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What changed in Strategy Inc's 10-K — 2024 vs 2025

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Paragraph-level year-over-year comparison of Strategy Inc's 2024 and 2025 10-K annual filings, covering the Business, Risk Factors, Legal Proceedings, Cybersecurity, MD&A and Market Risk sections. Every new, removed and edited paragraph is highlighted side-by-side so you can see exactly what management changed in the 2025 report.

+599 added−597 removedSource: 10-K (2025-02-18) vs 10-K (2024-02-15)

Top changes in Strategy Inc's 2025 10-K

599 paragraphs added · 597 removed · 346 edited across 8 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

74 edited+18 added−49 removed59 unchanged
Biggest changeBitcoin Acquisition Strategy We believe that bitcoin is an attractive asset because it can serve as a store of value, supported by a robust and public open-source architecture, that is untethered to sovereign monetary policy.
Biggest changeBitcoin Strategy We believe that bitcoin is an attractive asset because (i) it can serve as a store of value, supported by a robust and public open-source architecture, that is untethered to sovereign monetary policy, (ii) due to its limited supply, bitcoin offers the potential to serve as a hedge against inflation in the long-term and, if its adoption increases, the opportunity for appreciation in value, and (iii) the Bitcoin network provides the infrastructure and opportunity for the development of financial and technological innovations.
Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control has issued updated advisories regarding the use of virtual currencies, added a number of digital asset exchanges and service providers to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons list and engaged in several enforcement actions, including a series of enforcement actions that have either shut down or significantly curtailed the operations of several smaller digital asset exchanges associated with Russian and/or North Korean nationals.
Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control has issued updated advisories regarding the use of virtual 11 currencies, added a number of digital asset exchanges and service providers to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons list and engaged in several enforcement actions, including a series of enforcement actions that have either shut down or significantly curtailed the operations of several smaller digital asset exchanges associated with Russian and/or North Korean nationals.
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings – We face risks relating to the custody of our bitcoin, including the loss or destruction of private keys required to access our bitcoin and cyberattacks or other data loss relating to our bitcoin.” A “51% attack” may occur when a group of miners attain more than 50% of the Bitcoin network’s mining power, thereby enabling them to control the Bitcoin network and protocol and manipulate the blockchain.
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings – We face risks relating to the custody of our bitcoin, including the loss or destruction of private keys required to access our bitcoin and cyberattacks or other data loss relating to our bitcoin.” A “51% attack” may occur when a group of miners attain more than 50% of the Bitcoin network’s mining power, thereby enabling them to control the Bitcoin network and protocol and manipulate the blockchain.
Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings—Due to the unregulated nature and lack of transparency surrounding the operations of many bitcoin trading venues, bitcoin trading venues may experience greater fraud, security failures or regulatory or operational problems than trading venues for more established asset classes, which may result in a loss of confidence in bitcoin trading venues and adversely affect the value of our bitcoin.” Service providers .
Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings—Due to the unregulated nature and lack of transparency surrounding the operations of many bitcoin trading venues, bitcoin trading venues may experience greater fraud, security failures or regulatory or operational problems than trading venues for more established asset classes, which may result in a loss of confidence in bitcoin trading venues and adversely affect the value of our bitcoin.” Service providers .
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings – Bitcoin and other digital assets are novel assets, and are subject to significant legal, commercial, regulatory and technical uncertainty.” Bitcoin Industry Participants The primary Bitcoin industry participants are miners, investors and traders, digital asset exchanges and service providers, including custodians, brokers, payment processors, wallet providers and financial institutions.
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings – Bitcoin and other digital assets are novel assets, and are subject to significant legal, commercial, regulatory and technical uncertainty.” Bitcoin Industry Participants The primary Bitcoin industry participants are miners, investors and traders, digital asset exchanges and service providers, including custodians, brokers, payment processors, wallet providers and financial institutions.
Information found on our website is not part of this Annual Report or any other report filed with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file or furnish electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov . 16
Information found on our website is not part of this Annual Report or any other report filed with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file or furnish electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov .
This misuse, or the perception of such misuse, could lead to greater regulatory oversight of bitcoin and Bitcoin platforms, and there is the possibility that law enforcement agencies could close bitcoin platforms or other bitcoin-related infrastructure with little or no notice and prevent users from accessing or retrieving bitcoin held via such platforms or infrastructure.
This misuse, or the perception of such misuse, could lead to greater regulatory oversight of bitcoin and Bitcoin platforms, and there is the possibility that law enforcement agencies could close or blacklist bitcoin platforms or other bitcoin-related infrastructure with little or no notice and prevent users from accessing or retrieving bitcoin held via such platforms or infrastructure.
There have also been several bills introduced in Congress that propose to establish additional regulation and oversight of the digital asset markets. Enterprise Analytics Software Strategy MicroStrategy is a pioneer in AI-powered business intelligence (BI), and a global leader in enterprise analytics solutions.
There have also been several bills introduced in Congress that propose to establish additional regulation and oversight of the digital asset markets. Enterprise Analytics Software Strategy Strategy is a pioneer in AI-powered business intelligence (BI), and a global leader in enterprise analytics solutions.
Private keys used to access bitcoin balances are not widely distributed and are typically held on hardware 8 (which can be physically controlled by the holder or by a third party such as a custodian) or via software programs on third-party servers.
Private keys used to access bitcoin balances are not widely distributed and are typically held on hardware (which can be physically controlled by the holder or by a third party such as a custodian) or via software programs on third-party servers.
However, as with any computer network, the Bitcoin network may be subject to certain attacks. Some forms of attack include unauthorized access to wallets that hold bitcoin and direct attacks, like “51% attacks” or “denial-of-service attacks” on the Bitcoin protocol.
However, as with any computer network, the Bitcoin network may be subject to certain attacks. Some forms of attack include unauthorized access to wallets that hold bitcoin and direct attacks, like “51% attacks” or “denial-of-service attacks” on the Bitcoin network.
Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings—If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our bitcoin, or if our private keys are 10 lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our bitcoin and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.” In addition, the Bitcoin network relies on open-source developers to maintain and improve the Bitcoin protocol.
Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings—If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our bitcoin, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our bitcoin and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.” In addition, the Bitcoin network relies on open-source developers to maintain and improve the Bitcoin protocol.
Refer to the “Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy” section under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further information regarding our bitcoin purchases, including the source of capital used to purchase bitcoin.
Refer to the “Our Bitcoin Strategy” 7 section under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further information regarding our bitcoin purchases, including the source of capital used to purchase bitcoin.
Depending on the regulatory characterization of bitcoin, the markets for bitcoin in general, and our activities in particular, our business and our bitcoin acquisition strategy may be subject to regulation by one or more regulators in the United States and globally.
Depending on the regulatory characterization of bitcoin, the markets for bitcoin in general, and our activities in particular, our business and our bitcoin strategy may be subject to regulation by one or more regulators in the United States and globally.
Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings—Our bitcoin acquisition strategy exposes us to various risks associated with bitcoin,” and “—Our bitcoin acquisition strategy exposes us to risk of non-performance by counterparties.” Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Holding Bitcoin We believe that bitcoin is an attractive asset because it can serve as a store of value, supported by a robust and public open-source architecture, that is untethered to sovereign monetary policy.
Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings—Our bitcoin strategy exposes us to various risks, including risks associated with bitcoin,” and “—Our bitcoin strategy exposes us to risk of non-performance by counterparties.” Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Holding Bitcoin We believe that bitcoin is an attractive asset because it can serve as a store of value, supported by a robust and public open-source architecture, that is untethered to sovereign monetary policy.
These firms resell, support, or extend the MicroStrategy platform for a variety of commercial purposes, and our agreements with them generally provide non-exclusive rights to our software, marketing materials, product training, and direct sales force for field-level assistance. We make significant financial investments with our channel partners, including technical training, certifications, pre-sales and sales enablement, and co-marketing programs.
These firms resell, support, or extend the Strategy platform for a variety of commercial purposes, and our agreements with them generally provide non-exclusive rights to our software, marketing materials, product training, and direct sales force for field-level assistance. We make significant financial investments with our channel partners, including technical training, certifications, pre-sales and sales enablement, and co-marketing programs.
Marketing 13 Our marketing programs target the following principal audiences: • technology and line-of-business executives across large, global enterprises and mid-size organizations; • government technology buyers and vendors to the government community; • ISVs that want to embed analytics technology in their applications; and • system integrators that have technology relationships with large enterprises, governments, and information-intensive businesses.
Marketing 13 Strategy’s marketing programs target the following principal audiences: • technology and line-of-business executives across large, global enterprises and mid-size organizations; • government technology buyers and vendors to the government community; • ISVs that want to embed analytics technology in their applications; and • system integrators that have technology relationships with large enterprises, governments, and information-intensive businesses.
Due to their dedication, hard work, loyalty, and commitment, we have had continued success as a company. Our philosophy is to create an agile, evolving environment that allows all of our employees to grow and thrive, with initiatives and platforms that reward and recognize employees for their hard work and commitment to delivering personal excellence and creativity at MicroStrategy.
Due to their dedication, hard work, loyalty, and commitment, we have had continued success as a company. Our philosophy is to create an agile, evolving environment that allows all of our employees to grow and thrive, with initiatives and platforms that reward and recognize employees for their hard work and commitment to delivering personal excellence and creativity at Strategy.
Through these efforts we seek to create an environment in which our employees can flourish, respond quickly to client demand and enhance their connections with colleagues and towards the communities they are a part of globally. Available Information Our website is located at www.microstrategy.com .
Through these efforts we seek to create an environment in which our employees can flourish, respond quickly to client demand and enhance their connections with colleagues and towards the communities they are a part of globally. Available Information Our website is located at www.strategy.com .
The MicroStrategy ONE Platform MicroStrategy ONE combines the flexibility and scalability afforded by a modern, cloud application with the reliability and security of our robust data governance model. It empowers users by making rich analytics easily accessible and personalized, while enabling organizations to harness the value of their data wherever it is needed.
The Strategy One Platform Strategy One combines the flexibility and scalability afforded by a modern, cloud application with the reliability and security of our robust data governance model. It empowers users by making rich analytics easily accessible and personalized, while enabling organizations to harness the value of their data wherever it is needed.
Our cloud-native flagship, MicroStrategy ONE™, powers some of the largest analytics deployments in the world for customers spanning a wide range of industries, including retail, banking, technology, manufacturing, insurance, consulting, healthcare, telecommunications, and the public sector.
Our cloud-native flagship, Strategy One™, powers some of the largest analytics deployments in the world for customers spanning a wide range of industries, including retail, banking, technology, manufacturing, insurance, consulting, healthcare, telecommunications, and the public sector.
As part of this process, we regularly benchmark the benefits we offer our employees against those offered within our industry generally and the local markets in which we operate. During 2023, we continued to expand our equity compensation programs worldwide to provide our employees with greater opportunities to share in any appreciation of our class A common stock.
As part of this process, we regularly benchmark the benefits we offer our employees against those offered within our industry generally and the local markets in which we operate. During 2024, we continued to offer our equity compensation programs worldwide to provide our employees with greater opportunities to share in any appreciation of our class A common stock.
All of these privacy laws may impact our business activities and our relationships with business partners, customers and service providers. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress is considering comprehensive privacy legislation. At this time, it is unclear whether Congress will pass such a law and if so, when and what it will require and prohibit.
These laws may impact our ongoing business activities and our relationships with our business partners, customers and service providers. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress is considering comprehensive privacy legislation. At this time, it is unclear whether Congress will pass such a law and if so, when and what it will require and prohibit.
There are a broad variety of other data protection laws in the United States that are applicable to our activities, and a wide range of enforcement agencies at both the state and federal levels that can review companies for privacy and data security concerns based on general consumer protection laws.
There are a broad variety of other data protection laws in the United States that are or may be applicable to our activities, and a wide range of enforcement agencies at both the state and federal levels that can review companies for privacy and data security concerns based on general consumer protection laws.
However, there is a core group of developers that maintain the code for the Bitcoin protocol, and they can propose changes to the source code and release periodic updates and other changes.
However, there is a core group of developers that maintains the code for the Bitcoin protocol, and they can propose changes to the source code and release periodic updates and other changes.
Our bitcoin acquisition strategy generally involves acquiring bitcoin with our liquid assets that exceed working capital requirements, and from time to time, subject to market conditions, issuing debt or equity securities or engaging in other capital raising transactions with the objective of using the proceeds to purchase bitcoin.
Our bitcoin strategy generally involves from time to time, subject to market conditions, (i) issuing debt or equity securities or engaging in other capital raising transactions with the objective of using the proceeds to purchase bitcoin and (ii) acquiring bitcoin with our liquid assets that exceed working capital requirements.
MicroStrategy Education To help organizations maximize the adoption and performance of their MicroStrategy solutions, MicroStrategy Education offers free and paid learning options, available worldwide in multiple languages and a variety of formats—both in person and online, live and on-demand.
Strategy Education To help organizations maximize the adoption and performance of their Strategy solutions, the Strategy education team offers free and paid learning options, available worldwide in multiple languages and a variety of formats—both in person and online, live and on-demand.
While the SEC had previously approved exchange-traded funds where the underlying assets were bitcoin futures contracts, this order represents the first time the SEC has approved the listing and trading of ETPs that acquire, hold and sell bitcoin directly.
While the SEC had previously approved exchange-traded funds where the underlying assets were bitcoin futures contracts, this order represented the first time the SEC approved the listing and trading of ETPs that acquire, hold and sell bitcoin directly.
Additionally, central banks in some countries have started to introduce digital forms of legal tender. For example, China’s central bank digital currency (“CBDC”) project was made available to consumers in January 2022, and governments including the United States and 9 the European Union have been discussing the potential creation of new CBDCs.
Additionally, central banks in some countries have started to introduce digital forms of legal tender. For example, China’s central bank digital currency (“CBDC”) project was made available to consumers in January 2022, and governments including the United States and the European Union have discussed the potential creation of new CBDCs.
We make available free of charge, on or through the Investor Relations section of our website ( http://ir.microstrategy.com ), our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing such reports with the SEC.
We make available free of charge, on or through the Investor Relations section of our website ( www.strategy.com/investor-relations) , our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing such reports with the SEC.
Developers can leverage scripts, APIs, and 200+ connectors (local and cloud) to embed the platform or build predictive, machine learning-enhanced data models on top of a secure and trusted foundation. 12 FedRAMP Authorization The MicroStrategy Cloud for Government service (“MCG Service”) is authorized to operate under the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (“FedRAMP”) guidelines, which certifies compliance with essential cloud security and data protection standards set by the U.S.
Developers can leverage scripts, APIs, and 200+ connectors (local and cloud) to embed the platform or build predictive, machine learning-enhanced data models on top of a secure and trusted foundation. 12 FedRAMP Authorization Strategy’s cloud solution for government is authorized to operate under the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (“FedRAMP”) guidelines, which certifies compliance with essential cloud security and data protection standards set by the U.S.
Federal government. The solution offers always-on threat monitoring that meets the rigorous technical and regulatory needs of governments and financial institutions worldwide. The MCG Service achieved this designation through collaboration with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Federal government. The solution offers always-on threat monitoring that meets the rigorous technical and regulatory needs of governments and financial institutions worldwide. Strategy’s government cloud solution achieved this designation through collaboration with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
As a practical matter, a modification becomes part of the Bitcoin protocol only if the proposed changes are accepted by participants collectively having the most processing power, known as hash rate, on the network.
As a practical matter, a modification becomes part of the Bitcoin protocol only if the proposed changes are accepted by participants collectively having more than 50% of the processing power, known as hash rate, on the network.
Eastern Time, the market price of one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market) was $51,744.68. Overview of the Bitcoin Industry and Market Bitcoin is a digital asset that is issued by and transmitted through an open-source protocol, known as the Bitcoin protocol, collectively maintained by a peer-to-peer network of decentralized user nodes.
Eastern Time, the market price of one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market) was $97,236.98. Overview of the Bitcoin Industry and Market Bitcoin is a digital asset that is issued by and transmitted through an open-source protocol, known as the Bitcoin protocol, collectively maintained by a peer-to-peer network of decentralized user nodes.
Strategic Partnerships We have established strategic partnerships with a wide variety of third-party vendors, including cloud hosting providers (AWS, Microsoft, and Google), system integrators, consulting firms, value added resellers (VARs), managed service providers (MSPs), and independent software vendors (ISVs).
Strategic Partnerships Strategy has established strategic partnerships with a wide variety of third-party vendors, including cloud hosting providers (AWS, Microsoft, STACKIT, and Google), system integrators, consulting firms, value added resellers (VARs), managed service providers (MSPs), and independent software vendors (ISVs).
In the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) imposes requirements regarding the handling and security of personal data, requires disclosure of data breaches to individuals, customers, and data protection authorities in certain circumstances, requires companies to honor data subjects’ requests relating to their personal data, permits regulators to impose fines of up to €20,000,000 or 4% of global annual revenue, whichever is higher, and establishes a private right of action.
There are similar laws in other countries, including the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in the European Union which imposes requirements regarding the handling and security of personal data, requires disclosure of data breaches to individuals, customers, and data protection authorities in certain circumstances, requires companies to honor data subjects’ requests relating to their personal data, permits regulators to impose fines of up to €20,000,000 or 4% of global annual revenue, whichever is higher, and establishes a private right of action.
