations may limit or curtail our activities, including activities that might be profitable, and changes to 63 existing regulations may affect our ability to continue to offer our existing products and services, or new products and services we may wish to offer in the future.
While we believe we have taken steps to identify and mitigate these types of risks, such risks cannot be reliably predicted, nor fully protected against even if anticipated.
Such events could also have an adverse effect on the rate and amount of lapses and surrenders of existing policies, as well as sales of new policies. While we believe we have taken steps to identify and mitigate these types of risks, such risks cannot be reliably predicted, nor fully protected against even if anticipated.
Please refer to “ Business-Regulation of F&G ” for additional details on the DOL’s “Fiduciary Rule.” Our regulation in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands may limit or curtail our activities, and changes to existing regulations may affect our ability to continue to offer our existing products and services, or new products and services.
Our regulation in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands may limit or curtail our activities, and changes to existing regulations may affect our ability to continue to offer our existing products and services, or new products and services. Our business is subject to regulation in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, including the BMA and the CIMA.
However, we cannot predict if it will impact our business, results of operations and financial condition in the future for the forgoing reasons.
As of December 31, 2025, current economic conditions, including slightly elevated inflation rates, have not adversely affected our business, results of operations and financial condition. However, we cannot predict if it will impact our business, results of operations and financial condition in the future for the forgoing reasons.
The on-going conflicts in Russia, Ukraine and the Middle East may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. While we have no exposure to investments in Russia or Ukraine, we have de minimis exposure in the Middle East and the surrounding regions.
The geopolitical events such as the on-going conflicts in Russia, Ukraine and the Middle East may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

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Biggest changeGovernance Disclosure As set forth in the Company’s charter, our Audit Committee, comprised of fully independent directors, is responsible for reviewing with management of the Company, the Company’s policies and practices with respect to risk assessment and risk management, including cybersecurity risk. The CRO reports information and cybersecurity risks to the Audit Committee.
Biggest changeSee Item 1A - Risk Factors for discussion of material risks faced by the Company, including risks related to cybersecurity. 76 Governance Disclosure As set forth in the Company’s charter, our Audit Committee, comprised of fully independent directors, is responsible for reviewing with management of the Company, the Company’s policies and practices with respect to risk assessment and risk management, including cybersecurity risk.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure The Company’s Information Security team is responsible for executing the Company’s enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, which is based upon the Center for Internet Security’s best practice controls, including 74 providing subject matter expertise, accountability, and oversight in the areas of policy and standards development, security architecture, engineering, and development practices, third-party IT and Security risk, compliance with industry, state, and federal regulations, and security education, awareness, and training.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure The Company’s Information Security team is responsible for executing the Company’s enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, which is based upon the Center for Internet Security’s best practice controls, including providing subject matter expertise, accountability, and oversight in the areas of policy and standards development, security architecture, engineering, and development practices, third-party IT and Security risk, compliance with industry, state, and federal regulations, and security education, awareness, and training.
ERM, jointly with the Information Security professionals, annually conducts a Cybersecurity Risk Assessment based 75 on critical security controls set forth by the Center for Internet Security. The assessment is reported to the CRO, CISO and CIO.
ERM, jointly with the Information Security professionals, annually conducts a Cybersecurity Risk Assessment based on critical security controls set forth by the Center for Internet Security. The assessment is reported to the CRO, CISO and CIO.
The Information Security program is managed and overseen by a full-time Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) with over 25 years in information technology leadership, service management, operations, information security, risk management, and regulatory compliance. The CISO reports to the Company’s Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), who is an executive of the Company and oversees all of the Company’s information technology efforts.
The Information Security program is managed and overseen by a full-time Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) with over 29 years in information technology leadership, service management, operations, information security, risk management, and regulatory compliance. The CISO reports to the Company’s Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), who is an executive of the Company and oversees all of the Company’s information technology efforts.
Based on materiality, a security incident may be escalated to the Corporate Crisis Management Team (“CCMT”) for risk mitigation and recovery actions. Cybersecurity Incidents F&G did not experience a cybersecurity reporting incident during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Based on materiality, a security incident may be escalated to the Corporate Crisis Management Team (“CCMT”) for risk mitigation and recovery actions. Cybersecurity Incidents F&G did not experience a cybersecurity reporting incident during the year ended December 31, 2025.
The Company’s CIO has over 33 years of information technology leadership experience within the insurance and financial services industries. The CIO provides regular updates to senior leadership, including reports to the Board on a periodic basis.
The Company’s CIO has over 34 years of information technology leadership experience within the insurance and financial services industries. The CIO provides regular updates to senior leadership, including reports to the Board on a periodic basis.
F&G has adopted a “three lines of defense” governance model for information and cybersecurity risk management. The CISO is the first line of defense providing frontline business, operational, and technology controls and capabilities to protect against information and cybersecurity risks and responding to cyber incidents and data breaches.
The CRAO reports information and cybersecurity risks to the Audit Committee. F&G has adopted a “three lines of defense” governance model for information and cybersecurity risk management. The CISO is the first line of defense providing frontline business, operational, and technology controls and capabilities to protect against information and cybersecurity risks and responding to cyber incidents and data breaches.
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See Item 1A - Risk Factors for discussion of material risks faced by the Company, including risks related to cybersecurity.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings — active lawsuits and investigations

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Biggest changeItem 3. Legal Proceedings See discussion of legal proceedings in Note N - Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference into this Item 3 of Part I. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 76 Part II
Biggest changeItem 3. Legal Proceedings See discussion of legal proceedings in Note N - Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference into this Item 3 of Part I. 77 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 78 Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

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Biggest changeFiscal year ending December 31. 77 12/01/22 12/31/22 03/31/23 06/30/23 09/30/23 12/31/23 03/31/24 06/30/24 09/30/24 12/31/24 F&G Annuities and Life, Inc. $ 100.00 $ 104.60 $ 95.63 $ 132.00 $ 150.54 $ 247.92 $ 219.80 $ 207.43 $ 245.00 $ 228.18 S&P 500 100.00 94.24 101.30 110.16 106.55 119.01 131.57 137.21 145.29 148.79 S&P 500 Life & Health Insurance 100.00 94.94 81.17 84.91 91.45 99.35 108.78 106.05 123.46 119.52 Dividends on Ordinary Shares On February 20, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.22 per share, payable on March 31, 2025, to F&G common shareholders of record as of March 17, 2025.
Biggest changeFiscal year ending December 31. 79 12/01/22 12/31/22 12/31/23 12/31/24 03/31/25 06/30/25 09/30/25 12/31/25 F&G Annuities and Life, Inc. $ 100.00 $ 104.60 $ 247.92 $ 228.18 $ 199.52 $ 178.23 $ 175.42 $ 174.38 S&P 500 100.00 94.24 119.01 148.79 142.43 158.02 170.86 175.39 S&P 500 Life & Health Insurance 100.00 94.94 99.35 119.52 123.06 119.72 124.47 126.53 Dividends on Ordinary Shares On February 19, 2026, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share, payable on March 31, 2026, to F&G common shareholders of record as of March 17, 2026.
The total remaining authorization of F&G common stock that may yet be purchased under the program at December 31, 2024 totaled approximately $32 million. The Company believes the share repurchase program is an efficient means of returning cash to shareholders when we consider the shares to be undervalued.
The total remaining authorization of F&G common stock that may yet be purchased under the program at December 31, 2025 totaled approximately $32 million. The Company believes the share repurchase program is an efficient means of returning cash to shareholders when we consider the shares to be undervalued.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer In 2023, F&G’s Board of Directors approved a three-year stock repurchase program, under which the Company may repurchase up to $50 million of F&G common stock. There were no shares of F&G common stock repurchased under the program during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer In 2023, F&G’s Board of Directors approved a three-year stock repurchase program, under which the Company may repurchase up to $50 million of F&G common stock. There were no shares of F&G common stock repurchased under the program during the year ended December 31, 2025.
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities sold during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that were not previously included in a Current Report on Form 8-K. Item 6. Reserved 78
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities sold during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that were not previously included in a Current Report on Form 8-K. Item 6. Reserved 80
On February 20, 2025, our Board of Directors also declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.8594 per share on the F&G 6.875% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $.0.001 per share, liquidation preference of $50.00 per share (the “FNF Preferred Stock”) for the period from January 1, 2025 to and excluding April 15, 2025, to be paid on April 15, 2025, to FNF Preferred Stock record holders as of April 1, 2025.
On February 19, 2026, our Board of Directors also declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.8594 per share on the F&G 6.875% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, liquidation preference of $50.00 per share (the “FNF Preferred Stock”) for the period from January 15, 2026 to and excluding April 15, 2026, to be paid on April 15, 2026, to FNF Preferred Stock record holders as of April 1, 2026.
Preferred Stock dividends of approximately $17 million were declared during the year ended December 31, 2024 .
Preferred Stock dividends of approximately $17 million were declared during the year ended December 31, 2025.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 , and 2022, we declared dividends on our common stock of $0.85, $0.81, and $0.20, respectively (inaugural dividend declared December 2022).
During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we declared dividends on our common stock of $0.91, $0.85 and $0.81, respectively.
On January 31, 2025, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE was $45.91. We had approximately 6,570 shareholders of record of our Common Stock on January 31, 2025. This number does not include the stockholders for whom shares are held in a “nominee” or “street” name.
We had approximately 6,794 shareholders of record of our Common Stock on January 31, 2026. This number does not include the stockholders for whom shares are held in a “nominee” or “street” name.
Effective December 1, 2022, F&G commenced “regular-way” trading of its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “FG”. FNF retains control of F&G through an approximate 85% equity ownership stake and continues to trade on the NYSE under the symbol “FNF”.
Effective December 1, 2022, F&G commenced “regular-way” trading of its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “FG”. On December 31, 2025, FNF distributed, on a pro rata basis, approximately 12% of the outstanding shares of F&G common stock.
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FNF retained control of F&G through approximately 70% ownership of F&G common stock as of December 31, 2025 and continues to trade on the NYSE under the symbol “FNF”. On January 31, 2026, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE was $29.49.

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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Biggest changeManagement considers this non-GAAP financial measure to be useful internally and to investors and analysts when assessing the level of return earned on AAUM. 90 Results of Operations The results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Revenues Life insurance premiums and other fees $ 2,860 $ 2,413 $ 1,704 Interest and investment income 2,719 2,211 1,655 Owned distribution revenues 81 — — Recognized gains and (losses), net 84 (124) (1,010) Total revenues 5,744 4,500 2,349 Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves 3,791 3,553 1,126 Market risk benefit (gains) losses (25) 95 (182) Depreciation and amortization 569 412 324 Personnel costs 296 232 157 Other operating expenses 203 146 102 Interest expense 132 97 29 Total benefits and expenses 4,966 4,535 1,556 Earnings (loss) before income taxes 778 (35) 793 Income tax expense 136 23 158 Net earnings (loss) 642 (58) 635 Less: Non-controlling interests 3 — — Net earnings (loss) attributable to F&G 639 (58) 635 Less: Preferred stock dividend 17 — — Net earnings (loss) attributable to F&G common shareholders $ 622 $ (58) $ 635 The following table summarizes sales by product type (in millions) (see “ Non-GAAP Financial Measures” ): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Indexed annuities ("FIA/RILA") $ 6,729 $ 4,699 $ 4,550 Fixed rate annuities ("MYGA") 5,105 5,066 3,744 Total annuity 11,834 9,765 8,294 IUL 166 156 127 Funding agreements ("FABN/FHLB") 1,020 1,256 1,443 PRT 2,242 1,976 1,390 Gross sales 15,262 13,153 11,254 Sales attributable to flow reinsurance to third parties (4,691) (3,915) (2,248) Net sales $ 10,571 $ 9,238 $ 9,006 • Total annuity sales were higher during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, reflecting F&G's productive and expanding retail distribution through independent agents, banks and broker-dealers, enhanced product features and pricing actions taken to align to the macro environment. • Funding agreements, reflecting new FABN and FHLB agreements, were lower for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and are subject to fluctuation period to period based on economic conditions and the timing of entering the new agreements. • PRT sales increased during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, reflecting the timing of PRT transactions that are also subject to fluctuation period to period.
Biggest changeManagement considers this non-GAAP financial measure to be useful internally and to investors and analysts when assessing the level of return earned on AAUM. 92 Results of Operations The results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Revenues Life insurance premiums and other fees $ 2,795 $ 2,860 $ 2,413 Interest and investment income 2,837 2,719 2,211 Owned distribution revenues 89 81 — Recognized gains and (losses), net 10 84 (124) Total revenues 5,731 5,744 4,500 Benefits and expenses Benefits and other changes in policy reserves 3,963 3,791 3,553 Market risk benefit losses (gains) 167 (25) 95 Depreciation and amortization 665 569 412 Personnel costs 293 296 232 Other operating expenses 156 203 146 Interest expense 164 132 97 Total benefits and expenses 5,408 4,966 4,535 Earnings (loss) before income taxes 323 778 (35) Income tax expense 52 136 23 Net earnings (loss) 271 642 (58) Less: Non-controlling interests 6 3 — Net earnings (loss) attributable to F&G 265 639 (58) Less: Preferred stock dividend 17 17 — Net earnings (loss) attributable to F&G common shareholders $ 248 $ 622 $ (58) The following table summarizes sales by product type (in millions) (see “ Non-GAAP Financial Measures” ): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Indexed annuities ("FIA/RILA") $ 6,703 $ 6,729 $ 4,699 IUL 190 166 156 PRT 2,126 2,242 1,976 Subtotal: Core sales 9,019 9,137 6,831 Fixed rate annuities ("MYGA") 3,794 5,105 5,066 Funding agreements ("FABN/FHLB") 1,825 1,020 1,256 Subtotal: Opportunistic sales 5,619 6,125 6,322 Gross sales 14,638 15,262 13,153 Sales attributable to flow reinsurance to third parties (4,609) (4,691) (3,915) Net sales $ 10,029 $ 10,571 $ 9,238 • Gross sales were modestly lower during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, and higher for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
Adjusted net earnings attributable to common shareholders is calculated by adjusting net earnings (loss) attributable to common shareholders to eliminate: (i) Recognized (gains) and losses, net: the impact of net investment gains/losses, including changes in allowance for expected credit losses and other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses, recognized in operations; and the effects of changes in fair value of the reinsurance related embedded derivative and other derivatives, including interest rate swaps and forwards; (ii) Market related liability adjustments: the impacts related to changes in the fair value, including both realized and unrealized gains and losses, of index product related derivatives and embedded derivatives, net of hedging cost; the impact of initial pension risk transfer deferred profit liability losses, including amortization from previously deferred pension risk transfer deferred profit liability losses; and the changes in the fair value of market risk benefits by deferring current period changes and amortizing that amount over the life of the market risk benefit; (iii) Purchase price amortization: the impacts related to the amortization of certain intangibles (internally developed software, trademarks and value of distribution asset and the change in fair value of liabilities recognized as a result of acquisition activities); (iv) Transaction costs: the impacts related to acquisition, integration and merger related items; (v) Other and “non-recurring,” “infrequent” or “unusual items”: Other adjustments include removing any charges associated with U.S. guaranty fund assessments as these charges neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance, but result from external situations not controlled by the Company.
Adjusted net earnings attributable to common shareholders is calculated by adjusting net earnings (loss) attributable to common shareholders to eliminate: (i) Recognized (gains) and losses, net: the impact of net investment gains/losses, including changes in allowance for expected credit losses and other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses, recognized in operations; and the effects of changes in fair value of the reinsurance related embedded derivative and other derivatives, including interest rate swaps and forwards; (ii) Market related liability adjustments: the impacts related to changes in the fair value, including both realized and unrealized gains and losses, of index product related derivatives and embedded derivatives, net of hedging cost; the impact of initial pension risk transfer deferred profit liability losses, including amortization from previously deferred pension risk transfer deferred profit liability losses; and the changes in the fair value of market risk benefits by deferring current period changes and amortizing that amount over the life of the market risk benefit; (iii) Purchase price amortization: the impacts related to the amortization of certain intangibles (internally developed software, trademarks and value of distribution asset and the change in fair value of liabilities recognized as a result of acquisition activities); (iv) Transaction costs: the impacts related to acquisition, integration and merger related items; (v) Other and “non-recurring,” “infrequent” or “unusual items”: Other adjustments include removing any charges associated with U.S. guaranty fund assessments as these charges neither relate to the ordinary course of 90 the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance, but result from external situations not controlled by the Company.