This overall strategy also contemplates that we may (i) periodically sell bitcoin for general corporate purposes, including to generate cash for treasury management (which may include debt repayment), or in connection with strategies that generate tax benefits in accordance with applicable law, (ii) enter into additional capital raising transactions that are collateralized by our bitcoin holdings, and (iii) consider pursuing strategies to create income streams or otherwise generate funds using our bitcoin holdings.
This overall strategy also contemplates that we may (i) periodically sell bitcoin for general corporate purposes or in connection with strategies that generate tax benefits in accordance with applicable law, (ii) enter into additional capital raising transactions that are collateralized by our bitcoin holdings, and (iii) consider pursuing strategies to create income streams or otherwise generate funds using our bitcoin holdings.
Stablecoins have grown rapidly as an alternative to bitcoin and other digital assets as a medium of exchange and store of value, particularly on digital asset trading platforms. As of December 31, 2023, two of the seven largest digital assets by market capitalization are U.S. dollar-backed stablecoins.
Stablecoins have grown rapidly as an alternative to bitcoin and other digital assets as a medium of exchange and store of value, particularly on digital asset trading platforms. As of December 31, 2024, two of the eight largest digital assets by market capitalization were U.S. dollar-backed stablecoins.
Our Enterprise Semantic Graph™ is a powerful metadata layer that helps ensure data insights are trustworthy regardless of how far-reaching the applications and users of data may reside. 5. Flexible deployment. Customers can choose to deploy our platform on premises, using their own cloud environment, or through our fully managed MicroStrategy Cloud Environment (MCE). 6. Open and interoperable.
Our Enterprise Semantic Graph™ is a powerful metadata layer that helps ensure data insights are trustworthy regardless of how far-reaching the applications and users of data may reside. 5. Flexible deployment. Customers can choose to deploy our platform on premises, using their own cloud environment, or through our fully managed cloud environments for commercial or government use. 6.
For example, we obtained supporting documentation to verify certain factual information, including documentation and analysis regarding financial solvency, exposure to troubled exchanges, regulatory compliance, security protocols and our ownership of our bitcoin.
For example, in response to the collapse of FTX, in 2022 we obtained supporting documentation to verify certain factual information, including documentation and analysis regarding financial solvency, exposure to troubled exchanges, regulatory compliance, security protocols and our ownership of our bitcoin.
Employees As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 1,934 employees, of whom 642 were based in the United States and 1,292 were based internationally. None of our employees in the United States is represented by a labor union; however, employees of certain of our foreign subsidiaries are members of trade or local unions.
Employees As of December 31, 2024, we had a total of 1,534 employees, of whom 453 were based in the United States and 1,081 were based internationally. None of our employees in the United States is represented by a labor union; however, employees of certain of our foreign subsidiaries are members of trade or local unions.
For enterprise analytics, we compete with global ISVs, such as IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Salesforce, and SAP. Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors within and outside of our control.
For enterprise analytics, Strategy competes with global ISVs, such as IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Salesforce, and SAP. Our ability to compete successfully depends on various factors within and outside of our control.
We view our bitcoin holdings as long-term holdings and expect to continue to accumulate bitcoin. We have not set any specific target for the amount of bitcoin we seek to hold, and we will continue to monitor market conditions in determining whether to engage in additional financings to purchase additional bitcoin.
We have not set any specific target for the amount of bitcoin we seek to hold, and we will continue to monitor market conditions in determining whether to engage in additional financings to purchase additional bitcoin.
We carefully select the custodians that custody our bitcoin after undertaking a due diligence process. As part of our custodian selection process, we evaluate for and select custodians that can demonstrate that they operate with strict security protocols, including multifactor authentication procedures designed to safekeep our bitcoin.
As part of our custodian selection process, we evaluate and select custodians that can demonstrate that they operate with strict security protocols, including multifactor authentication procedures designed to safekeep our bitcoin.
Integral to the MicroStrategy ONE platform are Generative AI capabilities that are designed to automate and accelerate the deployment of AI-enabled applications across our customers’ enterprises. By making advanced analytics accessible through conversational AI, MicroStrategy ONE provides non-technical users with the ability to directly access novel and actionable insights for decision-making.
Integral to the Strategy One platform are Generative AI capabilities that are designed to automate and accelerate the deployment of AI-enabled applications across the enterprise. By making advanced analytics accessible through conversational AI, Strategy One provides non-technical users with timely, actionable insights for decision-making.
However, while the Bitcoin network as a whole is decentralized, the private keys used to access bitcoin balances are not widely distributed and are susceptible to phishing and other attacks designed to obtain sensitive information or gain access to password-protected systems. Loss of such private keys can result in an inability to access, and effective loss of, the corresponding bitcoin.
However, while the Bitcoin network as a whole is decentralized, the private keys used to access bitcoin balances are not widely distributed and are susceptible to phishing 10 and other attacks designed to obtain sensitive information or gain access to password-protected systems.
Consequently, bitcoin holdings are susceptible to all of the risks inherent in holding any electronic data, such as power failure, data corruption, security breach, communication failure and user error, among others.
Loss of such private keys can result in an inability to access, and effective loss of, the corresponding bitcoin. Consequently, bitcoin holdings are susceptible to all of the risks inherent in holding any electronic data, such as power failure, data corruption, security breach, communication failure and user error, among others.
The FASB published the final standard in December 2023. 7 Our Bitcoin Holdings During 2023, we purchased a total of approximately 56,650 bitcoins at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.902 billion for an average purchase price of approximately $33,580 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. We did not sell any bitcoin during 2023.
During 2023, we purchased a total of approximately 56,650 bitcoins at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.902 billion for an average purchase price of approximately $33,580 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. We did not sell any bitcoin during 2024 or 2023.
We provide software and services designed to turn complex, chaotic data environments into rich, reliable, and convenient information feeds for our customers. Our vision is to make every worker a domain expert by delivering Intelligence Everywhere™.
We provide software and services designed to turn complex, chaotic data environments into rich, reliable, and convenient information feeds for our customers. Our vision is to drive growth and competitive advantage for our customers by delivering Intelligence Everywhere™.
One form of obtaining unauthorized access to a wallet occurs following a phishing attack where the attacker deceives the victim and manipulates them into sharing their private keys for their digital wallet or other sensitive information. Other similar attacks may also result in the loss of private keys and the inability to access, and effective loss of, the corresponding bitcoin.
One form of obtaining unauthorized access to a wallet occurs following a phishing attack where the attacker deceives the victim and 8 manipulates them into sharing their private keys for their digital wallet or other sensitive information.
As of February 14, 2024, we held approximately 190,000 bitcoins that were acquired at an aggregate purchase price of $5.933 billion and an average purchase price of approximately $31,224 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. As of February 14, 2024, at 4:00 p.m.
As of February 14, 2025, we held approximately 478,740 bitcoins that were acquired at an aggregate purchase price of $31.134 billion and an average purchase price of approximately $65,033 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. As of February 14, 2025, at 4:00 p.m.
Accordingly, bitcoin may be subject to protocol design changes, governance disputes such as “forked” protocols, competing protocols, and other open source-specific risks that do not affect conventional proprietary software.
Accordingly, bitcoin may be subject to protocol design changes, governance disputes such as “forked” protocols, competing protocols, and other open source-specific risks that do not affect conventional proprietary software. Government Regulation The laws and regulations applicable to bitcoin and digital assets are evolving and subject to interpretation and change.
During the period between January 1, 2024 and February 14, 2024, we purchased a total of approximately 850 bitcoins at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $37.2 million for an average purchase price of approximately $43,723 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. We did not sell any bitcoins during the period between January 1, 2024 and February 14, 2024.
During the period between January 1, 2025 and February 14, 2025, we purchased a total of approximately 31,270 bitcoins at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $3.165 billion for an average purchase price of approximately $101,225 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. We did not sell any bitcoins during the period between January 1, 2025 and February 14, 2025.
At December 31, 2022, we carried $1.840 billion of digital assets on our balance sheet, consisting of approximately 132,500 bitcoins and reflecting $2.153 billion in cumulative impairment losses attributable to bitcoin trading price fluctuations, and held $43.8 million in cash and cash equivalents.
At December 31, 2024, we carried $23.909 billion of digital assets on our balance sheet, consisting of approximately 447,470 bitcoins and reflecting $4.059 billion in cumulative impairment losses attributable to bitcoin trading price fluctuations, and held $38.1 million in cash and cash equivalents.
In the first quarter of 2021, we adopted, in addition to and in conjunction with our Treasury Reserve Policy, a corporate strategy of acquiring and holding bitcoin, and from time to time, subject to market conditions, issuing debt or equity securities or engaging in other capital raising transactions with the objective of using the proceeds to purchase bitcoin.
In the first quarter of 2021, we adopted, in addition to and in conjunction with our Treasury Reserve Policy, a corporate strategy of acquiring and holding bitcoin, including with the proceeds of capital raising transactions.
The following table summarizes employee headcount as of the dates indicated: December 31, December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Subscription services 100 110 72 Product support 154 183 174 Consulting 399 447 413 Education 13 16 36 Sales and marketing 390 434 470 Research and development 642 688 699 General and administrative 236 274 257 Total headcount 1,934 2,152 2,121 We recognize and value the contribution of all our employees.
We have not experienced any work stoppages and generally consider our relations with our employees to be good. 14 The following table summarizes employee headcount as of the dates indicated: December 31, December 31, December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Subscription services 95 100 110 Product support 163 154 183 Consulting 275 399 447 Education 11 13 16 Sales and marketing 295 390 434 Research and development 498 642 688 General and administrative 197 236 274 Total headcount 1,534 1,934 2,152 We recognize and value the contribution of all our employees.
This innovative feature presents context-based, click-free insights to the user by hovering over keywords on the screen. It can be implemented on mobile, web, or custom applications to enrich understanding and streamline workflows. 4.
With Auto, customers also can build their own fully customized bot for any application in a matter of minutes. 3. HyperIntelligence ™ . This innovative feature presents context-based, click-free insights to the user by hovering over keywords on the screen. It can be implemented on mobile, web, or custom applications to enrich understanding and streamline workflows. 4.
Sales and Marketing Licensing Models MicroStrategy sells its software platform under two pricing models: (i) traditional enterprise software licensing for on premise deployments, and (ii) subscriptions for cloud-based deployments. Enterprise software license terms are often perpetual, but term licenses typically extend for between 12 and 36 months and include standard support and maintenance for the term of the license.
Sales and Marketing Licensing Models Strategy sells its software platform under two pricing models: (i) simple user-based subscriptions for cloud-based deployments, and (ii) legacy enterprise software licensing for on premise deployments. Subscriptions for cloud-based deployments typically are for 36 months and include standard support.
This expenditure of computing power is known as “proof of work.” To incentivize miners to incur the costs of mining bitcoin, the Bitcoin protocol rewards miners that successfully validate a block of transactions with newly generated bitcoin. The Bitcoin protocol limits the total number of bitcoin that can be generated over time to 21 million.
Mining is a competitive and costly operation that requires a large amount of computational power to solve complex mathematical algorithms. This expenditure of computing power is known as “proof of work.” To incentivize miners to incur the costs of mining bitcoin, the Bitcoin protocol rewards miners that successfully validate a block of transactions with newly generated bitcoin.
The Bitcoin blockchain can be updated without any single entity owning or operating the network. Creation of New Bitcoin and Limits on Supply New bitcoin is created and allocated by the Bitcoin protocol through a “mining” process that rewards users that validate transactions in the Bitcoin blockchain. Validated transactions are added in “blocks” approximately every 10 minutes.
New bitcoins are created and allocated by the Bitcoin protocol through a “mining” process that rewards users that validate transactions in the Bitcoin blockchain. Validated transactions are added in “blocks” approximately every 10 minutes. The mining process serves to validate transactions and secure the Bitcoin network.
Our custodial services contracts do not restrict our ability to reallocate our bitcoin among our custodians, and our bitcoin holdings may be concentrated with a single custodian from time to time. In light of the significant amount of bitcoin we hold, we continually seek to engage additional digital asset custodians to further diversify the custody of our bitcoin.
We custody our bitcoin across multiple custodians to diversify our potential risk exposure to any one custodian. Our custodial services contracts do not restrict our ability to reallocate our bitcoin among our custodians, and our bitcoin holdings may be concentrated with a single custodian from time to time.
However, there are numerous alternative digital assets and many entities, including consortia and financial institutions, are researching and investing resources into private or permissioned blockchain platforms or digital assets that do not use proof-of-work mining like the Bitcoin network.
However, numerous alternative digital assets exist, and many entities, including consortia and financial institutions, are actively researching and investing resources in blockchain platforms and digital assets that utilize consensus mechanisms other than proof-of-work mining, which is employed by the Bitcoin network.
We also support customers post-sale through a dedicated Customer Success team that manages the customer lifecycle, from onboarding and training through license renewal and expansion. This separation allows our Sales team to focus on new business development and acquisition, while our Customer Success team focuses on customer experience, satisfaction, and lifetime value.
This separation allows our Sales team to focus on new business development and acquisition, while our Customer Success team focuses on customer experience, satisfaction, and lifetime value.
Standard Support is included in every maintenance plan or subscription license. Premium support options are also available for extended coverage and enhanced service at each touchpoint. MicroStrategy Consulting Many companies lack the internal expertise needed to design solutions for managing and optimizing their data stores. MicroStrategy Consultants deliver architecture and implementation services to help customers realize their desired results.
Strategy Consulting Many companies lack the internal expertise needed to design solutions for managing and optimizing their data stores. Strategy consultants deliver architecture and implementation services to help customers realize their desired results.
For example, in France, our employees are represented by a works council as required by local law. We have not experienced any work stoppages and generally consider our relations with our employees to be good.
For example, in France, our employees are represented by a works council as required by local law.
As a result, the primary counterparty risk we are exposed to with respect to our bitcoin is performance obligations under the various custody arrangements into which we have entered. We custody our bitcoin across multiple custodians to diversify our potential risk exposure to any one custodian.
Custody of our Bitcoin We hold substantially all of our bitcoin in custody accounts at U.S.-based, institutional-grade custodians that have demonstrated records of regulatory compliance and information security. As a result, the primary counterparty risk we are exposed to with respect to our bitcoin is performance obligations under the various custody arrangements into which we have entered.
Auto, the AI assistant. Our AI bot automates a variety of complex functions using a natural language interface, including SQL generation, dashboard creation, data discovery and advanced analytics like forecasting and key driver analysis. Our AI assistant tool enables our customers to build their own fully customized bot for any application in a matter of minutes. 3. HyperIntelligence ™ .
Auto, the AI assistant. Our AI bot, Auto, simplifies and automates complex functions using a natural language interface, including SQL generation, dashboard creation, data discovery and advanced analytics like forecasting and key driver analysis. Auto is designed to make analytics accessible to non-technical users and extend data-driven decision making across the organization.
This decrease in mining reward is referred to as a bitcoin halving, and it occurs after every 210,000 blocks are mined, which has historically occurred approximately every four years. Modifications to the Bitcoin Protocol Bitcoin is an open-source network that has no central authority, so no one person can unilaterally make changes to the software that runs the network.
The most recent bitcoin halving occurred in April 2024, and the next bitcoin halving is expected to occur sometime in 2028. Modifications to the Bitcoin Protocol Bitcoin is an open-source network that has no central authority, so no one person can unilaterally make changes to the software that runs the network.
As noted above, activities involving bitcoin and other digital assets may fall within the jurisdiction of more than one financial regulator and various courts and such laws and regulations are rapidly evolving and increasing in scope. On March 9, 2022, President Biden signed an executive order relating to cryptocurrencies.
Additionally, in January 2025, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau announced that it is seeking public input on privacy protections and surveillance in digital payments, particularly those offered through large technology platforms As noted above, activities involving bitcoin and other digital assets may fall within the jurisdiction of more than one financial regulator and various courts and such laws and regulations are rapidly evolving and increasing in scope.
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings—The emergence or growth of other digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of bitcoin and adversely affect our business.” Custody of our Bitcoin We hold substantially all of our bitcoin in custody accounts at U.S.-based, institutional-grade custodians that have demonstrated records of regulatory compliance and information security.
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings—The emergence or growth of other 9 digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of bitcoin and adversely affect our business.” Competition Our bitcoin strategy generally involves from time to time, subject to market conditions, (i) issuing debt or equity securities or engaging in other capital raising transactions with the objective of using the proceeds to purchase bitcoin and (ii) acquiring bitcoin with our liquid assets that exceed working capital requirements.
During 2022, we purchased a total of approximately 8,813 bitcoins at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $287.9 million for an average purchase price of approximately $32,670 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses, and sold a total of approximately 704 bitcoins for cash proceeds of approximately $11.8 million at an average sale price of approximately $16,786 per bitcoin, net of fees and expenses.
Our Bitcoin Holdings During 2024, we purchased a total of approximately 258,320 bitcoins at an aggregate purchase price of approximately $22.073 billion for an average purchase price of approximately $85,447 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses.
The current reward for miners that successfully validate a block of transactions is 6.25 bitcoin per mined block. Based on current mining rates, we anticipate the reward will decrease by half to 3.125 bitcoin per mined block sometime in April 2024.
The current reward for miners that successfully validate a block of transactions is 3.125 bitcoin per mined block. The mining reward is reduced by half, which is referred to as a bitcoin halving, after every 210,000 blocks are mined. This has historically occurred approximately every four years.