For example, we could have strong operating results in a given period, yet report net income that is materially less, if during such period the fair value of our derivative assets hedging the indexed annuity and IUL index credit obligations decreased due to general equity market conditions but the embedded derivative liability related to the 88 index credit obligation did not decrease in the same proportion as the derivative assets because of non-equity market factors such as interest rate and non-performance credit spread movements.
For example, we could have strong operating results in a given period, yet report net income that is materially less, if during such period the fair value of our derivative assets hedging the indexed annuity and IUL index credit obligations decreased due to general equity market conditions but the embedded derivative liability related to the index credit obligation did not decrease in the same proportion as the derivative assets because of non-equity market factors such as interest rate and non-performance credit spread movements.
In setting the features and pricing of our flagship indexed annuity products relative to our targeted net margin, we take into account our expectations regarding (1) the difference between the net investment income we earn and the sum of the interest credited to policyholders and the cost of hedging our risk on the policies; (2) fees, including surrender charges and rider fees, partly offset by vesting bonuses that we pay our policyholders; and (3) a number of 85 related expenses, including benefits and changes in reserves, acquisition costs, and general and administrative expenses.
In setting the features and pricing of our flagship indexed annuity products relative to our targeted net margin, we take into account our expectations regarding (1) the difference between the net investment income we earn and the sum of the interest credited to policyholders and the cost of hedging our risk on the policies; (2) fees, including surrender charges and rider fees, partly offset by vesting bonuses that we pay our policyholders; and (3) a number of related expenses, including benefits and changes in reserves, acquisition costs, and general and administrative expenses.
These markets leverage our existing team's spread-based capabilities as well as our strategic partnership with Blackstone ISG-I Advisors LLC (“Blackstone”). Additionally, we have expanded our owned distribution strategy with majority and minority ownership stakes in a number of IMOs, providing a diversified source of earnings while generating a meaningfully higher risk adjusted return on capital than retained business.
These markets leverage our existing team's spread-based capabilities as well as our strategic partnership with Blackstone ISG-I Advisors LLC. Additionally, we have expanded our owned distribution strategy with majority and minority ownership stakes in a number of IMOs, providing a diversified source of earnings while generating a meaningfully higher risk adjusted return on capital than retained business.
Similarly, we expect that policyholders would be less likely to hold policies with existing guarantees as interest rates 79 rise and the relative value of other new business offerings are increased, which would negatively impact our earnings and cash flows. See “ Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk ” and “ Part I. Item 1A.
Similarly, we expect that policyholders would be less likely to hold policies with existing guarantees as interest rates rise and the relative value of other new business offerings are increased, which would negatively impact our earnings and cash flows. See “ Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk ” and “ Part I. Item 1A.
The NAIC determines ratings for non-agency Residential Mortgage-backed Securities (“RMBS”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities using modeling that estimates security level expected losses under a variety of economic scenarios. For such assets issued prior to January 1, 2013, an insurer’s amortized cost basis in applicable assets can impact the assigned rating.
The NAIC determines ratings for non-agency Residential Mortgage-backed Securities (“RMBS”) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) using modeling that estimates security level expected losses under a variety of economic scenarios. For such assets issued prior to January 1, 2013, an insurer’s amortized cost basis in applicable assets can impact the assigned rating.
Business - Regulation of F&G ” of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note O - Insurance Subsidiary Financial Information and Regulatory Matters to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on risk-based capital, statutory capital and dividend and other distribution payment limitations.
Business - Regulation of F&G ” of Part I of this 111 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note O - Insurance Subsidiary Financial Information and Regulatory Matters to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on risk-based capital, statutory capital and dividend and other distribution payment limitations.
We review overall policyholder behavior experience at least annually and update these assumptions when deemed necessary 83 based on additional information that becomes available. Changes in, or deviations from, the assumptions previously used can significantly affect our MRBs and related results of operations in a positive or negative direction.
We review overall policyholder behavior experience at least annually and update these assumptions when deemed necessary based on additional information that becomes available. Changes in, or deviations from, the assumptions previously used can significantly affect our MRBs and related results of operations in a positive or negative direction.
It also includes our ability to manage interest rates credited to policyholders and costs of the options and futures purchased to fund the annual index credits on the indexed annuities/IULs. We analyze returns on AAUM to measure our profitability. F&G reinsures portions of its policy risks with other insurance companies.
It also includes our ability to manage interest rates credited to policyholders and costs of the options and futures purchased to fund the annual index credits on the indexed annuities/IULs. We analyze returns on AAUM to measure our profitability. 89 F&G reinsures portions of its policy risks with other insurance companies.
Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures may be useful in certain instances to provide additional meaningful comparisons between current results and results in prior 87 operating periods. Our non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other organizations because other organizations may not calculate such non-GAAP measures in the same manner as we do.
Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures may be useful in certain instances to provide additional meaningful comparisons between current results and results in prior operating periods. Our non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other organizations because other organizations may not calculate such non-GAAP measures in the same manner as we do.
We believe that all anticipated cash requirements for current operations will be met from internally generated funds, through cash dividends from subsidiaries, cash generated by investment securities, potential sales of non-strategic assets, potential issuances of additional debt or equity securities, and borrowings on the revolving credit facility or the FNF Credit Facility.
We believe that all anticipated cash requirements for current operations will be met from internally generated funds, through cash dividends from subsidiaries, cash generated by investment securities, potential sales of non-strategic assets, potential issuances of additional debt or equity securities, and borrowings on the Revolving Credit Agreement or the FNF Credit Facility.
The Credit Agreement imposes significant operating and financial restrictions, including financial covenants, and the Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the 6.250% F&G Notes, 6.50% F&G Notes, 7.95% F&G Notes, the 7.40% F&G Notes, and the 5.50% F&G Notes limit, among other things, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to: • incur or assume additional indebtedness, including guarantees; • incur or assume liens; • engage in mergers or consolidations; • convey, transfer, lease or dispose of assets; • make certain investments; • enter into transactions with affiliates; • declare or make any dividend payments or distributions or repurchase capital stock or other equity interests; • change the nature of our business materially; • make changes in accounting treatment or reporting practices that affect the calculation of financial covenants, or change our fiscal year; and • enter into certain agreements that would restrict the ability of subsidiaries to make payments to us.
The Credit Agreement imposes significant operating and financial restrictions, including financial covenants, and the Credit Agreement and the indentures governing the 7.40% F&G Notes, the 6.50% F&G Notes, the 6.250% F&G Notes the 7.95% F&G Notes, and the 7.300% F&G Notes limit, among other things, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to: • incur or assume additional indebtedness, including guarantees; • incur or assume liens; • engage in mergers or consolidations; • convey, transfer, lease or dispose of assets; • make certain investments; • enter into transactions with affiliates; • declare or make any dividend payments or distributions or repurchase capital stock or other equity interests; • change the nature of our business materially; • make changes in accounting treatment or reporting practices that affect the calculation of financial covenants, or change our fiscal year; and • enter into certain agreements that would restrict the ability of subsidiaries to make payments to us.
We must then assess the likelihood that deferred income tax assets will be realized and, to the extent we believe that realizability is not likely, establish a valuation allowance. Determination of income 84 tax expense requires estimates and can involve complex issues that may require an extended period to resolve.
We must then assess the likelihood that deferred income tax assets will be realized and, to the extent we believe that realizability is not likely, establish a valuation allowance. Determination of income tax expense requires estimates and can involve complex issues that may require an extended period to resolve.
Return on assets is comprised of net investment income, less cost of funds, flow reinsurance fee income, owned distribution margin and less expenses (including operating expenses, interest expense and income taxes) consistent with our adjusted net earnings definition and related adjustments. Cost of funds includes liability costs related to cost of crediting as well as other liability costs.
Return on assets is comprised of net investment income, less cost of funds, flow reinsurance fee income, owned distribution margin and less expenses (including operating expenses, interest expense and income taxes) consistent with our adjusted net earnings definition and related adjustments. Cost of funds includes liability costs related to cost of crediting as well as other 91 liability costs.
We categorize our fixed maturity securities, preferred securities, equity securities and derivatives into a three-level hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).
We categorize our fixed maturity securities, preferred securities, common equity securities and derivatives into a three-level hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).
While we believe that our estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, these estimates are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ from what is assumed in our impairment tests. Such analyses are particularly sensitive to changes in estimates of future cash flows and discount rates.
While we believe that our estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, these estimates are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ from what is assumed in our impairment tests. Such analyses are 86 particularly sensitive to changes in estimates of future cash flows and discount rates.
We review policyholder behavior experience at least annually and update these assumptions when deemed necessary based on additional information that becomes available. Discount rate assumptions are updated at each reporting period and also incorporate changes in risk free rates and option market values.
We review policyholder behavior experience at least annually and update these assumptions when deemed necessary based on additional information that becomes available. Discount rate assumptions are updated at 82 each reporting period and also incorporate changes in risk free rates and option market values.
See Note B - Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Note D - Derivative Financial Instruments to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. F&G cedes certain business on a coinsurance funds withheld basis.
See Note B - Fair Value of 84 Financial Instruments and Note D - Derivative Financial Instruments to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. F&G cedes certain business on a coinsurance funds withheld basis.
The funding agreements issued under the FABN Program are in addition to those issued to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”). The PRT solutions business is supported by an experienced team, and we partner with brokers and institutional consultants for distribution.
The funding agreements issued under the FABN Program are in addition to those issued to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”). The PRT solutions business is supported by an experienced team, and we partner with brokers 87 and institutional consultants for distribution.
Please refer to Note E - Reinsurance to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our reinsurance. 111 Preferred and Equity Security Investments. Our preferred and equity security investments may be subject to significant volatility.
Please refer to Note E - Reinsurance to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our reinsurance. Preferred and Equity Security Investments. Our preferred and equity security investments may be subject to significant volatility.
Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of risk factors that could affect market conditions. Interest Rate Environment Some of our products include guaranteed minimum crediting rates, most notably our fixed rate annuities.
Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of risk factors that could affect market conditions. 81 Interest Rate Environment Some of our products include guaranteed minimum crediting rates, most notably our fixed rate annuities.
MRBs (inclusive of reinsured MRBs) are measured at fair value using a risk neutral valuation method, which is based on current net amounts at risk, market data, internal and 86 industry experience, and other factors.
MRBs (inclusive of reinsured MRBs) are measured at fair value using a risk neutral valuation method, which is based on current net amounts at risk, market data, internal and industry experience, and other factors.
We utilize a combination of internal and industry experience when setting our mortality assumptions. 80 A surrender rate is the percentage of account value surrendered by the policyholder in exchange for receipt of a cash surrender value.
We utilize a combination of internal and industry experience when setting our mortality assumptions. A surrender rate is the percentage of account value surrendered by the policyholder in exchange for receipt of a cash surrender value.
Cash Flow from our Operations Cash flow from our operations will be used for general corporate purposes including to reinvest in operations, repay debt, pay dividends, repurchase stock, pursue other strategic initiatives and/or conserve cash. Operating Cash Flow .
Cash Flow from our Operations Cash flow from our operations will be used for general corporate purposes including to reinvest in operations, repay debt, pay dividends, repurchase stock, pursue other strategic initiatives and/or conserve cash.
Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors” and “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our Results of Operations discussion and analysis presents a review for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, and year-over-year comparisons between these years.
Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors” and “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our Results of Operations discussion and analysis presents a review for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, and year-over-year comparisons between these years.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 should be read together with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 should be read together with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.
The outcome of these final determinations could have a material effect on our income tax provision, net income or cash flows in the period that determination is made. For the year ended December 31, 2024, changes in market conditions, including changing interest rates, resulted in deferred tax assets related to the net unrealized capital losses in the Company’s investment portfolio.
The outcome of these final determinations could have a material effect on our income tax provision, net income or cash flows in the period that determination is made. For the year ended December 31, 2025, changes in market conditions, including changing interest rates, resulted in deferred tax assets related to the net unrealized capital losses in the Company’s investment portfolio.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we determined there were no events or circumstances that indicated that the carrying value exceeded the fair value. Accounting for Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to determine income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate.
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we determined there were no events or circumstances that indicated that the carrying value exceeded the fair value. Accounting for Income Taxes As part of the process of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to determine income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate.
Cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included purchases of fixed maturity securities and other investments associated with investing the net cash received from our investment-type products, generated from financing cash flows and PRT transactions, generated from operating activities, as well as cash received from borrowings generated from financing activities in both periods.
Cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included purchases of fixed maturity securities and other investments associated with investing the net cash received from our investment-type products, generated from financing cash flows and PRT transactions, generated from operating activities, as well as cash received from borrowings generated from financing activities in both periods.
Our focus within municipal bonds is on NAIC 1 rated instruments, with 97% and 98% of our municipal bond exposure rated NAIC 1 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Mortgage Loans Commercial Mortgage Loans We diversify our commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”) portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk.
Our focus within municipal bonds is on NAIC 1 rated instruments, with 98% and 97% of our municipal bond exposure rated NAIC 1 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Mortgage Loans Commercial Mortgage Loans We diversify our commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”) portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk.
In the tables below, we present the rating of structured securities 100 based on ratings from the NAIC rating methodologies described above (which in some cases do not correspond to rating agency designations). All NAIC designations (e.g., NAIC 1-6) are based on the NAIC methodologies.
In the tables below, we present the rating of structured securities based on ratings from the NAIC rating methodologies described above (which in some cases do not 103 correspond to rating agency designations). All NAIC designations (e.g., NAIC 1-6) are based on the NAIC methodologies.
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. December 31, 2024 Amortized Cost Fair Value Corporate, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal, Foreign and U.S.
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. December 31, 2025 Amortized Cost Fair Value Corporate, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal, Foreign and U.S.
GAAP requires the evaluation of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the establishment of a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
U.S. GAAP requires the evaluation of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the establishment of a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
The sources of liquidity of the holding company are principally comprised of dividends from subsidiaries, lines of credit (at the F&G Annuities & Life, Inc. level), existing surplus notes, investment income on holding company assets and the ability to raise long-term public financing under an SEC-filed registration statement or private placement offering.
The sources of liquidity of the holding company are principally comprised of dividends from subsidiaries, lines of credit (at the F&G Annuities & Life, Inc. level), investment income on holding company assets and the ability to raise long-term public financing under an SEC-filed registration statement or private placement offering.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our non-performance risk adjustment was based on the expected loss due to default in debt obligations for similarly rated financial companies.
For the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our non-performance risk adjustment was based on the expected loss due to default in debt obligations for similarly rated financial companies.
The following table presents the fair value of fixed maturity securities and equity securities by pricing source, hierarchy level and net asset value (“NAV”) as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, dollars in millions.
The following table presents the fair value of fixed maturity securities and equity securities by pricing source, hierarchy level and net asset value (“NAV”) as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, dollars in millions.
Likewise, when the value of a derivative liability declines (or increases), the collateral we are required to post to our counterparties would also decline (or increase). 112 Guarantor Financial Information Our 2024 issuances of the 6.250% F&G Notes and 6.50% F&G Notes and the 2023 issuances of the 7.40% F&G Notes and the 7.95% F&G Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior, unsecured, unsubordinated basis, jointly and severally, by each of our existing and future direct and indirect subsidiaries that are guarantors of our obligations under the credit agreement (collectively, the “obligor group”).
Likewise, when the value of a derivative liability declines (or increases), the collateral we are required to post to our counterparties would also decline (or increase). 115 Guarantor Financial Information Our 6.250% F&G Senior Notes, 6.50% F&G Senior Notes, 7.40% F&G Senior Notes and 7.95% F&G Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior, unsecured, unsubordinated basis, jointly and severally, by each of our existing and future direct and indirect subsidiaries that are guarantors of our obligations under the credit agreement (collectively, the “obligor group”).
The underserved middle-income market represents a major growth opportunity for us. As a tool for addressing the unmet need for retirement planning, we believe that many middle-income Americans have grown to appreciate the financial certainty that we believe annuities such as our FIA products afford.
The underserved middle-income market represents a major growth opportunity for us. As a tool for addressing the unmet need for retirement planning, we believe that many middle-income Americans have grown to appreciate the financial certainty that we believe annuities such as our indexed annuity products afford.
Yield on AAUM Yield on AAUM is calculated by dividing annualized net investment income by AAUM.