MicroStrategy Professional Services™ Through our MicroStrategy Support, MicroStrategy Consulting, and MicroStrategy Education services, we help customers deploy and customize our solutions to facilitate adoption and maximize returns on data investments. MicroStrategy Support Our global network of MicroStrategy-certified technical support experts help our customers achieve their system availability and usage goals through highly responsive troubleshooting and assistance.
Strategy Professional Services™ Strategy Support Our global network of Strategy-certified technical support experts help our customers achieve their system availability and usage goals through highly responsive troubleshooting and assistance. Standard support is included in every maintenance plan or subscription license. Premium support options are also available for extended coverage and enhanced service at each touchpoint.
Bitcoin Strategy Our bitcoin strategy includes (i) acquiring bitcoin using cash flows from operations and proceeds from equity and debt financings, (ii) developing product innovations that leverage Bitcoin blockchain technology, and (iii) periodically engaging in advocacy and educational activities regarding the continued acceptance and value of bitcoin as an open, secure protocol for an internet-native digital asset and the Lightning Network.
Additionally, we periodically engage in advocacy and educational activities, such as our Bitcoin for Corporations sessions at our annual World conferences, regarding the continued acceptance and value of Bitcoin as an open, secure protocol for an internet-native digital capital asset, and we leverage our software development capabilities to explore innovation in Bitcoin applications.
Subscriptions for cloud-based deployments typically are for 36 months and include standard support. Premium support services are available with either licensing model for added fees. Dedicated Sales and Customer Success Teams We sell our offerings chiefly through our direct sales force, with sales offices throughout the world.
Enterprise software license terms are often perpetual, but term licenses typically range from 12 to 36 months and include standard support and maintenance for the term of the license. Premium support services are available with either licensing model for added fees.
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Item 1. Business Overview MicroStrategy® recently announced that it considers itself the world’s first Bitcoin development company. We are a publicly-traded operating company committed to the continued development of the Bitcoin network through our activities in the financial markets, advocacy and technology innovation.
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Item 1. Business Overview Strategy TM is the world's first and largest Bitcoin Treasury Company. We are a publicly traded company that has adopted Bitcoin as our primary treasury reserve asset. By using proceeds from equity and debt financings, as well as cash flows from our operations, we strategically accumulate Bitcoin and advocate for its role as digital capital.
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As an operating business, we are able to use cash flows as well as proceeds from equity and debt financings to accumulate bitcoin, which serves as our primary treasury reserve asset. We also develop and provide industry-leading AI-powered enterprise analytics software that promotes our vision of Intelligence Everywhere™, and are using our software development capabilities to develop bitcoin applications.
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Our treasury strategy is designed to provide investors varying degrees of economic exposure to Bitcoin by offering a range of securities, including equity and fixed income instruments. In addition, we provide industry-leading AI-powered enterprise analytics software, advancing our vision of Intelligence Everywhere.
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Our software business, which we have operated for over 30 years, is our predominant operational focus, providing cash flows and enabling us to pursue our bitcoin strategy. We believe that the combination of our operating structure, bitcoin strategy and focus on technology innovation differentiates us in the digital assets industry.
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We leverage our development capabilities to explore innovation in Bitcoin applications, integrating analytics expertise with our commitment to digital asset growth. We believe our combination of operational excellence, strategic Bitcoin reserve, and focus on technological innovation positions us as a leader in both the digital asset and enterprise analytics sectors, offering a unique opportunity for long-term value creation.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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Biggest changeOur quarterly operating results may fluctuate, in part, as a result of: • fluctuations in the price of bitcoin, of which we have significant holdings and with respect to which we expect to continue to make significant future purchases, and potential material impairment charges that may be associated therewith; • any sales by us of our bitcoin at prices above their then-current carrying costs, which would result in our recording gains upon sale of our digital assets; • regulatory, commercial, and technical developments related to bitcoin or the Bitcoin blockchain, or digital assets more generally; • the size, timing, volume, and execution of significant orders and deliveries; • the mix of our offerings ordered by customers, including product licenses and cloud subscriptions, which can affect the extent to which revenue is recognized immediately or over future quarterly periods; • the timing of the release or delivery of new or enhanced offerings and market acceptance of new and enhanced offerings; • the timing of announcements of new offerings by us or our competitors; • changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors; • the length of our sales cycles; • seasonal or other buying patterns of our customers; • changes in our operating expenses; • the impact of war, terrorism, infectious diseases (such as COVID-19), natural disasters and other global events, and government responses to such events, on the global economy and on our customers, suppliers, employees, and business; • the timing of research and development projects; • utilization of our consulting and education services, which can be affected by delays or deferrals of customer implementation of our software; • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; • bilateral or multilateral trade tensions, which could affect our offerings in particular foreign markets; • our profitability and expectations for future profitability and their effect on our deferred tax assets and net income for the period in which any adjustment to our net deferred tax asset valuation allowance may be made; • increases or decreases in our liability for unrecognized tax benefits; and • changes in customer decision-making processes or customer budgets. 17 Limited Ability to Adjust Expenses.
Biggest changeOur quarterly operating results may fluctuate, in part, as a result of: • fluctuations in the price of bitcoin, of which we have significant holdings and with respect to which we expect to continue to make significant future purchases, and potential fair value changes associated therewith; • any sales by us of our bitcoin at prices above or below their carrying value, which would result in our recording gains or losses upon sale of our bitcoin; • the incurrence of tax liabilities on future unrealized gains on our bitcoin or as result of the cumulative-effect net increase of $12.745 billion to the opening balance of our retained earnings as of January 1, 2025 in connection with the adoption of ASU 2023-08; • regulatory, commercial, and technical developments related to bitcoin or the Bitcoin blockchain, or digital assets more generally; • the incurrence of additional fixed interest charges or dividend obligations on preferred stock; • the impact of war, terrorism, infectious diseases (such as COVID-19), natural disasters and other global events, and government responses to such events, on the global economy and the market for and price of bitcoin; • significant changes to our software business, including significant changes in our software sales or operating expenses, or the timing of announcements of new offerings or research and development projects by us or our competitors; • our profitability and expectations for future profitability and their effect on our deferred tax balances and net income for the period in which any adjustment to our net deferred tax asset valuation allowance may be made; and • increases or decreases in our unrecognized tax benefits.
Liquidity of bitcoin may also be impacted to the extent that changes in applicable laws and regulatory requirements negatively impact the ability of exchanges and trading venues to provide services for bitcoin and other digital assets.
The liquidity of bitcoin may also be impacted to the extent that changes in applicable laws and regulatory requirements negatively impact the ability of exchanges and trading venues to provide services for bitcoin and other digital assets.
Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy or the collection, processing, disclosure, storage, localization, or transmission of personal data, or any actual or perceived failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with such laws and regulations, contractual obligations, or applicable privacy policies, could materially adversely affect our business Aspects of our business involve collecting, processing, disclosing, storing, and transmitting personal data, which are subject to certain privacy policies, contractual obligations, and U.S. and foreign laws, regulations, and directives relating to privacy and data protection.
Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy or the collection, processing, disclosure, storage, localization, or transmission of personal data, or any actual or perceived failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with such laws and regulations, contractual obligations, or applicable privacy policies, could materially adversely affect our business Certain aspects of our business involve collecting, processing, disclosing, storing, and transmitting personal data, which are subject to certain privacy policies, contractual obligations, and U.S. and foreign laws, regulations, and directives relating to privacy and data protection.
Risks Related to Our Operations 33 Business disruptions, including interruptions, delays, or failures of our systems, third-party data center hosting facility, or other third-party services, as a result of geopolitical tensions, acts of terrorism, natural disasters, pandemics (like the COVID-19 pandemic), and similar events, could materially adversely affect our operating results or result in a material weakness in our internal controls that could adversely affect the market price of our stock A significant portion of our research and development activities or certain other critical business operations are concentrated in facilities in Northern Virginia, China, Argentina, and Poland.
Risks Related to Our Operations Business disruptions, including interruptions, delays, or failures of our systems, third-party data center hosting facility, or other third-party services, as a result of geopolitical tensions, acts of terrorism, natural disasters, pandemics (like the COVID-19 pandemic), and similar events, could materially adversely affect our operating results or result in a material weakness in our internal controls that could adversely affect the market price of our stock A significant portion of our research and development activities or certain other critical business operations are concentrated in facilities in Northern Virginia, China, Argentina, and Poland.
Other alternative digital assets that compete with bitcoin in certain ways include “stablecoins,” which are designed to maintain a constant price because of, for instance, their issuers’ promise to hold high-quality liquid assets (such as U.S. dollar deposits and short-term U.S. 26 treasury securities) equal to the total value of stablecoins in circulation.
Other alternative digital assets that compete with bitcoin in certain ways include “stablecoins,” which are designed to maintain a constant price because of, for instance, their issuers’ promise to hold high-quality liquid assets (such as U.S. dollar deposits and short-term U.S. treasury securities) equal to the total value of stablecoins in circulation.
To the extent investors view our class A common stock as providing exposure to 24 bitcoin, it is possible that the value of our class A common stock may also have included a premium over the value of our bitcoin due to the prior scarcity of traditional investment vehicles providing investment exposure to bitcoin, and that the value declined due to investors now having a greater range of options to gain exposure to bitcoin and investors choosing to gain such exposure through ETPs rather than our class A common stock.
To the extent investors view our class A common stock as providing exposure to bitcoin, it is possible that the value of our class A common stock may also have included a premium over the value of our bitcoin due to the prior scarcity of traditional investment vehicles providing investment exposure to bitcoin, and that the value declined due to investors now having a greater range of options to gain exposure to bitcoin and investors choosing to gain such exposure through ETPs rather than our class A common stock.
Moreover, the risks of engaging in a bitcoin acquisition strategy are relatively novel and have created, and could continue to create, complications due to the lack of experience that third parties have with companies engaging in such a strategy, such as increased costs of director and officer liability insurance or the potential inability to obtain such coverage on acceptable terms in the future.
Moreover, the risks of engaging in a bitcoin strategy are relatively novel and have created, and could continue to create, complications due to the lack of experience that third parties have with companies engaging in such a strategy, such as increased costs of director and officer liability insurance or the potential inability to obtain such coverage on acceptable terms in the future.
Additionally, central banks in some countries have started to introduce digital forms of legal tender. For example, China’s CBDC project was made available to consumers in January 2022, and governments including the United States, the European Union, and Israel have been discussing the potential creation of new CBDCs.
Additionally, central banks in some countries have started to introduce digital forms of legal tender. For example, China’s CBDC project was made available to consumers in January 2022, and governments including the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and Israel have been discussing the potential creation of new CBDCs.
If we are unable to sell our bitcoin, enter into additional capital raising transactions using bitcoin as collateral, or otherwise generate funds using our bitcoin holdings, or if we are forced to sell our bitcoin at a significant loss, in order to meet our working capital requirements, our business and financial condition could be negatively impacted.
If we are unable to sell our bitcoin, enter into additional capital raising transactions, including capital raising transactions using bitcoin as collateral, or otherwise generate funds using our bitcoin holdings, or if we are forced to sell our bitcoin at a significant loss, in order to meet our working capital requirements, our business and financial condition could be negatively impacted.
Although we are an operating company, and we believe we offer a different value proposition than a passive bitcoin investment vehicle such as a spot bitcoin ETP, investors may nevertheless view our class A common stock as an alternative to an investment in an ETP, and choose to purchase shares of a spot bitcoin ETP instead of our class A common stock.
Although we are an operating company, and we believe we offer a different value proposition than a bitcoin investment vehicle such as a spot bitcoin ETP, investors may nevertheless view our class A common stock as an alternative to an investment in an ETP, and choose to purchase shares of a spot bitcoin ETP instead of our class A common stock.
These vehicles, which were previously offered only to “accredited investors” on a private placement basis, have in the past traded at substantial premiums to net asset value (“NAV”), possibly due to the relative scarcity of traditional investment vehicles providing investment exposure to bitcoin.
These vehicles, which were previously offered only to “accredited investors” on a private placement basis, have in the past traded at substantial premiums to net asset value, possibly due to the relative scarcity of traditional investment vehicles providing investment exposure to bitcoin.
In particular, as remote working conditions have led businesses to increasingly rely on virtual environments and communication systems, there has been an increase in cyberattacks and other malicious activities. 38 Our having entered into an indemnification agreement with Michael J.
In particular, as remote working conditions have led businesses to increasingly rely on virtual environments and communication systems, there has been an increase in cyberattacks and other malicious activities. Our having entered into an indemnification agreement with Michael J.
Our bitcoin acquisition strategy exposes us to risk of non-performance by counterparties Our bitcoin acquisition strategy exposes us to the risk of non-performance by counterparties, whether contractual or otherwise. Risk of non-performance includes inability or refusal of a counterparty to perform because of a deterioration in the counterparty’s financial condition and liquidity or for any other reason.
Our bitcoin strategy exposes us to risk of non-performance by counterparties Our bitcoin strategy exposes us to the risk of non-performance by counterparties, whether contractual or otherwise. Risk of non-performance includes inability or refusal of a counterparty to perform because of a deterioration in the counterparty’s financial condition and liquidity or for any other reason.
In addition, our bitcoin acquisition strategy anticipates that we may issue additional debt in future periods to finance additional purchases of bitcoin, but if we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures, we may be required to sell bitcoin.
In addition, our bitcoin strategy anticipates that we may issue additional debt in future periods to finance additional purchases of bitcoin, but if we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures, we may be required to sell bitcoin.
Although these 19 bankruptcies, closures, liquidations and other events have not resulted in any loss or misappropriation of our bitcoin, nor have such events adversely impacted our access to our bitcoin, they have, in the short-term, likely negatively impacted the adoption rate and use of bitcoin.
Although these bankruptcies, closures, liquidations and other events have not resulted in any loss or misappropriation of our bitcoin, nor have such events adversely impacted our access to our bitcoin, they have, in the short-term, likely negatively impacted the adoption rate and use of bitcoin.
The SEC also alleged as part of its June 5, 2023, complaint that Binance Holdings Ltd. committed strategic and targeted “wash trading” through its affiliates to artificially inflate the volume of certain digital assets traded on its exchange.
The SEC also alleged as part of its June 5, 2023 complaint against Binance Holdings Ltd. that Binance committed strategic and targeted “wash trading” through its affiliates to artificially inflate the volume of certain digital assets traded on its exchange.
Security breaches and cyberattacks are of particular concern with respect to our bitcoin. Bitcoin and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies and the entities that provide services to participants in the bitcoin ecosystem have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities.
Security breaches and cyberattacks are of particular concern with respect to our bitcoin. Bitcoin and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies and the entities 25 that provide services to participants in the bitcoin ecosystem have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities.
While the Bitcoin blockchain ledger requires a public key relating to a digital wallet to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the bitcoin held in such wallet.
While the Bitcoin blockchain ledger requires a public key relating to a digital wallet to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the bitcoin held 26 in such wallet.
These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, 27 insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities or other irregularities.
These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities or other irregularities.
In addition, we serve our customers and manage certain critical internal processes using a third-party data center hosting facility located in the United States and other third-party services, including AWS, Azure, and other cloud services.
In addition, we serve our customers and manage certain critical internal processes using a third-party data center hosting facility located in the United States and other third-party services, including AWS, Azure, Google, and other cloud services.
We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities We are subject to income taxes and non-income taxes in a variety of domestic and foreign jurisdictions.
We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities 17 We are subject to income taxes and non-income taxes in a variety of domestic and foreign jurisdictions.
Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset that has traded below $20,000 per bitcoin and above $50,000 per bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market for bitcoin) in the 12 months preceding the date of this Annual Report. The trading price of bitcoin significantly decreased during prior periods, and such declines may occur again in the future.
Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset that has traded below $50,000 per bitcoin and above $105,000 per bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market for bitcoin) in the 12 months preceding the date of this Annual Report. The trading price of bitcoin significantly decreased during prior periods, and such declines may occur again in the future.
The pace of worldwide growth in the adoption and use of bitcoin may depend, for instance, on public familiarity with digital assets, ease of buying, accessing or gaining exposure to bitcoin, institutional demand for bitcoin as an investment asset, the participation of traditional financial institutions in the digital assets industry, consumer demand for bitcoin as a means of payment, and the availability and popularity of alternatives to bitcoin.
The pace of worldwide growth in the adoption and use of bitcoin may depend, for instance, on public familiarity with digital assets, ease of buying, accessing or gaining exposure to bitcoin, institutional demand for bitcoin as an investment asset, the participation of traditional financial institutions in the digital assets industry, consumer demand for bitcoin as a store of value or means of payment, and the availability and popularity of alternatives to bitcoin.
In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the applicable Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
Furthermore, even if holders do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the applicable Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
Additionally, unlike spot bitcoin ETPs, we (i) do not seek for our shares of Class A common stock to track the value of the underlying bitcoin we hold before payment of expenses and liabilities, (ii) do not benefit from various exemptions and relief under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including Regulation M, and other securities laws, which enable spot bitcoin ETPs to continuously align the value of their shares to the price of the underlying bitcoin they hold through share creation and redemption, (iii) are a Delaware corporation rather than a statutory trust, and do not operate pursuant to a trust agreement that would require us to pursue one or more stated investment objectives, and (iv) are not required to provide daily transparency as to our bitcoin holdings or our daily NAV.