Yield on AAUM Yield on AAUM is calculated by dividing annualized GAAP net investment income by AAUM.
Business – The Products We Offer – Withdrawal Option for Deferred Annuities,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional discussion on surrender charges and MVAs. • Policyholder fees and other income increased for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, primarily due to increased cost of insurance charges, net of changes in unearned revenue liabilities (“URL”) on IUL policies from growth in business and higher guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) rider fees.
Business – The Products We Offer – Withdrawal Option for Deferred Annuities,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional discussion on surrender charges and MVAs. • Policyholder fees and other income increased for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, primarily reflecting higher guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) rider fees and increased cost of insurance charges, net of changes in unearned revenue liabilities (“URL”) on IUL policies from growth in business.
Owned Distribution Revenues Below is a summary of owned distribution revenues (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Owned distribution revenues $ 81 $ — $ — Owned distribution revenues $ 81 $ — $ — • Owned distribution revenues represent commissions received by our majority owned distribution partners generated from third-party annuity and life insurance sales.
Owned Distribution Revenues Below is a summary of owned distribution revenues (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Owned distribution revenues $ 89 $ 81 $ — Owned distribution revenues $ 89 $ 81 $ — • Owned distribution revenues represent commissions received by our majority owned distribution partners generated from third-party annuity and life insurance sales.
See “ Revenues — Recognized gains and (losses), net” above for summary and discussion of net unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments. • Annually, typically in the third quarter, we review assumptions associated with reserves for policy benefits and product guarantees. • During the third quarter of 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2024, based on policyholder behavior, experience and interest rate movements, we reflected updates to surrender assumptions for recent and expected near term policyholder behavior, as well as updated certain FIA assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within contractholder funds.
See “ Revenues — Recognized gains and (losses), net” above for summary and discussion of net unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments. • Annually, typically in the third quarter, we review assumptions associated with reserves for policy benefits and product guarantees. • For the year ended December 31, 2025, based on policyholder behavior, experience and interest rate movements, we reflected updates to surrender assumptions for recent and expected near term policyholder behavior, as well as updated certain indexed annuities assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within Contractholder funds.
Similarly, cash payments to customers are reported as decreases in the liability for contractholder funds and not as expenses. Sources of revenues for products accounted for as deposit liabilities are net investment income, surrender charges, cost of insurance and other charges deducted from contractholder funds (i.e., amortization of URL), and net realized gains (losses) on investments.
Similarly, cash payments to customers are reported as decreases in the liability for contractholder funds and not as expenses. Sources of revenues for products accounted for as deposit liabilities are net investment income, surrender charges, cost of insurance and other charges deducted from contractholder funds (i.e., amortization of unearned revenue liabilities (“URL”)), and net realized gains (losses) on investments.
The change in risk free rates and non-performance spreads increased (decreased) the indexed annuities market related liability by approximately $(203) million, $106 million and $(656) million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The remaining changes in market value of the market related liability movements for all periods were primarily driven by equity market impacts.
The change in risk free rates and non-performance spreads increased (decreased) the indexed annuities market related liability by approximately $138 million, $(203) million and $106 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The remaining changes in market value of the market related liability movements for all periods were primarily driven by equity market impacts.
In addition, cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included borrowing proceeds of $1,050 million, portions of which were used to finance a $250 million cash tender offer on the 5.50% F&G Notes and for net revolving credit facility repayments of $365 million, and proceeds of $250 million from the issuance of the FNF Preferred Stock, all discussed above, partially offset by dividend payments of approximately $121 million.
Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 included borrowing proceeds of $1,050 million, portions of which were used to finance a $250 million cash tender offer on the 5.50% F&G Notes and for net revolving credit facility repayments of $365 million, and proceeds of $250 million from the issuance of the FNF Preferred Stock, partially offset by dividend payments of approximately $121 million.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 93% and 95%, respectively, of the subprime and Alt-A RMBS exposures were rated NAIC 2 or higher. ABS and CLO Exposures Our ABS exposures are largely diversified by underlying collateral and issuer type. Our CLO exposures are generally senior tranches of CLOs which have leveraged loans as their underlying collateral.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, approximately 92% and 93%, respectively, of the subprime and Alt-A RMBS exposures were rated NAIC 2 or higher. ABS and CLO Exposures Our ABS exposures are largely diversified by underlying collateral and issuer type. Our CLO exposures are generally senior tranches of CLOs which have leveraged loans as their underlying collateral.
The average market value/book value of the investment category with the largest unrealized loss position was 81% for services, media and other as of December 31, 2024. In the aggregate, services, media and other represented 23% of the total unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024.
The average market value/book value of the investment category with the largest unrealized loss position was 81% for services, media and other as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In the aggregate, services, media and other represented 26% and 23% of the total unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Additionally, this market demand has positively impacted the IUL market as it has expanded from $100 million of annual sales in 2002 to $3 billion of annual sales in 2023. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The accounting estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additionally, this market demand has positively impacted the IUL market as it has expanded from $100 million of annual sales in 2002 to $2 billion of annual sales in 2024. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The accounting estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements.
As defined by the IID, a funding agreement is an agreement for an insurer to accept and accumulate funds and to make one or more payments at future dates in amounts that are not based on mortality or morbidity contingencies of the person to whom the funding agreement is issued.
As defined by the Iowa Insurance Division, a funding agreement is an agreement for an insurer to accept and accumulate funds and to make one or more payments at future dates in amounts that are not based on mortality or morbidity contingencies of the person to whom the funding agreement is issued.
Amortization of DAC, VOBA and DSI increased for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, primarily reflecting increased DAC and DSI associated with the growth of the business. In addition, as a result of our annual actuarial assumption update process, amortization rates on some DAC and DSI balances increased primarily for indexed annuities.
Depreciation and amortization increased for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, primarily reflecting increased DAC and DSI associated with the growth of the business. In addition, as a result of our annual actuarial assumption update process, amortization rates on some DAC and DSI balances increased primarily for indexed annuities.
On February 20, 2025, our Board of Directors also declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.8594 per share on the FNF Preferred Stock for the period from January 15, 2025 to and excluding April 15, 2025, to be paid on April 15, 2025, to FNF Preferred Stock record holders as of April 1, 2025.
On February 19, 2026, our Board of Directors also declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.8594 per share on the FNF Preferred Stock for the period from January 15, 2026 to and excluding April 15, 2026, to be paid on April 15, 2026, to FNF Preferred Stock record holders as of April 1, 2026.
Market risk benefits (“MRBs”) are contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contract holder from other-than-nominal capital market risk (equity, interest and foreign exchange risk) and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk.
MRBs are contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contract holder from other-than-nominal capital market risk (equity, interest and foreign exchange risk) and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk.
See Note C - Investments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for additional information on our CMLs, including our distribution by property type, geographic region, LTV and DSC ratios. 103 Residential Mortgage Loans (“RML”) Our residential mortgage loans are closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are in the United States.
See Note C - Investments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for additional information on our CMLs, including our distribution by property type, geographic region, LTV and DSC ratios. 106 Residential Mortgage Loans Our residential mortgage loans (“RMLs”) are primarily closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are in the United States.
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our reserves, net of reinsurance, and average crediting rate on our fixed rate annuities were $6 billion and 5%, respectively, and $6 billion and 4%, respectively. We are required to pay the guaranteed minimum crediting rates even if earnings on our investment portfolio decline, which would negatively impact earnings.
As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our reserves, net of reinsurance, and average crediting rate on our fixed rate annuities were $6.4 billion and 4.84%, respectively, and $6.4 billion and 4.42%, respectively. We are required to pay the guaranteed minimum crediting rates even if earnings on our investment portfolio decline, which would negatively impact earnings.
For mortgage loans that are determined to require foreclosure, the carrying value is reduced to the fair value of the underlying collateral, net of estimated costs to obtain and sell at the point of foreclosure. At December 31, 2024, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments compared to none at December 31, 2023.
For mortgage loans that are determined to require foreclosure, the carrying value is reduced to the fair value of the underlying collateral, net of estimated costs to obtain and sell at the point of foreclosure. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments.
We also generate cash inflows from investing activities resulting from maturities and sales of invested assets and from financing activities including inflows on our investment-type products, proceeds from borrowing activities and issuances of preferred stock. Our operating activities provided cash of $5,999 million and $5,834 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We also generate cash inflows from investing activities resulting from maturities and sales of invested assets and from financing activities including inflows on our investment-type products, proceeds from borrowing activities and issuances of preferred stock. Our operating activities provided cash of $4,681 million and $5,999 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
For a discussion of our 2022 results of operations, including year-over-year comparison to the year ended December 31, 2021, refer to Part I, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on February 27, 2023. Overview The following describes the business of F&G Annuities & Life, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
For a discussion of our 2024 results of operations, including year-over-year comparison to the year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part I, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025. Overview The following describes the business of F&G Annuities & Life, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Our cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $7,953 million, $8,918 million, $9,370 million, respectively. The primary cash inflows from investing activities are the proceeds from sales, calls, maturities and redemptions of investments, including those resulting from our portfolio repositioning.
Our cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were $8,429 million, $7,953 million, $8,918 million, respectively. The primary cash inflows from investing activities are the proceeds from sales, calls, maturities and redemptions of investments, including those resulting from our portfolio repositioning.
Cash provided by operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 included approximately $1,800 million and $1,300 million of net cash received for PRT transactions, respectively, included in the change in future policy benefits. Investing Cash Flows.
Cash provided by operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included approximately $1,500 million and $1,800 million of net cash received for PRT transactions, respectively, included in the change in future policy benefits. Investing Cash Flows.
Recognized gains and (losses) attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $(30) million, $(123) million and $381 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. • For the year ended December 31, 2024, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of unrealized fair value option gains on owned distribution investments and mark-to-market gains on our preferred and equity securities. • For the year ended December 31, 2023, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of realized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, partially offset by mark-to-market gains on our equity securities and realized gains on other invested assets. • For the year ended December 31, 2022, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of realized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities and mark-to-market losses on our equity securities. • For all periods, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments primarily relate to the net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity options and futures used to hedge indexed annuity and IUL products, including gains on option and futures expiration and changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps.
Recognized gains and (losses) attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $(154) million, $(30) million and $(123) million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. • For the year ended December 31, 2025, net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of mark-to-market losses on our equity securities and net realized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities. • For the year ended December 31, 2024, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of unrealized fair value option (“FVO”) gains on our unconsolidated owned distribution investments and mark-to-market gains on our preferred and equity securities. • For the year ended December 31, 2023, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of realized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, partially offset by mark-to-market gains on our equity securities and realized gains on other invested assets. • The change in allowance for expected credit losses primarily relates to available for sale securities. • For all periods, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments primarily relate to the net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity options and futures used to hedge indexed annuity and IUL products, including gains on option and futures expiration and changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps.
Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $636 million, $339 million and $109 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $816 million, $636 million and $339 million, for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
These changes resulted in decreases in total benefits and other changes in policy reserves of approximately $89 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. • During the third quarter and for the year ended December 31, 2023, based on increases in interest rates and pricing changes, we updated certain indexed annuities assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within contractholder funds and also aligned reserves to actual policyholder behavior.
These changes resulted in a decrease in total benefits and other changes in policy reserves of approximately $89 million. • For the year ended December 31, 2023, based on increases in interest rates and pricing changes, we updated certain indexed annuities assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within Contractholder funds and also aligned reserves to actual policyholder behavior.
The effective tax rate was 17% and (66)%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 differs from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to favorable permanent adjustments and valuation allowance release on unrealized losses and capital loss carryforwards.
The effective tax rate was 16% and 17%, 100 respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 differs from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to favorable permanent adjustments and valuation allowance release on unrealized losses and capital loss carryforwards.
We have unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2024 based upon the timing of when investments and agreements are executed or signed compared to when the actual commitments are funded or closed. Some investments require that funding occur over a period of months or years.
We have unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2025 based upon the timing of when investments and agreements are executed or signed compared to when the actual commitments are funded or closed. Some investments require that funding occur over a period of months or years. We also have unfunded commitments to consolidated VIEs.
Our equity securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net income (loss). Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of first-in first-out cost basis and are credited or charged to income on a trade date basis.
Our equity securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net income (loss). Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined on the specific identification basis and are credited or charged to income on a trade date basis.
Our analysis of these structured securities, which included cash flow testing, resulted in allowances for expected credit losses of $62 million and $35 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Our analysis of these structured securities, which included cash flow testing, resulted in allowances for expected credit losses of $86 million and $62 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Please refer to Note C - Investments and Note N - Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on unfunded commitments. FHLB Collateral.
Please refer to Note C - Investments and Note N - Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on unfunded commitments. Stock Repurchase Program .
Depreciation and Amortization Below is a summary of the major components included in depreciation and amortization (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Amortization of DAC, VOBA and DSI $ 495 $ 382 $ 300 Amortization of other intangible assets and fixed asset depreciation 74 30 24 Total depreciation and amortization $ 569 $ 412 $ 324 • DAC, VOBA and DSI are amortized on a constant level basis for the grouped contracts over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization.
Depreciation and Amortization Below is a summary of the major components included in depreciation and amortization (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Amortization of DAC, VOBA and DSI $ 576 $ 495 $ 382 Amortization of other intangible assets and fixed asset depreciation 89 74 30 Depreciation and amortization $ 665 $ 569 $ 412 • DAC, VOBA and DSI are amortized on a constant level basis for the grouped contracts over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization.
As of December 31, 2024, the CLO and ABS positions were trading at a net unrealized gain position of $92 million and a net unrealized loss of $207 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2025, the CLO and ABS positions were trading at a net unrealized gain of $42 million and a net unrealized loss of $133 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the CLO and ABS positions were trading at a net unrealized gain of $92 million and a net unrealized loss of $207 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our mortgage loans on real estate portfolio had a weighted average DSC ratio of 2.3 times, and a weighted average LTV ratio of 57% and 55%, respectively. We consider a CML delinquent when a loan payment is greater than 30 days past due.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our mortgage loans on real estate portfolio had a weighted average DSC ratio of 2.3 times and a weighted average LTV ratio of 57% for both periods. We consider a CML delinquent when a loan payment is greater than 30 days past due.
Interest and Investment Income For discussion regarding our net investment income and net investment gains (losses) refer to Note C - Investments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 106 AFS Securities For additional information regarding our AFS securities, including the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains (losses), and fair value as well as the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual maturities, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, refer to Note C - Investments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
AFS Securities For additional information regarding our AFS securities, including the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains (losses), and fair value as well as the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual 109 maturities, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, refer to Note C - Investments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In addition, the year ended December 31, 2024 includes $39 million from our majority owned interests in Roar and PALH, $26 million related to the change in fair value of contingent consideration and $19 million of guaranty fund assessments.
The increase for the year ended December 31, 2024 also included $39 million from our majority owned interests in Roar and PALH, $26 million related to the change in fair value of contingent consideration and $19 million of guaranty fund assessments.
Alternative investments investment income based on management’s long-term expected return of approximately 10% was $419 million. • . Investment Portfolio The types of assets in which we may invest are influenced by various state laws, which prescribe qualified investment assets applicable to insurance companies.
Investment income from alternative investments was $153 million below management’s long-term expected return of approximately 10%. 101 • . Investment Portfolio The types of assets in which we may invest are influenced by various state laws, which prescribe qualified investment assets applicable to insurance companies.
Risk Factors ” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of interest rate risk. Aging of the U.S. Population We believe that the aging of the U.S. population will increase the demand for our indexed annuity and indexed universal life (“IUL”) products.
Risk Factors ” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of interest rate risk. Aging of the U.S. Population We believe that the aging of the U.S. population will continue to increase demand for retirement savings, growth, and income solutions, including demand for our indexed annuity and indexed universal life (“IUL”) products.
Interest expense Below is a summary of interest expense (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Interest expense $ 132 $ 97 $ 29 Total interest expense $ 132 $ 97 $ 29 • Interest expense increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily reflecting interest on the debt issuances in December 2023, June 2024, and October 2024, partially offset by lower interest resulting from a partial repayment of the 5.5% F&G Notes in June 2024 and lower balances on the revolving credit facility.