Additionally, unlike spot bitcoin ETPs, we (i) do not seek for our shares of Class A common stock to track the value of the underlying bitcoin we hold before payment of expenses and liabilities, (ii) do not benefit from various exemptions and relief under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including Regulation M, and other securities laws, which enable ETPs to continuously align the value of their shares to the price of the underlying assets they hold through share creation and redemption, (iii) are a Delaware corporation rather than a statutory trust, and do not operate pursuant to a trust agreement that would require us to pursue one or more stated investment objectives, and (iv) are not required to provide daily transparency as to our bitcoin holdings or our daily net asset value.
We may also need to expend resources and capital to correct these defects if they occur. 32 Our customer agreements typically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to product liability, warranty, and other claims. It is possible these provisions are unenforceable in certain domestic or international jurisdictions, and we may be exposed to such claims.
We may also need to expend resources and capital to correct these defects if they occur. 29 Our customer agreements typically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to product liability, warranty, and other claims. It is possible these provisions are unenforceable in certain domestic or international jurisdictions, and we may be exposed to such claims.
Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings Our bitcoin acquisition strategy exposes us to various risks associated with bitcoin Our bitcoin acquisition strategy exposes us to various risks associated with bitcoin, including the following: Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset.
Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings Our bitcoin strategy exposes us to various risks, including risks associated with bitcoin Our bitcoin strategy exposes us to various risks, including the following: Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset.
As of December 31, 2023, the insurance that covers losses of our bitcoin holdings covers only a small fraction of the value of the entirety of our bitcoin holdings, and there can be no guarantee that such insurance will be maintained as part of the custodial services we have or that such coverage will cover losses with respect to our bitcoin.
As of December 31, 2024, the insurance that covers losses of our bitcoin holdings covers only a small fraction of the value of the entirety of our bitcoin holdings, and there can be no guarantee that such insurance will be maintained as part of the custodial services we have or that such coverage will cover losses with respect to our bitcoin.
The emergence or growth of other digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of bitcoin and adversely affect our business As a result of our bitcoin acquisition strategy, the majority of our assets are concentrated in our bitcoin holdings.
The emergence or growth of other digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of bitcoin and adversely affect our business As a result of our bitcoin strategy, our assets are concentrated in our bitcoin holdings.
Moreover, the exercise by holders of the 2028 Secured Notes or the Convertible Notes of their right to require us to repurchase such notes could cause a default under future debt agreements, even if the change of control or fundamental change itself does not, due to the financial effect of such repurchase on us.
Moreover, the exercise by holders of the Convertible Notes of their right to require us to repurchase such Convertible Notes could cause a default under future debt agreements, even if the change of control or fundamental change itself does not, due to the financial effect of such repurchase on us.
The operating results of our subsidiaries at any given time may not be sufficient to make dividends, distributions, or other payments to us in order to allow us to make payments on the 2028 Secured Notes, the Convertible Notes, and our other long-term indebtedness.
The operating results of our subsidiaries at any given time may not be sufficient to make dividends, distributions, or other payments to us in order to allow us to make payments on the Convertible Notes, and our other long-term indebtedness.
Accordingly, the emergence or growth of digital assets other than bitcoin may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. As of December 31, 2023, bitcoin was the largest digital asset by market capitalization.
Accordingly, the emergence or growth of digital assets other than bitcoin may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. As of December 31, 2024, bitcoin was the largest digital asset by market capitalization.
It is also not possible to predict the nature of any such additional authorities, how additional legislation or regulatory oversight might impact the ability of digital asset markets to function or the willingness of financial and other institutions to continue to provide services to the digital assets industry, nor how any new regulations or changes to existing regulations might impact the value of digital assets generally and bitcoin specifically.
It is also not possible to predict the nature of any such additional laws or authorities, how additional legislation or regulatory oversight might impact the ability of digital asset markets to function, the willingness of financial and other institutions to continue to provide services to the digital assets industry, or how any new laws or regulations, or changes to existing laws 21 or regulations, might impact the value of digital assets generally and bitcoin specifically.
We also depend on our installed customer base for a substantial portion of our revenue.
We also depend on our installed customer base for a substantial portion of our software revenue.
Risks Related to Our Business in General Our quarterly operating results, revenues, and expenses may fluctuate significantly, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of our stock For many reasons, including those described below, our operating results, revenues, and expenses have varied in the past and may vary significantly in the future from quarter to quarter.
Risks Related to Our Business in General Our quarterly operating results, revenues, and expenses may fluctuate significantly, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of our listed securities For many reasons, including those described below, our operating results, revenues, and expenses have varied in the past and may vary significantly in the future from quarter to quarter.
The availability of spot bitcoin ETPs may adversely affect the market price of our class A common stock Although bitcoin and other digital assets have experienced a surge of investor attention since bitcoin was invented in 2008, until recently investors in the United States had limited means to gain direct exposure to bitcoin through traditional investment channels, and instead generally were only able to hold bitcoin through “hosted” wallets provided by digital asset service providers or through “unhosted” wallets that expose the investor to risks associated with loss or hacking of their private keys.
The availability of spot ETPs for bitcoin and other digital assets may adversely affect the market price of our listed securities Although bitcoin and other digital assets have experienced a surge of investor attention since bitcoin was invented in 2008, until recently investors in the United States had limited means to gain direct exposure to bitcoin through traditional investment channels, and instead generally were only able to hold bitcoin through “hosted” wallets provided by digital asset service providers or through “unhosted” wallets that expose the investor to risks associated with loss or hacking of their private keys.
Any actual or perceived false trading in the bitcoin market, and any other fraudulent or manipulative acts and practices, could adversely affect the value of our bitcoin.
Any actual or perceived wash trading in the bitcoin market, and any other fraudulent or manipulative acts and practices, could adversely affect the value of our bitcoin.
Gox, and (iii) actual or perceived manipulation of the spot or derivative markets for bitcoin or spot bitcoin ETPs; • negative publicity, media or social media coverage, or sentiment due to events in or relating to, or perception of, bitcoin or the broader digital assets industry, for example, (i) public perception that bitcoin can be used as a vehicle to circumvent sanctions, including sanctions imposed on Russia or certain regions related to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, or to fund criminal or terrorist activities, such as the purported use of digital assets by Hamas to fund its terrorist attack against Israel in October 2023; (ii) expected or pending civil, criminal, regulatory enforcement or other high profile actions against major participants in the bitcoin ecosystem, including the SEC’s enforcement actions against Coinbase, Inc. and Binance Holdings Ltd.; (iii) additional filings for bankruptcy protection or bankruptcy proceedings of major digital asset industry participants, such as the bankruptcy proceeding of FTX Trading and its affiliates; and (iv) the actual or perceived environmental impact of bitcoin and related activities, including environmental concerns raised by private individuals, governmental and non-governmental organizations, and other actors related to the energy resources consumed in the bitcoin mining process; • changes in consumer preferences and the perceived value or prospects of bitcoin; 20 • competition from other digital assets that exhibit better speed, security, scalability, or energy efficiency, that feature other more favored characteristics, that are backed by governments, including the U.S. government, or reserves of fiat currencies, or that represent ownership or security interests in physical assets; • a decrease in the price of other digital assets, including stablecoins, or the crash or unavailability of stablecoins that are used as a medium of exchange for bitcoin purchase and sale transactions, such as the crash of the stablecoin Terra USD in 2022, to the extent the decrease in the price of such other digital assets or the unavailability of such stablecoins may cause a decrease in the price of bitcoin or adversely affect investor confidence in digital assets generally; • the identification of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous person or persons who developed bitcoin, or the transfer of substantial amounts of bitcoin from bitcoin wallets attributed to Mr.
Department of Justice in January 2025 the right to liquidate 69,370 bitcoin seized from the Silk Road marketplace; and (iii) actual or perceived manipulation of the spot or derivative markets for bitcoin or spot bitcoin exchange-traded products (“ETPs”); • negative publicity, media or social media coverage, or sentiment due to events in or relating to, or perception of, bitcoin or the broader digital assets industry, for example, (i) public perception that bitcoin can be used as a vehicle to circumvent sanctions, including sanctions imposed on Russia or certain regions related to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, or to fund criminal or terrorist activities, such as the purported use of digital assets by Hamas to fund its terrorist attack against Israel in October 2023; (ii) expected or pending civil, criminal, regulatory enforcement or other high profile actions against major participants in the bitcoin ecosystem, including the SEC’s enforcement actions against Coinbase, Inc. and Binance Holdings Ltd.; (iii) additional filings for bankruptcy protection or bankruptcy proceedings of major digital asset industry participants, such as the bankruptcy proceeding of FTX Trading and its affiliates; and (iv) the actual or perceived environmental impact of bitcoin and related activities, including environmental concerns raised by private individuals, governmental and non-governmental organizations, and other actors related to the energy resources consumed in the bitcoin mining process; • changes in consumer preferences and the perceived value or prospects of bitcoin; • competition from other digital assets that exhibit better speed, security, scalability, or energy efficiency, that feature other more favored characteristics, that are backed by governments, including the U.S. government, or reserves of fiat currencies, or that represent ownership or security interests in physical assets; • a decrease in the price of other digital assets, including stablecoins, or the crash or unavailability of stablecoins that are used as a medium of exchange for bitcoin purchase and sale transactions, such as the crash of the stablecoin Terra USD in 2022, to the extent the decrease in the price of such other digital assets or the unavailability of such stablecoins may cause a decrease in the price of bitcoin or adversely affect investor confidence in digital assets generally; • the identification of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous person or persons who developed bitcoin, or the transfer of substantial amounts of bitcoin from bitcoin wallets attributed to Mr.
These factors include, but are not limited to: • fluctuations in the price of bitcoin, of which we have significant holdings, and in which we expect we will continue to make significant purchases and announcements about our transactions in bitcoin; • changes to our bitcoin acquisition strategy; • announcement of additional capital raising transactions; • regulatory, commercial and technical developments related to bitcoin or the Bitcoin blockchain; • quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors; • announcements about our earnings that are not in line with analyst expectations, the likelihood of which may be enhanced because it is our policy not to give guidance relating to our anticipated financial performance in future periods; • announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, dispositions, new offerings, significant contracts, commercial relationships, or capital commitments; • our ability to develop, market, and deliver new and enhanced offerings on a timely basis; • commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation; • recommendations by securities analysts or changes in earnings estimates and our ability to meet those estimates; • investor perception of our Company, including as compared to investment vehicles that are designed to track the price of bitcoin, such as spot bitcoin ETPs; 39 • announcements by our competitors of their earnings that are not in line with analyst expectations; • the volume of shares of our class A common stock available for public sale; • sales or purchases of stock by us or by our stockholders and issuances of awards under our equity incentive plan; and • general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of related markets, including as a result of war, terrorism, infectious diseases (such as COVID-19), natural disasters and other global events, and government responses to such events.
These factors include, but are not limited to: • fluctuations in the price of bitcoin, of which we have significant holdings, and in which we expect we will continue to make significant purchases and announcements about our transactions in bitcoin; • changes to our bitcoin strategy; • announcement of additional capital raising transactions; • regulatory, commercial and technical developments related to bitcoin or the Bitcoin blockchain; • quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors; • announcements about our earnings that are not in line with analyst expectations, the likelihood of which may be enhanced because it is our policy not to give guidance relating to our anticipated financial performance in future periods; • announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, dispositions, new offerings, significant contracts, commercial relationships, or capital commitments; • our ability to develop, market, and deliver new and enhanced offerings on a timely basis; • commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation; • recommendations by securities analysts or changes in earnings estimates and our ability to meet those estimates; • investor perception of our Company, including as compared to investment vehicles that are designed to track the price of bitcoin, such as spot bitcoin ETPs; • announcements by our competitors of their earnings that are not in line with analyst expectations; • the volume of shares of our class A common stock and other securities available for public sale; • sales or purchases of stock by us or by our stockholders and issuances of awards under our equity incentive plan; and • general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of related markets, including as a result of war, terrorism, infectious diseases (such as COVID-19), natural disasters and other global events, and government responses to such events. 33 In addition, the stock market and the markets for both bitcoin-influenced and technology companies have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies in those markets.
Gains (if any) are not recorded until realized upon sale, at which point they would be presented net of any impairment losses. In determining the gain to be recognized upon sale, we calculate the difference between the sale price and carrying value of the specific bitcoin sold immediately prior to sale.
Gains (if any) were not recorded until realized upon sale, at which point they would be presented net of any impairment losses. In determining the gain to be recognized upon sale, we calculated the difference between the sale price and carrying value of the specific bitcoin sold immediately prior to sale.
Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock The market price of our class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile The market price of our class A common stock has historically been volatile and this volatility has been significant in recent periods.
Risks Related to Our Listed Securities Generally The market price of our class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile The market price of our class A common stock has historically been volatile and this volatility has been significant in recent periods.
In addition, if bitcoin is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, the additional regulatory restrictions imposed by such a determination could adversely affect the market price of bitcoin and in turn adversely affect the market price of our class A common stock.
In addition, if bitcoin is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, the additional regulatory restrictions imposed by such a determination could adversely affect the market price of bitcoin and in turn adversely affect the market price of our listed securities.
Our bitcoin acquisition strategy subjects us to enhanced regulatory oversight As noted above, several spot bitcoin ETPs have received approval from the SEC to list their shares on a U.S. national securities exchange with continuous share creation and redemption at NAV.
Our bitcoin strategy subjects us to enhanced regulatory oversight As noted above, several spot bitcoin ETPs have received approval from the SEC to list their shares on a U.S. national securities exchange with continuous share creation and redemption at net asset value.
We are continually examining the risks and rewards of our bitcoin acquisition strategy. This strategy has not been tested over an extended period of time or under different market conditions.
Our bitcoin strategy has not been tested over an extended period of time or under different market conditions. We are continually examining the risks and rewards of our strategy to acquire and hold bitcoin. This strategy has not been tested over an extended period of time or under different market conditions.
Item 1A. Ri sk Factors You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.
Item 1A. Ri sk Factors You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impact us, our business, our bitcoin holdings, or our securities.
Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of our class A common stock, convertible debt instruments or other convertible securities could depress the price of our class A common stock We may issue and sell additional shares of class A common stock, convertible notes, or other securities in subsequent offerings to raise capital or issue shares for other purposes, including in connection with the acquisition of additional bitcoin.
Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of our class A common stock, convertible debt instruments, series A perpetual strike preferred stock, other classes or series of preferred stock, or other convertible securities could depress the price of our listed securities We may issue and sell additional shares of class A common stock, convertible notes, convertible preferred stock, or other securities in subsequent offerings to raise capital or issue shares for other purposes, including in connection with the acquisition of additional bitcoin.
If the carrying value of a bitcoin exceeds that lowest price at any time during the quarter, an impairment loss is deemed to have occurred with respect to that bitcoin in the amount equal to the difference between its carrying value and such lowest price, and subsequent increases in the price of bitcoin will not affect the carrying value of our bitcoin.
If the carrying value of a bitcoin exceeded that lowest price at any time during the quarter, an impairment loss was deemed to have occurred with respect to that bitcoin in the amount equal to the difference between its carrying value and such lowest price, and subsequent increases in the price of bitcoin did not affect the carrying value of our bitcoin.
Saylor, our Chairman of the Board of Directors and Executive Chairman, that supplements our conventional director and officer liability insurance provided by third-party insurance carriers could negatively affect our business and the market price of our class A common stock We have entered into an indemnification agreement with Michael J.
Saylor, our Chairman of the Board of Directors and Executive Chairman, that supplements our conventional director and officer liability insurance provided by third-party insurance carriers could negatively affect our business and the market price of our listed securities We have entered into an indemnification agreement with Michael J.
In determining if an impairment has occurred, we consider the lowest price of one bitcoin quoted on the active exchange at any time since acquiring the specific bitcoin held.
In determining if an impairment had occurred, we considered the lowest price of one bitcoin quoted on the active exchange at any time since acquiring the specific bitcoin held.
In addition, our indemnification arrangement with Mr. Saylor may result in some investors perceiving that our independent directors are not sufficiently independent from Mr. Saylor due to their entitlement to personal indemnification from him, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our class A common stock.
In addition, our indemnification arrangement with Mr. Saylor may result in some investors perceiving that our independent directors are not sufficiently independent from Mr. Saylor due to their entitlement to personal indemnification from him, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our listed securities.
Even if we pursue any such strategies, we may be unable to create income streams or otherwise generate cash from our bitcoin holdings, and any such strategies may subject us to additional risks. Our bitcoin holdings significantly impact our financial results and the market price of our class A common stock.
Even if we pursue any such strategies, we may be unable to create income streams or otherwise generate cash from our bitcoin holdings, and any such strategies may subject us to additional risks. Our bitcoin holdings significantly impact our financial results and the market price of our listed securities.
We cannot predict: • the size of future issuances of equity securities; • the size and terms of future issuances of convertible debt instruments or other convertible securities; or • the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our securities will have on the market price of our class A common stock.
We cannot predict: • the size of future issuances of equity securities; • the size and terms of future issuances of convertible debt instruments or other convertible securities; or • the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our securities will have on the market price of our listed securities.
Beginning in fiscal year 2027, the deduction allowable under the GILTI regime will decrease from 50% to 37.5%, which will increase the effective tax rate imposed on our income. The U.S. also enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) in August 2022.
Beginning in fiscal year 2027, the deduction allowable under the GILTI regime will decrease from 50% to 37.5%, which will increase the effective tax rate imposed on our income. The U.S. also enacted the IRA in August 2022.