Interest expense Below is a summary of interest expense (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Interest expense $ 164 $ 132 $ 97 • Interest expense increased for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily reflecting interest on the debt issuances in 2024 and January 2025, partially offset by the payoffs of the 5.50% Senior Notes in February 2025 and the revolving credit facility in 2024. • Interest expense increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily reflecting interest on the debt issuances in December 2023, June 2024, and October 2024, partially offset by lower interest resulting from a partial repayment of the 5.5% F&G Notes in June 2024 and lower balances on the revolving credit facility.
There were 45 and 101 structured securities with a fair value of $146 million and $316 million, respectively to which we had potential credit exposure as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
There were 71 and 45 structured securities with a fair value of $237 million and $146 million, respectively to which we had potential credit exposure as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
On February 20, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.22 per common share, payable on March 31, 2025, to F&G common shareholders of record as of March 17, 2025.
On February 19, 2026, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per common share, payable on March 31, 2026, to F&G common shareholders of record as of March 17, 2026.
Other Items Affecting Net Earnings Income Tax Expense Below is a summary of the major components included in income tax expense (benefit) (dollars in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Earnings (loss) before taxes $ 778 $ (35) $ 793 Income tax (benefit) expense before valuation allowance 150 (12) 131 Change in valuation allowance (14) 35 27 Income tax expense $ 136 $ 23 $ 158 Effective rate 17 % (66) % 20 % • The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $136 million compared to income tax expense of $23 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Other Items Affecting Net Earnings Income Tax Expense Below is a summary of the major components included in income tax expense (benefit) (dollars in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Earnings (loss) before taxes $ 323 $ 778 $ (35) Income tax expense (benefit) before valuation allowance 56 150 (12) Change in valuation allowance (4) (14) 35 Income tax expense $ 52 $ 136 $ 23 Effective rate 16 % 17 % (66) % • The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $52 million compared to income tax expense of $136 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Our cash flows provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $2,655 million, $3,687 million and $5,626 million, respectively and reflected lower net contractholder deposits for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Our cash flows provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were $2,970 million, $2,655 million and $3,687 million, respectively and reflected higher net contractholder deposits for the year ended December 31, 2025 and lower net contractholder deposits for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk — interest-rate, FX, commodity exposure

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Biggest changeFor comparison, a similar increase in the levels of interest rates of 100 basis points, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and certain investments in preferred securities of approximately $2.4 billion, a net decrease in the fair value of interest rate swaps of approximately $0.1 billion and a net decrease in the combined fair value of embedded derivatives and MRBs of approximately $0.5 billion at December 31, 2023. 118 A 100 basis point shift in interest rates for our floating rate debt and funding agreements will increase or decrease floating expense by approximatel y $17 million and $14 million per year as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively .
Biggest changeFor comparison, a similar increase in the levels of interest rates of 100 basis points, with all 121 other variables held constant, would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and certain investments in preferred securities of approximately $2.6 billion, a net decrease in the fair value of interest rate swaps of approximately $0.1 billion and a net decrease in the combined fair value of embedded derivatives and MRBs of approximately $0.6 billion at December 31, 2024.
As noted above, the impact to net earnings related to the interest rate swaps and floating rate notes payable and funding agreements will be significantly offset by corresponding changes in investment income associated with our floating rate investments.
As noted above, the impact to net earnings related to the interest rate swaps, floating rate notes payable and funding agreements will be significantly offset by corresponding changes in investment income associated with our floating rate investments.
Refer to 116 Note B - Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on how the carrying values of these investments are determined as of the balance sheet date.
Refer to Note B - Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details on how the carrying values of these investments are determined as of the balance sheet date.
Carrying values are subject to fluctuation and, consequently, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported carrying value. Fluctuation in the carrying value of a security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economic characteristics of the investee, the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions.
Carrying values are subject to fluctuation and, consequently, the amount 119 realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported carrying value. Fluctuation in the carrying value of a security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economic characteristics of the investee, the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions.
We regularly assess these market risks and have established policies and business practices designed to protect against the adverse effects of these exposures. 113 Additionally, financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash equivalents, derivatives, long-term investments and short-term investments. We require placement of cash in financial institutions evaluated as highly creditworthy.
We regularly assess these market risks and have established policies and business practices designed to protect against the adverse effects of these exposures. 116 Additionally, financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash equivalents, derivatives, long-term investments and short-term investments. We require placement of cash in financial institutions evaluated as highly creditworthy.
Concentrations of Financial Instruments Refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investment Portfolio - Investment Concentrations included in Part II - Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding the top ten investment concentrations of our fixed maturity and equity securities including the fair value and percent of total fixed maturity and equity securities fair value as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Concentrations of Financial Instruments Refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investment Portfolio - Investment Concentrations included in Part II - Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding the top ten investment concentrations of our fixed maturity and equity securities including the fair value and percent of total fixed maturity and equity securities fair value as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 .
The MVA reduces market risk and earnings volatility from interest rate changes, should a policy surrender, as it offsets the decline in the market value of the investment portfolio in a rising rate scenario, and vice versa in a declining rate scenario Additionally, at December 31, 2024, we had floating rate funding agreements outstanding to match certain of our floating rate investments.
The MVA reduces market risk and earnings volatility from interest rate changes, should a policy surrender, as it offsets the decline in the market value of the investment portfolio in a rising rate scenario, and vice versa in a declining rate scenario Additionally, at December 31, 2025, we had floating rate funding agreements outstanding to match certain of our floating rate investments.
Exposure to such financial and capital markets risk relates primarily to the market price and cash flow variability associated with changes in interest rates.
Exposure to such financial and capital markets risk relates primarily to the market price and cash flow variability associated with 123 changes in interest rates.
Accordingly, fluctuations in market interest rates on the funding agreements will be significantly offset by corresponding changes in investment income associated with our floating rate investments. Notes Payable At December 31, 2024 , we had a short-term revolving credit facility that bears interest at a floating rate.
Accordingly, fluctuations in market interest rates on the funding agreements will be significantly offset by corresponding changes in investment income associated with our floating rate investments. Notes Payable At December 31, 2025 , we had a short-term revolving credit facility that bears interest at a floating rate.
Refer to Note C - Investments in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Refer to Note C - Investments in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 .
The sensitivities for earnings 114 and statutory capital are important metrics since they provide insight into the level of risk we take under stress scenarios. They also are the basis for internal risk management. We are also subject to cash flow stress testing pursuant to regulatory requirements.
The sensitivities for earnings and statutory capital are important metrics since they provide insight into the level of risk we take under stress scenarios. They also are the basis for internal risk management. 117 We are also subject to cash flow testing pursuant to regulatory requirements.
Substantial and sustained increases or decreases in market interest rates can affect the profitability of the insurance products and the fair value of our investments, as the majority of our insurance liabilities are backed by fixed maturity securities. 115 Investments Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in fair values of investments.
Substantial and sustained increases or decreases in market interest rates can affect the profitability of the insurance products and the fair value of our investments, as the majority of our insurance liabilities are backed by fixed maturity securities. Investments 118 Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in fair values of investments.
We have the ability to adjust the rates credited on the majority of the annuity liabilities at least annually, subject to minimum guaranteed values. In addition, the majority of the annuity products have surrender and withdrawal penalty provisions designed to encourage persistency and to help ensure targeted spreads are earned.
We have the ability to adjust the rates credited on the majority of the annuity liabilities annually, subject to minimum guaranteed values. In addition, the majority of the annuity products have surrender and withdrawal penalty provisions designed to encourage persistency and to help ensure targeted spreads are earned.
We are not aware of any material disputes arising from these reviews or other communications with the counterparties as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, that would require an increase to the allowance for credit losses.
We are not aware of any material disputes arising from these reviews or other communications with the counterparties as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, that would require an increase to the allowance for credit losses.
The Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”) heads our risk management process and reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). Our Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“ERMC”) reviews all risk policies, risk appetites, and discusses market risks associated with our activities.
The CRAO heads our risk management process and reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). Our Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“ERMC”) reviews all risk policies, risk appetites, and discusses market risks associated with our activities.
We expect to continue to face these challenges and uncertainties that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. . 120
We expect to continue to face these challenges and uncertainties that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. . 124
The results of the sensitivity analysis at December 31, 2024 is as follows: Interest Rate Risk An increase in the levels of interest rates of 100 basis points, with all other variables held constant, would result in a decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and certain investments in preferred securities of approximately $2.6 billion, a net decrease in the fair value of interest rate swaps of approximately $0.1 billion and a net decrease in the combined fair value of embedded derivatives and MRBs of approximately $0.6 bil lion at December 31, 2024 .