Based on how we are viewed in the market relative to ETPs, and other vehicles which offer economic exposure to bitcoin, such as bitcoin futures ETFs and leveraged bitcoin futures ETFs, any premium or discount in our class A common stock relative to the value of our bitcoin holdings may increase or decrease in different market conditions.
Based on how we are viewed in the market relative to ETPs, and other vehicles which offer economic exposure to bitcoin, such as bitcoin futures exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), leveraged bitcoin futures ETFs, and similar vehicles offered on international exchanges, any premium or discount in our class A common stock relative to the value of our bitcoin holdings may increase or decrease in different market conditions.
Regulatory change reclassifying bitcoin as a security could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and could adversely affect the market price of bitcoin and the market price of our class A common stock While senior SEC officials have stated their view that bitcoin is not a “security” for purposes of the federal securities laws a contrary determination by the SEC could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, which would subject us to significant additional regulatory controls that could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations and may also require us to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our business.
While senior SEC officials have stated their view that bitcoin is not a “security” for purposes of the federal securities laws, a contrary determination by the SEC could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, which would subject us to significant additional regulatory controls that could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute on our bitcoin strategy, and our business and operations and may also require us to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our business.
In addition, we had $103.0 million of other remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2023, consisting of the portions of multi-year contracts that will be invoiced in the future that are not reflected on our balance sheet.
In addition, we had $211.9 million of other remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2024, consisting of the portions of multi-year contracts that will be invoiced in the future that are not reflected on our balance sheet.
If bitcoin prices were to decrease or our bitcoin acquisition strategy otherwise proves unsuccessful, our financial condition, results of operations, and the market price of our class A common stock would be materially adversely impacted. We are subject to counterparty risks, including in particular risks relating to our custodians.
If bitcoin prices were to decrease or our bitcoin strategy otherwise proves unsuccessful, our financial condition, results of operations, and the market price of our listed securities would be materially adversely impacted. We are subject to counterparty risks, including in particular risks relating to our custodians.
We rely on the receipt of funds from our subsidiaries in order to meet our cash needs and service our indebtedness, including the 2028 Secured Notes, the Convertible Notes, and our other long-term indebtedness, and certain of our subsidiaries holding digital assets may not provide any dividends, distributions, or other payments to us to fund our obligations and meet our cash needs We depend on dividends, distributions, and other payments from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations, including those arising under the 2028 Secured Notes, the Convertible Notes, and our other long-term indebtedness, and meet our cash needs.
We use funds from our subsidiaries in order to meet our cash needs and service our indebtedness, including the Convertible Notes and our other long-term indebtedness, and certain of our subsidiaries holding digital assets may not provide any dividends, distributions, or other payments to us to fund our obligations and meet our cash needs We receive dividends, distributions, and other payments from our subsidiaries to fund our obligations, including those arising under the Convertible Notes, and our other long-term indebtedness, and meet our cash needs.
Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset, and fluctuations in the price of bitcoin have in the past influenced and are likely to continue to influence our financial results and the market price of our class A common stock Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset, and fluctuations in the price of bitcoin have in the past influenced and are likely to continue to influence our financial results and the market price of our class A common stock.
Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset, and fluctuations in the price of bitcoin have in the past influenced and are likely to continue to influence our financial results and the market price of our listed securities Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset, and fluctuations in the price of bitcoin have in the past influenced and are likely to continue to influence our financial results and the market price of our listed securities.
Transactions involving newly issued class A common stock, convertible debt instruments, or other convertible securities could result in possibly substantial dilution to holders of our class A common stock.
Transactions involving newly issued class A common stock, convertible debt instruments, series A perpetual strike preferred stock, other series of convertible preferred stock or other convertible securities could result in possibly substantial dilution to holders of our class A common stock and our series A perpetual strike preferred stock.
Our bitcoin holdings have significantly affected our financial results and if we continue to increase our overall holdings of bitcoin in the future, they will have an even greater impact on our financial results and the market price of our class A common stock.
Our bitcoin holdings have significantly affected our financial results and if we continue to increase our overall holdings of bitcoin in the future, they will have an even greater impact on our financial results and the market price of our listed securities.
The application of state and federal securities laws and other laws and regulations to digital assets is unclear in certain respects, and it is possible that regulators in the United States or foreign countries may interpret or apply existing laws and regulations in a manner that adversely affects the price of bitcoin.
The application of state and federal securities laws and other laws and regulations to digital assets is unclear in certain respects, and it is possible that regulators in the United States or foreign countries may interpret or apply existing laws and regulations in a manner that adversely affects the price of bitcoin or the ability of individuals or institutions such as us to own or transfer bitcoin.
Our recognition of deferred revenue and advance payments is subject to future performance obligations and may not be representative of revenues for succeeding periods Our deferred revenue and advance payments totaled $236.7 million as of December 31, 2023.
Our recognition of deferred revenue and advance payments is subject to future performance obligations and may not be representative of revenues for succeeding periods Our deferred revenue and advance payments totaled $242.9 million as of December 31, 2024.
Stablecoins have grown rapidly as an alternative to bitcoin and other digital assets as a medium of exchange and store of value, particularly on digital asset trading platforms. As of December 31, 2023, two of the seven largest digital assets by market capitalization are U.S. dollar-backed stablecoins.
Stablecoins have grown rapidly as an alternative to bitcoin and other digital assets as a medium of exchange and store of value, particularly on digital asset trading platforms. As of December 31, 2024, two of the eight largest digital assets by market capitalization were U.S. dollar-pegged stablecoins.
Nakamoto; • disruptions, failures, unavailability, or interruptions in service of trading venues for bitcoin, such as, for example, the announcement by the digital asset exchange FTX Trading that it would freeze withdrawals and transfers from its accounts and subsequent filing for bankruptcy protection and the recent SEC enforcement action brought against Binance Holdings Ltd., which initially sought to freeze all of its assets during the pendency of the enforcement action; • the filing for bankruptcy protection by, liquidation of, or market concerns about the financial viability of digital asset custodians, trading venues, lending platforms, investment funds, or other digital asset industry participants, such as the filing for bankruptcy protection by digital asset trading venues FTX Trading and BlockFi and digital asset lending platforms Celsius Network and Voyager Digital Holdings in 2022, the ordered liquidation of the digital asset investment fund Three Arrows Capital in 2022, the announced liquidation of Silvergate Bank in 2023, the government-mandated closure and sale of Signature Bank in 2023, the placement of Prime Trust, LLC into receivership following a cease-and-desist order issued by the Nevada Department of Business and Industry in 2023, and the exit of Binance from the U.S. market as part of its settlement with the Department of Justice and other federal regulatory agencies; • regulatory, legislative, enforcement and judicial actions that adversely affect the price, ownership, transferability, trading volumes, legality or public perception of bitcoin, or that adversely affect the operations of or otherwise prevent digital asset custodians, trading venues, lending platforms or other digital assets industry participants from operating in a manner that allows them to continue to deliver services to the digital assets industry; • further reductions in mining rewards of bitcoin, including block reward halving events, which are events that occur after a specific period of time that reduce the block reward earned by “miners” who validate bitcoin transactions, or increases in the costs associated with bitcoin mining, including increases in electricity costs and hardware and software used in mining, that may cause a decline in support for the Bitcoin network; • transaction congestion and fees associated with processing transactions on the Bitcoin network; • macroeconomic changes, such as changes in the level of interest rates and inflation, fiscal and monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions, and fiat currency devaluations; • developments in mathematics or technology, including in digital computing, algebraic geometry and quantum computing, that could result in the cryptography used by the Bitcoin blockchain becoming insecure or ineffective; and • changes in national and international economic and political conditions, including, without limitation, the adverse impact attributable to the economic and political instability caused by the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the economic sanctions adopted in response to the conflict, and the potential broadening of the Israel-Hamas conflict to other countries in the Middle East.
Nakamoto; • developments relating to the Bitcoin protocol, including (i) changes to the Bitcoin protocol that impact its security, speed, scalability, usability, or value, such as changes to the cryptographic security protocol underpinning the Bitcoin blockchain, changes to the maximum number of bitcoin outstanding, changes to the mutability of transactions, changes relating to the size of blockchain blocks, and similar changes, (ii) failures to make upgrades to the Bitcoin protocol to adapt to security, technological, legal or other challenges, and (iii) changes to the Bitcoin protocol that introduce software bugs, security risks or other elements that adversely affect bitcoin; • disruptions, failures, unavailability, or interruptions in service of trading venues for bitcoin, such as, for example, the announcement by the digital asset exchange FTX Trading that it would freeze withdrawals and transfers from its accounts and subsequent filing for bankruptcy protection and the SEC enforcement action brought against Binance Holdings Ltd., which initially sought to freeze all of its assets during the pendency of the enforcement action and has since resulted in Binance discontinuing all fiat deposits and withdrawals in the U.S.; • the filing for bankruptcy protection by, liquidation of, or market concerns about the financial viability of digital asset custodians, trading venues, lending platforms, investment funds, or other digital asset industry participants, such as the filing for bankruptcy protection by digital asset trading venues FTX Trading and BlockFi and digital asset lending platforms Celsius Network and Voyager Digital Holdings in 2022, the ordered liquidation of the digital asset investment fund Three Arrows Capital in 2022, the announced liquidation of Silvergate Bank in 2023, the government-mandated closure and sale of Signature Bank in 2023, the placement of Prime Trust, LLC into receivership following a cease-and-desist order issued by the Nevada Department of Business and Industry in 2023, and the exit of Binance from the U.S. market as part of its settlement with the Department of Justice and other federal regulatory agencies; • regulatory, legislative, enforcement and judicial actions that adversely affect the price, ownership, transferability, trading volumes, legality or public perception of bitcoin, or that adversely affect the operations of or otherwise prevent digital asset 20 custodians, trading venues, lending platforms or other digital assets industry participants from operating in a manner that allows them to continue to deliver services to the digital assets industry; • further reductions in mining rewards of bitcoin, including due to block reward halving events, which are events that occur after a specific period of time (the most recent of which occurred in April 2024) that reduce the block reward earned by “miners” who validate bitcoin transactions, or increases in the costs associated with bitcoin mining, including increases in electricity costs and hardware and software used in mining, or new or enhanced regulation or taxation of bitcoin mining, which could further increase the costs associated with bitcoin mining, any of which may cause a decline in support for the Bitcoin network; • transaction congestion and fees associated with processing transactions on the Bitcoin network; • macroeconomic changes, such as changes in the level of interest rates and inflation, fiscal and monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions, and fiat currency devaluations; • developments in mathematics or technology, including in digital computing, algebraic geometry and quantum computing, that could result in the cryptography used by the Bitcoin blockchain becoming insecure or ineffective; and • changes in national and international economic and political conditions, including, without limitation, federal government policies, trade tariffs and trade disputes, the adverse impacts attributable to the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the economic sanctions adopted in response to the conflict, and the broadening of the Israel-Hamas conflict to other countries in the Middle East.
In order to obtain sufficient funds to pay the purchase price of such notes, we expect that we would have to refinance the notes and we may not be able to refinance the notes on reasonable terms, if at all.
In order to obtain sufficient funds to pay the purchase price of such notes, we expect that we would have to refinance the Convertible Notes or obtain a waiver from the applicable holders of Convertible Notes and we may not be able to refinance the Convertible Notes on reasonable terms, if at all.
Such proceedings could result in the imposition of sanctions, fines, penalties, liabilities, government orders, and/or orders requiring that we change our data practices, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, reputation, and financial condition.
Such proceedings could result in the imposition of sanctions, fines, penalties, liabilities, government orders, and/or orders requiring that we change our data practices, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, reputation, and financial condition. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress is considering comprehensive privacy legislation.
As the price of our class A common stock is affected by the value of our bitcoin holdings, the failure of a major participant in the bitcoin ecosystem could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our class A common stock.
As the price 24 of our listed securities is affected by the value of our bitcoin holdings, the failure of a major participant in the bitcoin ecosystem could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our listed securities.
Any disruptions or failures of our systems or the third-party hosting facility or other services that we use, including as a result of a natural disaster, fire, cyberattack (including the potential increase in risk for such attacks due to cyberwarfare in connection with the ongoing Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts), act of terrorism, geopolitical conflict (including due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts and any potential conflict involving China and Taiwan), pandemic (including the COVID-19 pandemic), the effects of climate change, or other catastrophic event, as well as power outages, telecommunications infrastructure outages, a decision by one of our third-party service providers to close facilities that we use without adequate notice or to materially change the pricing or terms of their services, host country restrictions on the conduct of our business operations or the availability of our offerings, or other unanticipated problems with our systems or the third-party services that we use, such as a failure to meet service standards, could severely impact our ability to conduct our business operations or to attract new customers or maintain existing customers, or result in a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, any of which could materially adversely affect our future operating results.
Any disruptions or failures of our systems or the third-party hosting facility or other services that we use, including as a result of a natural disaster, fire, cyberattack (including the potential increase in risk for such attacks due to cyberwarfare in connection with the ongoing Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts), act of terrorism, geopolitical conflict (including due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts and any potential conflict involving China and Taiwan), pandemic, the effects of climate change, or other catastrophic event, as well as power outages, telecommunications infrastructure outages, a decision by one of our third-party service providers to close facilities that we use without adequate notice or to materially change the pricing or terms of their services, host country restrictions on the conduct of our business operations or the availability of our offerings, or other unanticipated problems with our systems or the third-party services that we use, such as a failure to meet service standards, could severely impact our ability to conduct our business operations or to attract new customers or maintain existing customers, or result in a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, any of which could materially adversely affect our future operating results. 30 We face a variety of risks in doing business with U.S. and foreign federal, state, and local governments and government agencies, including risks related to the procurement process, budget constraints and cycles, termination of contracts, and compliance with government contracting requirements Our customers include the U.S. government, state and local governments and government agencies.
Due in particular to the volatility in the price of bitcoin, we expect the adoption of ASU 2023-08 to increase the volatility of our financial results and significantly affect the carrying value of our bitcoin on our balance sheet.
Due in particular to the volatility in the price of bitcoin, we expect the adoption of ASU 2023-08 to have a material impact on our financial results in future periods, increase the volatility of our financial results, and affect the carrying value of our bitcoin on our balance sheet.
Additionally, as a result of ASU 2023-08 requiring a cumulative-effect adjustment to our opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual period in which we adopt the guidance and not permitting retrospective restatement of our historical financial statements, our future results will not be comparable to results from periods prior to our adoption of the guidance.
Additionally, as a result of ASU 2023-08 requiring a cumulative-effect adjustment to our opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2025 and not permitting retrospective restatement of our historical financial statements, our future results will not be comparable to results from periods prior to our adoption of the guidance.
Our financial results and the market price of our class A common stock would be adversely affected, and our business and financial condition would be negatively impacted, if the price of bitcoin decreased substantially (as it has in the past, including during 2022), including as a result of: • decreased user and investor confidence in bitcoin, including due to the various factors described herein; • investment and trading activities, such as (i) trading activities of highly active retail and institutional users, speculators, miners and investors, (ii) actual or expected significant dispositions of bitcoin by large holders, including the expected liquidation of digital assets associated with entities that have filed for bankruptcy protection, such as FTX, which in September 2023 received approval to sell up to $3 billion worth of digital assets, including bitcoin, and the transfer and sale of bitcoins associated with the hacked cryptocurrency exchange Mt.
Our financial results and the market price of our listed securities would 19 be adversely affected, and our business and financial condition would be negatively impacted, if the price of bitcoin decreased substantially (as it has in the past, including during 2022), including as a result of: • decreased user and investor confidence in bitcoin, including due to the various factors described herein; • investment and trading activities, such as (i) trading activities of highly active retail and institutional users, speculators, miners and investors; (ii) actual or expected significant dispositions of bitcoin by large holders, including the expected liquidation of digital assets associated with entities that have filed for bankruptcy protection and the transfer and sale of bitcoins associated with significant hacks, seizures, or forfeitures, such as the transfers of bitcoin to (a) creditors of the hacked cryptocurrency exchange Mt.
In certain jurisdictions, our ability to win business may be constrained by political and other factors unrelated to our competitive position in the market. Each of these difficulties could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. 35 If we are unable to recruit or retain skilled personnel, or if we lose the services of Michael J.
In certain jurisdictions, our ability to win business may be constrained by political and other factors unrelated to our competitive position in the market. If we are unable to recruit or retain skilled personnel, or if we lose the services of Michael J.
Since August 11, 2020, the date on which we announced our initial purchase of bitcoin, the closing price of our class A common stock has increased from $123.62 as of August 10, 2020, the last trading day before our announcement, to $769.88 as of February 14, 2024.
Since August 11, 2020, the date on which we announced our initial purchase of bitcoin, the closing price of our class A common stock has increased from $12.36 as of August 10, 2020, the last trading day before our announcement, to $337.73 as of February 14, 2025.
We may not be able to finance required repurchases of the 2028 Secured Notes or the Convertible Notes upon a change of control or a fundamental change Upon a change of control or a fundamental change as defined in the indentures governing the 2028 Secured Notes and the Convertible Notes, the holders of such notes will have the right to require us to offer to purchase all of the applicable notes then outstanding at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the 2028 Secured Notes and 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes, respectively, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the repurchase date.
Upon a fundamental change as defined in the indentures governing the Convertible Notes, the holders of such notes will have the right to require us to offer to purchase all of the applicable notes then outstanding at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the repurchase date.