The results of the sensitivity analysis at December 31, 2025 is as follows: Interest Rate Risk An increase in the levels of interest rates of 100 basis points, with all other variables held constant, would result in a decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and certain investments in preferred securities of approximately $3.1 billion, a net decrease in the fair value of interest rate swaps of approximately $0.1 billion and a net decrease in the combined fair value of embedded derivatives and MRBs of approximately $0.8 bil lion at December 31, 2025 .
During periods of increasing interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as IUL insurance and fixed annuities, and may increase crediting rates on in-force products to keep these products competitive.
During periods of increasing interest rates, we may offer higher crediting rates on interest-sensitive products, such as IUL insurance and fixed annuities, and may increase crediting rates on inforce products to keep these products competitive.
Equity Price Risk At December 31, 2024, a 10% decrease in market prices, with all other variables held constant, would result in a net decrease in the fair value of our equity securities portfolio of $42 million, as compared with a decrease of $61 million at December 31, 2023 .
Equity Price Risk At December 31, 2025, a 10% decrease in market prices, with all other variables held constant, would result in a net decrease in the fair value of our equity securities portfolio of $34 million, as compared with a decrease of $42 million at December 31, 2024 .
Reinvestment and disinvestment Asset Liability Management (“ALM”) As part of our ALM program, we have made a significant effort to identify the assets appropriate to different product lines and ensure investing strategies match the profile of these liabilities.
Reinvestment and disinvestment Asset Liability Management (“ALM”) As part of our ALM program, we have made significant efforts to identify the assets appropriate to support different product lines and ensure investing strategies match the profile of these liabilities.
Additionally, the estimated cost of providing GMWB on FIA products incorporates various assumptions about the overall performance of equity markets over certain time periods.
Additionally, the estimated cost of providing GMWB on indexed annuity products incorporates various assumptions about the overall performance of equity markets over certain time periods.
Our credit risk materializes primarily as impairment losses. We are exposed to occasional cyclical economic downturns, during which impairment losses may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average. This is offset by years where it expects the actual impairment losses to be substantially lower than the long-term average.
We are exposed to occasional cyclical economic downturns, during which impairment losses may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average. This is offset by years where it expects the actual impairment losses to be substantially lower than the long-term average.
The durations of the investment portfolio, net of investments subject to reinsurance agreements and excluding cash and cash equivalents, derivatives, policy loans, and common stocks as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are summarized as follows (dollars in millions): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Duration (years) Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total 0-4 $ 29,363 54 % $ 26,146 54 % 5-9 12,526 23 10,455 21 10-14 10,448 19 9,943 20 15-19 1,862 4 2,650 5 20-30 33 — 69 — Total $ 54,232 100 % $ 49,263 100 % Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk is our primary market risk exposure.
The durations of the investment portfolio, net of investments subject to reinsurance agreements and excluding cash and cash equivalents, derivatives, policy loans, and common stocks as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are summarized as follows (dollars in millions): December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Duration (years) Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total 0-4 $ 32,061 56 % $ 29,363 54 % 5-9 12,891 22 12,526 23 10-14 11,311 20 10,448 19 15-19 1,392 2 1,862 4 20-29 69 — 33 — 30 and over 26 — — — Total $ 57,750 100 % $ 54,232 100 % Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk is our primary market risk exposure.
Accordingly, depending on the amounts outstanding, fluctuations in market interest rates will have an impact on our resulting interest expense. The impact to net earnings, however, will again be significantly offset by corresponding changes in investment income associated with our floating rate investments. There was no balance outstanding on the revolving credit facility at December 31, 2024.
Accordingly, depending on the amounts outstanding, fluctuations in market interest rates will have an impact on our resulting interest expense. The impact to net earnings, however, will again be significantly offset by corresponding changes in investment income associated with our floating rate investments.
To limit the impact that credit risk can have on earnings and capital adequacy levels, we have portfolio-level credit risk constraints in place. Limit compliance is monitored on a monthly basis. In connection with the use of derivative instruments, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk-the risk that a counterparty fails to perform under the terms of the derivative contract.
Limit compliance is monitored on a monthly basis. 122 In connection with the use of derivative instruments, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk-the risk that a counterparty fails to perform under the terms of the derivative contract.
Equity Price Risk Equity price risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in equity prices. In the past, our exposure to changes in equity prices primarily resulted from our holdings of equity securities.
There was no balance outstanding on the revolving credit facility at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Equity Price Risk Equity price risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in equity prices. In the past, our exposure to changes in equity prices primarily resulted from our holdings of equity securities.
To minimize the risk of credit loss on such contracts, we diversify exposures among many reinsurers and limit the amount of exposure to each based on credit rating.
We also have credit risk related to the ability of reinsurance counterparties to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under various agreements. To minimize the risk of credit loss on such contracts, we diversify exposures among many reinsurers and limit the amount of exposure to each based on credit rating.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 , December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the annual index credits to policyholders on their anniversaries were $725 million, $203 million and $155 million, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2025 , December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the annual index credits to policyholders on their anniversaries were $721 million, $725 million and $203 million, respectively. Proceeds received at expiration of options related to such credits were $705 million, $849 million and $212 million, respectively.
The indexed annuity/ IUL hedging strategy economically hedges the equity returns and exposes us to the risk that unhedged market exposures result in divergence between changes in the fair value of the liabilities and the hedging assets. We use a variety of techniques, including direct estimation of market sensitivities, to monitor this risk daily.
Other market exposures are hedged periodically depending on market conditions and our risk tolerance. The indexed annuity and IUL hedging strategy economically hedges the equity returns and exposes us to the risk that unhedged market exposures result in divergence between changes in the fair value of the liabilities and the hedging 120 assets.
See Note D - Derivative Financial Instruments in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our exposure to credit loss. 119 We also have credit risk related to the ability of reinsurance counterparties to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under various agreements.
We review the ratings of all the counterparties periodically. Collateral support documents are negotiated to further reduce the exposure when deemed necessary. See Note D - Derivative Financial Instruments in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II - Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our exposure to credit loss.
We intend to continue to adjust the hedging strategy as market conditions and risk tolerance change. Sensitivity Analysis For purposes of this Annual Report on Form 10-K , we perform a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have on various financial instruments.
We use various derivative instruments to hedge substantially all of our foreign currency exposure such that sensitivity to changes in foreign currencies is minimal. Sensitivity Analysis For purposes of this Annual Report on Form 10-K , we perform a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have on various financial instruments.
Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk We are exposed to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligation resulting in financial loss. Our major source of credit risk arises predominantly in our insurance operations’ portfolios of debt and similar securities. The fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio totaled $46 billion at December 31, 2024 .
Our major source of credit risk arises predominantly in our insurance operations’ portfolios of debt and similar securities. The fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio totaled $53 billion at December 31, 2025 . Our credit risk materializes primarily as impairment losses.
Removed
Proceeds received at expiration of options related to such credits were $849 million, $212 million and $158 million, respectively. 117 Other market exposures are hedged periodically depending on market conditions and our risk tolerance.
Added
We use a variety of techniques, including direct estimation of market sensitivities, to monitor this risk daily. We intend to continue to adjust the hedging strategy as market conditions and risk tolerance change.
Removed
We review the ratings of all the counterparties periodically. Collateral support documents are negotiated to further reduce the exposure when deemed necessary.
Added
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk Our fair value exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar results from our holdings in non-U.S. dollar denominated fixed maturity securities and an investment in an unconsolidated affiliate. The principal currencies that create foreign currency exchange rate risk in our investment portfolio are the Euro and the British pound.
Added
A 100 basis point shift in interest rates for our floating rate debt and funding agreements will increase or decrease floating expense by approximatel y $28 million and $17 million per year as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively .
Added
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk As noted above, we use various derivative instruments to hedge substantially all of our foreign currency exposure such that sensitivity to changes in foreign currencies is minimal. Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk We are exposed to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligation resulting in financial loss.
Added
To limit the impact that credit risk can have on earnings and capital adequacy levels, we have portfolio-level credit risk constraints in place.

Other FG 10-K year-over-year comparisons