Various U.S. and foreign government bodies may enact new or additional laws or regulations, or issue rulings that invalidate prior laws or regulations, concerning privacy, data storage, data protection, and cross-border transfer of data that could materially adversely impact our business. In the European Union, GDPR took effect in May 2018.
In addition, various U.S. federal and state government agencies and foreign government bodies may enact new or additional laws or regulations, or issue rulings that invalidate prior laws or regulations, concerning privacy, data storage, data protection, and cross-border transfer of data that could materially adversely impact our business.
If our custodially-held bitcoin were nevertheless considered to be the property of our custodians’ estates in the event that any such custodians were to enter bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings, we could be treated as a general unsecured creditor of such custodians, inhibiting our ability to exercise ownership rights with respect to such bitcoin and this may ultimately result in the loss of the value related to some or all of such bitcoin.
If our custodially-held bitcoin were nevertheless considered to be the property of our custodians’ estates in the event that any such custodians were to enter bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings, we could be treated as a general unsecured creditor of such custodians, inhibiting our ability to exercise ownership rights with respect to such bitcoin, or delaying or hindering our access to our bitcoin holdings, and this may ultimately result in the loss of the value related to some or all of such bitcoin, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition as well as the market price of our listed securities.
During 2023, the value of bitcoin increased substantially which allowed us to release the valuation allowance recorded against the bitcoin holding; however, if the market value of bitcoin at a future reporting date is less than the average cost basis of our bitcoin holdings at such reporting date, we may be required to establish a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets.
If the market value of bitcoin at a future reporting date is less than the average cost basis of our bitcoin holdings at such reporting date, we may be required to establish a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets.
Additionally, as a result of ASU 2023-08 requiring a cumulative-effect adjustment to our opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual period in which we adopt the guidance and not permitting retrospective restatement of prior period, our future results will not be comparable to results from periods prior to our adoption of the guidance.
Additionally, as a result of ASU 2023-08 requiring a cumulative-effect adjustment to our opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2025 and not 22 permitting retrospective restatement of prior periods, our future results will not be comparable to results from periods prior to our adoption of the guidance.
The concentration of our bitcoin holdings enhances the risks inherent in our bitcoin acquisition strategy As of February 14, 2024, we held approximately 190,000 bitcoins that were acquired at an aggregate purchase price of $5.933 billion and we intend to purchase additional bitcoin and increase our overall holdings of bitcoin in the future.
The concentration of our bitcoin holdings enhances the risks inherent in our bitcoin strategy As of February 14, 2025, we held approximately 478,740 bitcoins that were acquired at an aggregate purchase price of $31.134 billion and we intend to purchase additional bitcoin and increase our overall holdings of bitcoin in the future.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

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Biggest changeHowever, such incidents have not materially affected, nor are they reasonably likely to materially affect, our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Item 1A.
Biggest changeHowever, the Company does not believe that there are currently any risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. See “Item 1A.
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy and Holdings – If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our bitcoin, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our bitcoin and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected” and “Item 1A.
Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Strategy and Holdings – If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our bitcoin, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our bitcoin and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected” and “Item 1A.
In accordance with our IRPs, we train our personnel to 44 report any cybersecurity incidents to our Information Security Team (IST). Upon identification of a cybersecurity incident, the IRPs mandate that the IST conduct an immediate evaluation and assign a severity rating to the incident and, depending on the severity, report the incident to our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO).
In accordance with our IRPs, we train our personnel to report any cybersecurity incidents to our Information Security Team (IST). Upon identification of a cybersecurity incident, the IRPs mandate that the IST conduct an immediate evaluation and assign a severity rating to the incident and, depending on the severity, report the incident to our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) .
Our CISO, who joined MicroStrategy as CISO in 2021, has over 20 years of experience with cybersecurity and privacy, and has experience with IT infrastructure technologies, including cloud, network, server, endpoint, and mobile technologies. Our CISO holds a master’s degree in computer science and multiple industry-recognized cybersecurity certifications.
Our CISO, who joined Strategy as CISO in 2021, has over 20 years of experience with cybersecurity and privacy, and has experience with IT infrastructure technologies, including cloud, network, server, endpoint, and mobile technologies. Our CISO holds a master’s degree in computer science and multiple industry-recognized cybersecurity certifications.
The SIRT, with assistance from the IST, is tasked with executing a timely and effective response to the incident, and SIRT members are assigned specific roles and responsibilities, including assessment of the incident's materiality for disclosure purposes. Our CIO and CISO oversee our cybersecurity preparedness.
The SIRT, with assistance from the IST, is tasked with executing a timely and effective response to the incident, and SIRT members are assigned specific roles and responsibilities, including assessment of the incident's materiality for disclosure purposes . Our CTO and CISO oversee our cybersecurity preparedness.
Our IRPs, which are tailored to address potential cybersecurity threats in both our product and corporate infrastructure technology environments, are designed to provide a comprehensive, structured response to cybersecurity incidents, and apply to all MicroStrategy personnel, including employees, directors, temporary staff, and contractors.
Our IRPs, which are tailored to address potential cybersecurity threats in both our product and corporate infrastructure technology environments, are designed to provide a comprehensive, structured response to cybersecurity incidents, and apply to all Strategy personnel, including employees, directors, temporary staff, and contractors.
Our CIO has over 25 years of experience in the technology sector, including specifically in the cybersecurity industry, and held various leadership positions prior to joining MicroStrategy in 2018.
Our CTO has over 25 years of experience in the technology sector, including specifically in the cybersecurity industry, and held various leadership positions prior to joining Strategy in 2018.
The IST operates under our CISO’s leadership, who in turn reports to our CIO. We administer our cybersecurity risk management framework separately from our other risk management systems and processes, under the direct oversight of our board of directors and senior management.
The IST operates under our CISO’s leadership, who in turn reports to our CTO . We administer our cybersecurity risk management framework separately from our other risk management systems and processes, under the oversight of the audit committee of our board of directors and senior management.
Based on the severity of the incident, a Security Incident Response Team (SIRT), the members of which include our Chief Information Officer (CIO), the CISO, and personnel from various departments, including legal, is convened.
Based on the severity of the incident, a Security Incident Response Team (SIRT), the members of which include our Chief Technology Officer (CTO), the CISO, and personnel from various departments, 43 including legal, is convened.
MicroStrategy's management, including our CIO and CISO, provides the board of directors with regular updates on cybersecurity incidents and emerging threats. The board actively engages with management on the development and implementation of cybersecurity policies and practices, offering insights and guidance. Board members with significant experience in software technology, such as Michael J. Saylor and Leslie J.
Strategy's management, including our CTO and CISO, provides the audit committee with regular updates on cybersecurity incidents and emerging threats. The audit committee actively engages with management on the development and implementation of cybersecurity policies and practices, offering insights and guidance . Additionally, board members with significant experience in software technology, such as Michael J. Saylor and Leslie J.

Item 2. Properties

Properties — owned and leased real estate

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Biggest changeIn December 2020, we exercised an option to early terminate approximately 24,000 square feet of space at our corporate headquarters at the beginning of January 2022. In addition, we utilize offices in U.S. and foreign locations for our services and support, sales and marketing, research and development, and administrative personnel.
Biggest changeIn addition, we utilize offices in U.S. and foreign locations for our services and support, sales and marketing, research and development, and administrative personnel.
Item 2. Properties As of December 31, 2023, we leased approximately 190,000 square feet of office space at a location in Northern Virginia that serves as our corporate headquarters. This lease provides for certain tenant allowances and incentives and will expire in December 2030.
Item 2. Properties As of December 31, 2024, we leased approximately 190,000 square feet of office space at a location in Northern Virginia that serves as our corporate headquarters. This lease provides for certain tenant allowances and incentives and will expire in December 2030.
As of December 31, 2023, we utilized approximately 23,000 square feet of office and other space in the United States, in addition to our corporate headquarters, and approximately 97,000 square feet of office space in various foreign locations.
As of December 31, 2024, we utilized approximately 20,000 square feet of office and other space in the United States, in addition to our corporate headquarters, and approximately 87,000 square feet of office space in various foreign locations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings — active lawsuits and investigations

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Biggest changeAlthough the outcomes of these legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, we do not expect the resolution of these legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Biggest changeItem 3. Legal Proceedings We are involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, we do not expect the resolution of these legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Item 4.
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Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business, including the matter referred to below.
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Mine Saf ety Disclosures Not applicable. 44 PART II
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The information required by this Item is provided under the subheading “ False Claims Act Matter ” in section (b) of Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements and incorporated herein by reference. Item 4. Mine Saf ety Disclosures Not applicable. 45 PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

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Biggest changeWe have never declared or paid any cash dividends on either our class A or class B common stock and have no current plans to declare or pay any such dividends. Information regarding our equity compensation plans and the securities authorized for issuance thereunder is incorporated herein by reference to “Part III. Item 12.
Biggest changeWe have never declared or paid any cash dividends on either our class A or class B common stock and have no current plans to declare or pay any such dividends on our class A or class B common stock.
Companies) (the “Nasdaq Composite Index”) and (ii) the Nasdaq Computer Index. The graph assumes the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 2018 in our class A common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index, and the Nasdaq Computer Index, and assumes that any dividends are reinvested.
Companies) (the “Nasdaq Composite Index”) and (ii) the Nasdaq Computer Index. The graph assumes the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 2019 in our class A common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index, and the Nasdaq Computer Index, and assumes that any dividends on our class A common stock are reinvested.
Used with permission. All rights reserved. Copyright 1980-2024. NOTE: Index Data: Copyright NASDAQ OMX, Inc. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Item 6. [ Reserved] 46
Used with permission. All rights reserved. Copyright 1980-2025. NOTE: Index Data: Copyright NASDAQ OMX, Inc. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Item 6. [ Reserved] 46
As of February 1, 2024, there were approximately 958 stockholders of record of our class A common stock and two stockholders of record of our class B common stock.
As of February 4, 2025, there were approximately 825 stockholders of record of our class A common stock and two stockholders of record of our class B common stock.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” Performance Graph The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our class A common stock from December 31, 2018 (the last trading day before the beginning of our fifth preceding fiscal year) to December 29, 2023 (the last trading day of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023) with the cumulative total return of (i) the Total Return Index for The Nasdaq Stock Market (U.S.
Performance Graph The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our class A common stock from December 31, 2019 (the last trading day before the beginning of our fifth preceding fiscal year) to December 31, 2024 (the last trading day of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024) with the cumulative total return of (i) the Total Return Index for The Nasdaq Stock Market (U.S.
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Measurement points are December 31, 2018, December 31, 2019, December 31, 2020, December 31, 2021, December 30, 2022, and December 29, 2023. 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 12/31/2021 12/30/2022 12/29/2023 MicroStrategy Incorporated $ 100.00 $ 111.63 $ 304.07 $ 426.05 $ 110.76 $ 494.10 Nasdaq Composite Index $ 100.00 $ 136.69 $ 198.10 $ 242.03 $ 163.28 $ 236.17 Nasdaq Computer Index $ 100.00 $ 151.95 $ 227.90 $ 314.18 $ 201.78 $ 335.90 NOTE: Prepared by Zacks Investment Research, Inc.
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Our series A perpetual strike preferred stock accumulates dividends at a rate per annum equal to 8.00% on the liquidation price thereof, which is $100 per share.
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Such dividends will be payable when, as and if declared by our board of directors, out of funds legally available for their payment to the extent paid in cash, quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year, beginning on March 31, 2025, and will be payable, at our election, in cash, shares of our class A common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our class A common stock.
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We expect to fund any dividends paid in cash on our series A perpetual strike preferred stock primarily through additional capital raising activities, including but not limited to, at-the-market offerings of our class A common stock. Refer to the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section under “Item 7.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for further information regarding our series A perpetual strike preferred stock, including such dividends.
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Measurement points are December 31, 2019, December 31, 2020, December 31, 2021, December 30, 2022, December 29, 2023, and December 31, 2024. 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 12/31/2021 12/30/2022 12/29/2023 12/31/2024 MicroStrategy Incorporated d/b/a Strategy $ 100.00 $ 272.38 $ 381.65 $ 99.22 $ 442.61 $ 2,029.28 Nasdaq Composite Index $ 100.00 $ 144.92 $ 177.06 $ 119.45 $ 172.77 $ 223.87 Nasdaq Computer Index $ 100.00 $ 149.98 $ 206.76 $ 132.79 $ 221.06 $ 301.44 45 NOTE: Prepared by Zacks Investment Research, Inc.

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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Biggest changeThe following table sets forth sales and marketing expenses (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change Sales and marketing expenses $ 149,671 $ 146,882 1.9 % Sales and marketing expenses increased $2.8 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) a $3.0 million increase in severance costs associated with streamlining our organization, (ii) a $2.3 million increase in travel and entertainment expenditures due to the return of in-person events and meetings, (iii) a $1.9 million increase in marketing costs due to the return of in-person events and meetings, and (iv) a $0.8 million increase in facility and other related support costs, partially offset by (v) a $2.8 million decrease in employee salaries primarily attributable to a decrease in average staffing levels, partially offset by wage increases, (vi) a $2.4 million decrease in variable compensation primarily attributable to a decrease in commissions earned, partially offset by a decrease in net capitalized commissions and increases in other personnel costs and employee relations expenses, and (vii) a $0.2 million net decrease in share-based compensation expense primarily attributable to the forfeiture of certain awards, being substantially offset by the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans and the fair value remeasurement of certain liability-classified awards at the end of the reporting period.
Biggest changeThe following table sets forth sales and marketing expenses (in thousands) and related percentage change for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 % Change Sales and marketing expenses $ 138,081 $ 149,671 -7.7 % Sales and marketing expenses decreased $11.6 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) an $8.3 million decrease in variable compensation primarily attributable to an increase in net capitalized commissions driven by changes to our 2024 compensation plans that further incentivized cloud deals compared to the prior year, (ii) a $6.4 million decrease in employee salaries primarily attributable to a decrease in average staffing levels (including from the internal transfer of certain employees to product support functions), partially offset by wage increases, (iii) a $3.2 million net decrease in share-based compensation expense primarily attributable to the forfeiture of certain awards and the internal transfer of certain employees to product support functions, partially offset by the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans and the fair value remeasurement of certain liability-classified awards upon exercise or at the end of the reporting period, and (iv) a $1.7 million decrease in facility and other related support costs, partially offset by (v) a $4.1 million increase in personnel costs primarily attributable to an increase in employer payroll taxes related to the exercise or vesting of certain awards under the Stock Incentive Plans, (vi) a $3.0 million increase in marketing costs, and (vii) a $1.5 million increase in severance costs due to headcount reductions.
(b) The “Market Value of Bitcoin Held Using Lowest Market Price” represents a mathematical calculation consisting of the lowest market price for one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange during the respective year multiplied by the number of bitcoins held by us at the end of the applicable year.
(b) The “Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Lowest Market Price” represents a mathematical calculation consisting of the lowest market price for one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange during the respective year multiplied by the number of bitcoins held by us at the end of the applicable year.
(d) The “Market Value of Bitcoin Held Using Highest Market Price” represents a mathematical calculation consisting of the highest market price for one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange during the respective year multiplied by the number of bitcoins held by us at the end of the applicable year.
(d) The “Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Highest Market Price” represents a mathematical calculation consisting of the highest market price for one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange during the respective year multiplied by the number of bitcoins held by us at the end of the applicable year.
(3) For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest expense from the amortization of issuance costs of the Convertible Notes has been added back to the numerator in the GAAP diluted earnings per share calculation (as disclosed in Note 12, Basic and Diluted Earnings (Loss) per Share, to the Consolidated Financial Statements), and therefore the per diluted share effects of the amortization of issuance costs of the Convertible Notes have been excluded from the “Interest expense arising from amortization of debt issuance costs (per diluted share)” and “Income tax effects (per diluted share)” lines in the above reconciliation for the year ending December 31, 2023. 61 Non-GAAP Constant Currency Revenues, Cost of Revenues, and Operating Expenses We present certain of our revenues, cost of revenues, and operating expenses on a non-GAAP constant currency basis, which excludes certain changes resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
(3) For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest expense from the amortization of issuance costs of the Convertible Notes has been added back to the numerator in the GAAP diluted earnings per share calculation (as disclosed in Note 12, Basic and Diluted (Loss) Earnings per Share, to the Consolidated Financial Statements), and therefore the per diluted share effects of the amortization of issuance costs of the Convertible Notes have been excluded from the “Interest expense arising from amortization of debt issuance costs (per diluted share)” and “Income tax effects (per diluted share)” lines in the above reconciliation for the year ending December 31, 2023. 63 Non-GAAP Constant Currency Revenues, Cost of Revenues, and Operating Expenses We present certain of our revenues, cost of revenues, and operating expenses on a non-GAAP constant currency basis, which excludes certain changes resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and on-going collection of our accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents may include holdings in bank demand deposits, money market instruments, certificates of deposit, and U.S. Treasury securities.
Principal and Potential Sources of Liquidity Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and on-going collection of our accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents may include holdings in bank demand deposits, money market instruments, certificates of deposit, and U.S. Treasury securities.
We believe non-GAAP net income (loss) and non-GAAP diluted earnings (loss) per share offer management and investors insight as they exclude significant non-cash expenses, gains on debt extinguishment, and their related income tax effects.
We believe non-GAAP net (loss) income and non-GAAP diluted (loss) earnings per share offer management and investors insight as they exclude significant non-cash expenses, gains and losses on debt extinguishment, and their related income tax effects.
In June 2022, we, through one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into a secured term loan agreement in the amount of $11.1 million, bearing interest at an annual rate of 5.2%, and maturing in June 2027. During 2023 and 2022, we paid $1.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in principal and interest to the lender.
In June 2022, we, through one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into a secured term loan agreement in the amount of $11.1 million, bearing interest at an annual rate of 5.2%, and maturing in June 2027. During 2024 and 2023, we paid $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, in principal and interest to the lender.
Our cloud-native flagship, MicroStrategy ONE™, powers some of the largest analytics deployments in the world for customers spanning a wide range of industries, including retail, banking, technology, manufacturing, insurance, consulting, healthcare, telecommunications, and the public sector.
Our cloud-native flagship, Strategy One™, powers some of the largest analytics deployments in the world for customers spanning a wide range of industries, including retail, banking, technology, manufacturing, insurance, consulting, healthcare, telecommunications, and the public sector.
Cost of product licenses revenues consists of referral fees paid to channel partners, the costs of product manuals and media, and royalties paid to third-party software vendors. Cost of product licenses revenues did not materially change during 2023 as compared to the prior year. Cost of subscription services revenues.
Cost of product licenses revenues consists of referral fees paid to channel partners, the costs of product manuals and media, and royalties paid to third-party software vendors. Cost of product licenses revenues did not materially change during 2024, as compared to the prior year. Cost of subscription services revenues.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, including comparison of our results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, is included in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, including comparison of our results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, is included in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We do not expect any significant tax payments related to unrecognized tax benefits during 2024. Recent Accounting Standards See Note 3, Recent Accounting Standards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
We do not expect any significant tax payments related to unrecognized tax benefits during 2025. Recent Accounting Standards See Note 3, Recent Accounting Standards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Our Bitcoin Acquisition Strategy Our bitcoin acquisition strategy generally involves acquiring bitcoin with our liquid assets that exceed working capital requirements, and from time to time, subject to market conditions, issuing debt or equity securities or engaging in other capital raising transactions with the objective of using the proceeds to purchase bitcoin.
Our Bitcoin Strategy Our bitcoin strategy generally involves from time to time, subject to market conditions, (i) issuing debt or equity securities or engaging in other capital raising transactions with the objective of using the proceeds to purchase bitcoin and (ii) acquiring bitcoin with our liquid assets that exceed working capital requirements.
As we continue to transition our business strategy and product offerings to a cloud-native model, we are enhancing our go-to-market and sales strategies with the goal of focusing on acquiring new customers, driving revenue growth, increasing margins, and streamlining our operations.
As we transition our business strategy and product offerings to a cloud-native model, we are continuously enhancing our go-to-market and sales strategies with the goal of focusing on acquiring new customers, driving revenue growth, increasing margins, and streamlining 49 our operations.
In 2023 and 2022, non-cash items to further reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities consist primarily of depreciation and amortization, reduction in the carrying amount of operating lease right-of-use assets, credit losses and sales allowances, deferred taxes, release of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits, share-based compensation expense, digital asset impairment losses, net of gains on sale, amortization of the issuance costs on our long-term debt, and gain on extinguishment of debt.
In 2024 and 2023, non-cash items to further reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities consist primarily of depreciation and amortization, reduction in the carrying amount of operating lease right-of-use assets, credit losses and sales allowances, deferred taxes, release of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits, share-based compensation expense, digital asset impairment losses, amortization of the issuance costs on our long-term debt, and gains and losses on extinguishment of debt.
Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will be upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine, and will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. We may also prepay our outstanding indebtedness. The amounts involved in any such repurchase or repayment may be material.
Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will be upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine, and will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. We may also seek to prepay our outstanding indebtedness. The amounts involved in any such repurchase or prepayment may be material.
We also perform analyses on a semi-annual basis using historical pricing data for both product license and subscription services transactions to assess whether the selling price is highly variable in order to support our conclusion that the residual method to estimate SSP of our product licenses and subscription services continues to be a fair allocation of the transaction price.
We also perform analyses on at least an annual basis using historical pricing data for both product license and subscription services transactions to assess whether the selling price is highly variable 51 in order to support our conclusion that the residual method to estimate SSP of our product licenses and subscription services continues to be a fair allocation of the transaction price.
In addition, upon sale of our bitcoin, we may incur additional taxes related to any realized gains or we may incur capital losses as to which the tax deduction may be limited.
In addition, upon sale of our bitcoin, we may incur additional taxes related to any realized gains or we may incur capital losses as to which the tax deduction may be limited. See “Item 1A.
During the first quarter of 2023, we made a final $5.1 million interest payment to Silvergate, $1.1 million of which was included in the Payoff Amount. During 2022 we paid $7.7 million in interest to Silvergate.
During the first quarter of 2023, we made a final $5.1 million interest payment to Silvergate, $1.1 million of which was included in the Payoff Amount.
As of December 31, 2023, we estimated that an aggregate of approximately $131.7 million of additional share-based compensation expense associated with the Stock Incentive Plans and the 2021 ESPP will be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.3 years.
As of December 31, 2024, we estimated that an aggregate of approximately $114.3 million of additional share-based compensation expense associated with the Stock Incentive Plans and the 2021 ESPP will be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.3 years.
During 2023, we purchased $1.902 billion of bitcoin using net proceeds from the sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market offering programs, and Excess Cash.
During 2023, we purchased $1.902 billion of bitcoin using net proceeds from the sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market offering programs, and Excess Cash. Net cash provided by financing activities.
This overall strategy also contemplates that we may (i) periodically sell bitcoin for general corporate purposes, including to generate cash for treasury management (which may include debt repayment), or in connection with strategies that generate tax benefits in accordance with applicable law, (ii) enter into additional capital raising transactions that are collateralized by our bitcoin holdings, and (iii) consider pursuing strategies to create income streams or otherwise generate funds using our bitcoin holdings.
This overall strategy also contemplates that we may (i) periodically sell bitcoin for general corporate purposes or in connection with strategies that generate tax benefits in accordance with applicable law, (ii) enter into additional capital raising transactions that are collateralized by our bitcoin holdings, and (iii) consider pursuing strategies to create income streams or otherwise generate funds using our bitcoin holdings.
Subscription services revenues increased $20.4 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to conversions to cloud-based subscriptions from existing on-premises customers, a net increase in the use of subscription services by existing customers, and sales contracts with new customers.
Subscription services revenues increased $25.6 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to conversions to cloud-based subscriptions from existing on-premises customers, a net increase in the use of subscription services by existing customers, and sales contracts with new customers.
Under our Treasury Reserve Policy, our treasury reserve assets consist of: • Cash Assets held by us that exceed working capital requirements; and • bitcoin held by us, with bitcoin serving as the primary treasury reserve asset on an ongoing basis, subject to market conditions and anticipated needs of the business for Cash Assets.
Under our Treasury Reserve Policy, our treasury reserve assets consist of: • cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments (“Cash Assets”) held by us that exceed working capital requirements; and 47 • bitcoin held by us, with bitcoin serving as the primary treasury reserve asset on an ongoing basis, subject to market conditions and anticipated needs of the business for Cash Assets.
In 2023 and 2022, the changes in cash provided by and used in financing activities primarily relate to the sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market equity offering program, the issuance and subsequent repayment of our long-term debt, the exercise or vesting of certain awards under the 2013 Equity Plan, and the sales of class A common stock under the 2021 ESPP.
In 2024 and 2023, the changes in cash provided by and used in financing activities primarily relate to the issuance and subsequent repayment of our long-term debt, the sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market equity offering programs, the exercise or vesting of certain awards under the Stock Incentive Plans, and the sales of class A common stock under the 2021 ESPP.
(f) The “Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Ending Market Price” represents a mathematical calculation consisting of the market price of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange at 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the last day of the respective year multiplied by the number of bitcoins held by us at the end of the applicable year.
Eastern Time on the last day of the respective year. 48 (f) The “Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Ending Market Price” represents a mathematical calculation consisting of the market price of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange at 4:00 p.m.
Enterprise Analytics Software Strategy MicroStrategy is a pioneer in AI-powered business intelligence (BI), and a global leader in enterprise analytics solutions. We provide software and services designed to turn complex, chaotic data environments into rich, reliable, and convenient information feeds for our customers. Our vision is to make every worker a domain expert by delivering Intelligence Everywhere™.
Enterprise Analytics Software Strategy Strategy is a pioneer in AI-powered business intelligence (BI), and a global leader in enterprise analytics solutions. We provide software and services designed to turn complex, chaotic data environments into rich, reliable, and convenient information feeds for our customers. Our vision is to drive growth and competitive advantage for our customers by delivering Intelligence Everywhere™.
We do not believe we will need to sell or engage in other transactions with respect to any of our bitcoins within the next twelve months to meet our 57 working capital requirements, although we may from time to time sell or engage in other transactions with respect to our bitcoins as part of treasury management operations, as noted above.
Availability of Bitcoin for Liquidity We do not believe we will need to sell or engage in other transactions with respect to any of our bitcoins within the next twelve months to meet our liquidity needs, although we may from time to time sell or engage in other transactions with respect to our bitcoins as part of treasury management operations, as noted above.
In March 2022, MacroStrategy, our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Credit and Security Agreement with Silvergate Bank, pursuant to which Silvergate Bank issued the $205.0 million 2025 Secured Term Loan to MacroStrategy.
In March 2022, MacroStrategy, our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Credit and Security Agreement with Silvergate Bank, pursuant to which Silvergate Bank issued the $205.0 million 2025 Secured Term Loan to MacroStrategy. We principally used net proceeds from the 2025 Secured Term Loan to acquire bitcoin.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $8.3 million of total gross unrecognized tax benefits, including accrued interest, all of which was recorded in “Other long-term liabilities.” The timing of any payments that could result from these unrecognized tax benefits will depend on a number of factors, and accordingly the amount and period of any future payments cannot be estimated.
Unrecognized tax benefits As of December 31, 2024, we had $10.2 million of total gross unrecognized tax benefits, including accrued interest, $2.9 million of which was recorded in “Other long-term liabilities” and $7.3 million of which was recorded in “Deferred tax assets, net.” The timing of any payments that could result from these unrecognized tax benefits will depend on a number of factors, and accordingly the amount and period of any future payments cannot be estimated.
We view our bitcoin holdings as long-term holdings and expect to continue to accumulate bitcoin. We have not set any specific target for the amount of bitcoin we seek to hold, and we will continue to monitor market conditions in determining whether to engage in additional financings to purchase additional bitcoin.
We have not set any specific target for the amount of bitcoin we seek to hold, and we will continue to monitor market conditions in determining whether to engage in additional financings to purchase additional bitcoin.
Our benefit from income taxes increased compared to the prior year primarily due (i) the release of the valuation allowance during 2023 on our deferred tax asset related to the impairment on our bitcoin holdings, attributable to the increase in market value of bitcoin as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, compared to (ii) the establishment of a valuation allowance during 2022 on our deferred tax asset related to the impairment on our bitcoin holdings, attributable to the decrease in market value of bitcoin as of December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021. 55 The U.S.
During 2023, our benefit from income taxes primarily related to the release of a valuation allowance on our deferred tax asset related to the impairment on our bitcoin holdings, attributable to the increase in market value of bitcoin as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. The U.S.
As of December 31, 2023, digital asset impairment losses, other temporary differences and carryforwards resulted in deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances and deferred tax liabilities, of $757.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, we had a valuation allowance of $1.4 million primarily related to our deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credits in certain jurisdictions.
As of December 31, 2024, digital asset impairment losses, other temporary differences and carryforwards resulted in deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances and deferred tax liabilities, of $1.525 billion. As of December 31, 2024, we had a valuation allowance of $0.5 million primarily related to foreign tax credits in certain jurisdictions.
Subscription services revenues. Subscription services revenues are derived from our MCE cloud subscription service and are recognized ratably over the service period in the contract.
Subscription services revenues are derived from our cloud subscription service for commercial and government use and are recognized ratably over the service period in the contract.
The following is a reconciliation of our non-GAAP loss from operations to loss from operations, its most directly comparable GAAP measure, (in thousands) for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Reconciliation of non-GAAP loss from operations: Loss from operations $ (115,047 ) $ (1,275,742 ) Share-based compensation expense 69,571 63,619 Non-GAAP loss from operations $ (45,476 ) $ (1,212,123 ) 60 Non-GAAP net income (loss) and non-GAAP diluted earnings (loss) per share Non-GAAP net income (loss) and non-GAAP diluted earnings (loss) per share each exclude the impact of (i) share-based compensation expense, (ii) interest expense arising from the amortization of debt issuance costs on our long-term debt, (iii) gain on extinguishment of debt, and (iv) related income taxes.
The following is a 62 reconciliation of our non-GAAP loss from operations to loss from operations, its most directly comparable GAAP measure, (in thousands) for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Reconciliation of non-GAAP loss from operations: Loss from operations $ (1,852,978 ) $ (115,047 ) Share-based compensation expense 77,124 69,571 Non-GAAP loss from operations $ (1,775,854 ) $ (45,476 ) Non-GAAP net (loss) income and non-GAAP diluted (loss) earnings per share Non-GAAP net (loss) income and non-GAAP diluted (loss) earnings per share each exclude the impact of (i) share-based compensation expense, (ii) interest expense arising from the amortization of debt issuance costs on our long-term debt, (iii) gains and losses on extinguishment of debt, and (iv) related income taxes.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not repurchase or prepay any of our other outstanding debt. We or our affiliates may, at any time and from time to time, seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity or debt, in open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise.
Other than as discussed above, during 2024 and 2023, we did not repurchase or prepay any of our outstanding debt. We or our affiliates may, at any time and from time to time, seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity or debt, in open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise.
Share-based Compensation Expense As discussed in Note 11, Share-based Compensation, to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under our 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2013 Equity Plan”) and 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2023 Equity Plan”, and together with the 2013 Equity Plan, the “Stock Incentive Plans”), we have awarded stock options to purchase shares of our class A common stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and certain other stock-based awards.
We therefore believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be a good indication of our future performance. 50 Share-based Compensation Expense As discussed in Note 11, Share-based Compensation, to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under our 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2013 Equity Plan”) and 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2023 Equity Plan”, and together with the 2013 Equity Plan, the “Stock Incentive Plans”), we have awarded stock options to purchase shares of our class A common stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and certain other stock-based awards.
(e) The “Market Price Per Bitcoin at End of Year” represents the market price of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange at 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the last day of the respective year.
(e) The “Market Price Per Bitcoin at End of Year” represents the market price of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange at 4:00 p.m.
Some of these factors include software quality, performance and reliability; the quality of our service and support teams; marketing and prospecting effectiveness, the ability to incorporate artificial intelligence and other technically advanced features; and our ability to differentiate our products.
Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors within and outside of our control. Some of these factors include software quality, performance and reliability; the quality of our service and support teams; marketing and prospecting effectiveness, the ability to incorporate artificial intelligence and other technically advanced features; and our ability to differentiate our products.
Other (Expense) Income, Net Other expense, net, of $5.2 million in 2023 was comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction net losses. Other income, net, of $6.4 million in 2022 was comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction net gains.
Other expense, net, of $5.2 million in 2023 was comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction net losses.
Furthermore, we may elect to settle the Convertible Notes upon a conversion of such Convertible Notes in cash, shares of our class A common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of class A common stock, which may enable us to reduce the amount of our cash obligations under the Convertible Notes.
Furthermore, if the conditional conversion features of the Convertible Notes are triggered, we may elect to settle the conversions of Convertible Notes in shares of our class A common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of class A common stock, rather than in all cash, which may enable us to reduce the amount of our cash obligations under the Convertible Notes.
(Benefit from) Provision for Income Taxes During 2023, we recorded a benefit from income taxes of $553.6 million on a pre-tax loss of $124.5 million that resulted in an effective tax rate of 444.6%, as compared to a provision for income taxes of $147.3 million on a pre-tax loss of $1.322 billion that resulted in an effective tax rate of (11.1)% during 2022.
Benefit from Income Taxes During 2024, we recorded a benefit from income taxes of $767.7 million on a pre-tax loss of $1.934 billion that resulted in an effective tax rate of 39.7%, as compared to a benefit from income taxes of $553.6 million on a pre-tax loss of $124.5 million that resulted in an effective tax rate of 444.6% during 2023.
(2) The “Non-GAAP Constant Currency” reflects the current period GAAP amount, less the Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact. (3) The “Non-GAAP Constant Currency % Change” reflects the percentage change between the current period Non-GAAP Constant Currency amount and the GAAP amount for the same period in the prior year. 62
(3) The “Non-GAAP Constant Currency % Change” reflects the percentage change between the current period Non-GAAP Constant Currency amount and the GAAP amount for the same period in the prior year. 64
The following table sets forth product support revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change Product Support Revenues: Domestic $ 158,308 $ 159,385 -0.7 % International 105,580 107,136 -1.5 % Total product support revenues $ 263,888 $ 266,521 -1.0 % Product support revenues are derived from providing technical software support and software updates and upgrades to customers.
The following table sets forth product support revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 % Change Product Support Revenues: Domestic $ 144,869 $ 158,308 -8.5 % International 98,936 105,580 -6.3 % Total product support revenues $ 243,805 $ 263,888 -7.6 % Product support revenues are derived from providing technical software support and software updates and upgrades to customers.
Share-based compensation expense (in thousands) from these awards was recognized in the following cost of revenues and operating expense line items for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Cost of subscription services revenues $ 361 $ 304 Cost of product support revenues 2,156 2,039 Cost of consulting revenues 1,940 1,754 Cost of education revenues 99 177 Sales and marketing 18,022 18,274 Research and development 13,549 13,896 General and administrative 33,444 27,175 Total share-based compensation expense $ 69,571 $ 63,619 50 The $6.0 million increase in share-based compensation expense during 2023, as compared to the prior year, is primarily due to the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans as part of the expansion of our equity award program worldwide and the revaluation of certain liability-classified stock-based awards, partially offset by the forfeiture of certain stock awards and certain awards that became fully vested.
Share-based compensation expense (in thousands) from these awards was recognized in the following cost of revenues and operating expense line items for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Cost of subscription services revenues $ 392 $ 361 Cost of product support revenues 3,929 2,156 Cost of consulting revenues 1,780 1,940 Cost of education revenues 136 99 Sales and marketing 14,846 18,022 Research and development 14,357 13,549 General and administrative 41,684 33,444 Total share-based compensation expense $ 77,124 $ 69,571 The $7.6 million increase in share-based compensation expense during 2024, as compared to the prior year, is primarily due to the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans, partially offset by the forfeiture of certain awards and certain awards that became fully vested.
The following table summarizes research and development expenses (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change Research and development expenses $ 120,530 $ 127,428 -5.4 % Research and development expenses decreased $6.9 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) a $3.9 million decrease in employee salaries primarily attributable to a decrease in average staffing levels, partially offset by wage increases, (ii) a $2.0 million decrease in variable compensation, (iii) a $0.6 million decrease in recruiting costs, (iv) a $0.6 million decrease in facility and other related support costs, (v) a $0.5 million decrease in subcontractor costs, and (vi) a $0.3 million net decrease in share-based compensation expense primarily attributable to the forfeiture of certain awards, being substantially offset by the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans and the fair value remeasurement of certain liability-classified awards at the end of the reporting period, partially offset by (vii) a $1.7 million increase in severance costs associated with streamlining our organization.
The following table summarizes research and development expenses (in thousands) and related percentage change for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 % Change Research and development expenses $ 118,486 $ 120,530 -1.7 % Research and development expenses decreased $2.0 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) a $6.1 million decrease in employee salaries primarily attributable to a decrease in average staffing levels, partially offset by wage increases, (ii) a $0.8 million decrease in variable compensation, and (iii) a $0.8 million decrease in facility and other related support costs, partially offset by (iv) a $3.8 million increase in severance costs due to headcount reductions, (v) a $1.5 million increase in personnel costs primarily attributable to an increase in employer payroll taxes related to the exercise or vesting of certain awards under the Stock Incentive Plans and (vi) a $0.9 million net increase in share-based compensation expense primarily attributable to the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans, partially offset by the forfeiture of certain awards. 54 General and administrative expenses.
The following are reconciliations of our non-GAAP net income (loss) and non-GAAP diluted earnings (loss) per share to net income (loss) and diluted earnings (loss) per share, respectively, their most directly comparable GAAP measures (in thousands, except per share data), for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Reconciliation of non-GAAP net income (loss): Net income (loss) $ 429,121 $ (1,469,797 ) Share-based compensation expense 69,571 63,619 Interest expense arising from amortization of debt issuance costs 8,808 8,694 Gain on debt extinguishment (44,686 ) 0 Income tax effects (1) (6,062 ) (13,250 ) Non-GAAP net income (loss) $ 456,752 $ (1,410,734 ) Reconciliation of non-GAAP diluted earnings (loss) per share (2): Diluted earnings (loss) per share $ 26.42 $ (129.83 ) Share-based compensation expense (per diluted share) 4.20 5.62 Interest expense arising from amortization of debt issuance costs (per diluted share) (3) 0.10 0.77 Gain on debt extinguishment (per diluted share) (2.70 ) 0.00 Income tax effects (per diluted share) (3) (0.24 ) (1.17 ) Non-GAAP diluted earnings (loss) per share $ 27.78 $ (124.61 ) (1) Income tax effects reflect the net tax effects of share-based compensation expense, which includes tax benefits and expenses on exercises of stock options and vesting of share-settled restricted stock units, interest expense for amortization of debt issuance costs, and gain on debt extinguishment.
The following are reconciliations of our non-GAAP net (loss) income and non-GAAP diluted (loss) earnings per share to net (loss) income and diluted (loss) earnings per share, respectively, their most directly comparable GAAP measures (in thousands, except per share data), for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Reconciliation of non-GAAP net (loss) income: Net (loss) income $ (1,166,661 ) $ 429,121 Share-based compensation expense 77,124 69,571 Interest expense arising from amortization of debt issuance costs 15,336 8,808 Loss (gain) on debt extinguishment 22,933 (44,686 ) Income tax effects (1) (243,102 ) (6,062 ) Non-GAAP net (loss) income $ (1,294,370 ) $ 456,752 Reconciliation of non-GAAP diluted (loss) earnings per share (2): Diluted (loss) earnings per share $ (6.06 ) $ 2.64 Share-based compensation expense (per diluted share) 0.40 0.42 Interest expense arising from amortization of debt issuance costs (per diluted share) (3) 0.08 0.01 Loss (gain) on debt extinguishment (per diluted share) 0.12 (0.27 ) Income tax effects (per diluted share) (3) (1.26 ) (0.02 ) Non-GAAP diluted (loss) earnings per share $ (6.72 ) $ 2.78 (1) Income tax effects reflect the net tax effects of share-based compensation, which includes tax benefits and expenses on exercises of stock options and vesting of share-settled restricted stock units, interest expense for amortization of debt issuance costs, and gains and losses on debt extinguishment.
Cost of subscription services revenues increased $7.0 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) a $5.7 million increase in cloud hosting infrastructure costs, which is a result of the increased usage by new and existing cloud subscription services customers, (ii) a $0.5 million increase in employee salaries primarily attributable to an increase in average staffing levels and wage increases, and (iii) a $0.4 million increase in variable compensation. 53 Cost of product support revenues.
Cost of subscription services revenues increased $10.7 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a $10.0 million increase in cloud hosting infrastructure costs, which is a result of the increased usage by new and existing cloud subscription services customers. 53 Cost of product support revenues.
Net cash used in investing activities. In 2023 and 2022, the changes in cash used in and provided by investing activities primarily relate to purchases and sales of digital assets and expenditures on property and equipment.
In 2024 and 2023, the changes in net cash used in investing activities primarily relate to purchases of digital assets, advance deposits on a new corporate aircraft, and expenditures on property and equipment.
As a result, we would seek to satisfy these obligations through various options that we expect to be available to us, such as refinancing our debt or generating cash from other sources, which may include the issuance and sale of shares of our class A common stock, borrowings collateralized by bitcoin, or the sale of our bitcoin.
As a result, we would seek to satisfy these obligations through various options that we expect to be available to us, such as refinancing our debt or generating cash from other sources, which may include proceeds from equity or debt financings, or the sale of our bitcoin. See “—Availability of Bitcoin for Liquidity” below and “Item 1A.
Excess Cash refers to cash in excess of the minimum Cash Assets that we are required to hold under our Treasury Reserve Policy, which may include cash generated by operating activities and cash from the proceeds of financing activities. 48 The following table shows the approximate number of bitcoins held at the end of each respective period, as well as market value calculations of our bitcoin holdings based on the lowest, highest, and ending market prices of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market) for each respective year, as further defined below: Approximate Number of Bitcoins Held at End of Year Lowest Market Price Per Bitcoin During Year (a) Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Lowest Market Price (in thousands) (b) Highest Market Price Per Bitcoin During Year (c) Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Highest Market Price (in thousands) (d) Market Price Per Bitcoin at End of Year (e) Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Ending Market Price (in thousands) (f) December 31, 2021 124,391 $ 27,678.00 $ 3,442,894 $ 69,000.00 $ 8,582,979 $ 45,879.97 $ 5,707,055 December 31, 2022 132,500 $ 15,460.00 $ 2,048,450 $ 48,240.00 $ 6,391,800 $ 16,556.32 $ 2,193,712 December 31, 2023 189,150 $ 16,490.00 $ 3,119,084 $ 45,000.00 $ 8,511,750 $ 42,531.41 $ 8,044,816 (a) The “Lowest Market Price Per Bitcoin During Year” represents the lowest market price for one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange during the respective year, without regard to when we purchased any of our bitcoin.
The following table shows the approximate number of bitcoins held at the end of each respective period, as well as market value calculations of our bitcoin holdings based on the lowest, highest, and ending market prices of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market) for each respective year, as further defined below: Approximate Number of Bitcoins Held at End of Year Lowest Market Price Per Bitcoin During Year (a) Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Lowest Market Price (in thousands) (b) Highest Market Price Per Bitcoin During Year (c) Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Highest Market Price (in thousands) (d) Market Price Per Bitcoin at End of Year (e) Market Value of Bitcoin Held at End of Year Using Ending Market Price (in thousands) (f) December 31, 2022 132,500 $ 15,460.00 $ 2,048,450 $ 48,240.00 $ 6,391,800 $ 16,556.32 $ 2,193,712 December 31, 2023 189,150 $ 16,490.00 $ 3,119,084 $ 45,000.00 $ 8,511,750 $ 42,531.41 $ 8,044,816 December 31, 2024 447,470 $ 38,501.00 $ 17,228,042 $ 108,388.88 $ 48,500,772 $ 93,390.21 $ 41,789,317 (a) The “Lowest Market Price Per Bitcoin During Year” represents the lowest market price for one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange during the respective year, without regard to when we purchased any of our bitcoin.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount of cash and cash equivalents held by our U.S. entities was $10.5 million and $14.8 million, respectively, and by our non-U.S. entities was $36.3 million and $29.0 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we held cash and cash equivalents of (i) $8.8 million and $10.5 million, respectively, through our U.S. entities and (ii) $29.3 million and $36.3 million, respectively, through our non-U.S. entities.
The following are reconciliations of our non-GAAP constant currency revenues, cost of revenues, and operating expenses to their most directly comparable GAAP measures (in thousands) for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, GAAP Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact (1) Non-GAAP Constant Currency (2) GAAP GAAP % Change Non-GAAP Constant Currency % Change (3) 2023 2023 2023 2022 2023 2023 Product licenses revenues $ 75,351 $ 300 $ 75,051 $ 86,498 -12.9 % -13.2 % Subscription services revenues 81,179 296 80,883 60,746 33.6 % 33.1 % Product support revenues 263,888 1,514 262,374 266,521 -1.0 % -1.6 % Other services revenues 75,843 186 75,657 85,499 -11.3 % -11.5 % Cost of product support revenues 22,434 46 22,388 21,264 5.5 % 5.3 % Cost of other services revenues 53,805 666 53,139 55,283 -2.7 % -3.9 % Sales and marketing expenses 149,671 694 148,977 146,882 1.9 % 1.4 % Research and development expenses 120,530 (1,163 ) 121,693 127,428 -5.4 % -4.5 % General and administrative expenses 115,312 235 115,077 111,421 3.5 % 3.3 % GAAP Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact (1) Non-GAAP Constant Currency (2) GAAP GAAP % Change Non-GAAP Constant Currency % Change (3) 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 Product licenses revenues $ 86,498 $ (2,762 ) $ 89,260 $ 101,804 -15.0 % -12.3 % Subscription services revenues 60,746 (2,118 ) 62,864 43,069 41.0 % 46.0 % Product support revenues 266,521 (11,261 ) 277,782 281,209 -5.2 % -1.2 % Other services revenues 85,499 (5,140 ) 90,639 84,680 1.0 % 7.0 % Cost of product support revenues 21,264 (745 ) 22,009 19,254 10.4 % 14.3 % Cost of other services revenues 55,283 (3,956 ) 59,239 54,033 2.3 % 9.6 % Sales and marketing expenses 146,882 (5,698 ) 152,580 160,141 -8.3 % -4.7 % Research and development expenses 127,428 (2,249 ) 129,677 117,117 8.8 % 10.7 % General and administrative expenses 111,421 (1,567 ) 112,988 95,501 16.7 % 18.3 % (1) The “Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact” reflects the estimated impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on international components of our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The following are reconciliations of our non-GAAP constant currency revenues, cost of revenues, and operating expenses to their most directly comparable GAAP measures (in thousands) for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, GAAP Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact (1) Non-GAAP Constant Currency (2) GAAP GAAP % Change Non-GAAP Constant Currency % Change (3) 2024 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 Product licenses revenues $ 48,567 $ (504 ) $ 49,071 $ 75,351 -35.5 % -34.9 % Subscription services revenues 106,776 65 106,711 81,179 31.5 % 31.5 % Product support revenues 243,805 (214 ) 244,019 263,888 -7.6 % -7.5 % Other services revenues 64,308 (43 ) 64,351 75,843 -15.2 % -15.2 % Cost of product support revenues 33,289 34 33,255 22,434 48.4 % 48.2 % Cost of other services revenues 50,679 284 50,395 53,805 -5.8 % -6.3 % Sales and marketing expenses 138,081 (273 ) 138,354 149,671 -7.7 % -7.6 % Research and development expenses 118,486 (190 ) 118,676 120,530 -1.7 % -1.5 % General and administrative expenses 140,537 56 140,481 115,312 21.9 % 21.8 % GAAP Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact (1) Non-GAAP Constant Currency (2) GAAP GAAP % Change Non-GAAP Constant Currency % Change (3) 2023 2023 2023 2022 2023 2023 Product licenses revenues $ 75,351 $ 300 $ 75,051 $ 86,498 -12.9 % -13.2 % Subscription services revenues 81,179 296 80,883 60,746 33.6 % 33.1 % Product support revenues 263,888 1,514 262,374 266,521 -1.0 % -1.6 % Other services revenues 75,843 186 75,657 85,499 -11.3 % -11.5 % Cost of product support revenues 22,434 46 22,388 21,264 5.5 % 5.3 % Cost of other services revenues 53,805 666 53,139 55,283 -2.7 % -3.9 % Sales and marketing expenses 149,671 694 148,977 146,882 1.9 % 1.4 % Research and development expenses 120,530 (1,163 ) 121,693 127,428 -5.4 % -4.5 % General and administrative expenses 115,312 235 115,077 111,421 3.5 % 3.3 % (1) The “Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact” reflects the estimated impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on international components of our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Integral to the MicroStrategy ONE platform are Generative AI capabilities that are designed to automate and accelerate the deployment of AI-enabled applications across our customers’ enterprises. By making advanced analytics accessible through conversational AI, MicroStrategy ONE provides non-technical users with the ability to directly access novel and actionable insights for decision-making.
Integral to the Strategy One platform are Generative AI capabilities that are designed to automate and accelerate the deployment of AI-enabled applications across the enterprise. By making advanced analytics accessible through conversational AI, Strategy One provides non-technical users with timely, actionable insights for decision-making. The analytics market is highly competitive and subject to rapidly changing technology and market conditions.
(b) During 2023, we purchased bitcoin using $1.864 billion of the net proceeds from our sale of class A common stock under at-the-market equity offering programs, and Excess Cash.
During 2024, we purchased $22.073 billion of bitcoin using net proceeds from the sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market equity offering programs, net proceeds from the issuances of our 2030 Convertible Notes, 2031 Convertible Notes, 2032 Convertible Notes, 2028 Convertible Notes, and 2029 Convertible Notes, and Excess Cash.
Our material contractual obligations (explained in further detail in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, as referenced below) and cash requirements consist of: • principal and interest payments related to our long-term debt (Note 8, Long-term Debt); • rent payments under noncancellable operating leases (Note 7, Leases); • payments related to the Transition Tax (Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies); • payments under various purchase agreements, primarily related to third-party cloud hosting services and third-party software supporting our products, marketing, and operations (Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies); and • ongoing personnel-related expenditures and vendor payments.
Contractual and Other Obligations Our material contractual obligations (explained in further detail in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, as referenced below) and cash requirements consist of: • principal and interest payments related to our long-term debt (Note 8, Long-term Debt), which includes: o principal due upon maturity of our long-term debt instruments in the aggregate of $7.272 billion; o $3.2 million in coupon interest due each semi-annual period for the 2028 Convertible Notes; o $2.5 million in coupon interest due each semi-annual period for the 2030 Convertible Notes; o $2.6 million in coupon interest due each semi-annual period for the 2031 Convertible Notes; o $9.0 million in coupon interest due each semi-annual period for the 2032 Convertible Notes; and o $0.1 million due monthly in principal and interest related to our other long-term secured debt; • payments under various purchase agreements, primarily related to third-party cloud hosting services, third-party software supporting our products, marketing, and operations, and a new corporate aircraft (Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies); • rent payments under noncancellable operating leases (Note 7, Leases); • payments related to the Transition Tax (Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies); and • ongoing personnel-related expenditures and vendor payments.
However, we consider the risk of significant volatility in our established SSP to be small given our historical transaction experience and internal processes to monitor SSP ranges on an ongoing basis and work with management in the event a trend that could impact the future ranges is detected. 51 Results of Operations Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 Revenues Except as otherwise indicated herein, the term “domestic” refers to operations in the United States and Canada and the term “international” refers to operations outside of the United States and Canada.
However, we consider the risk of significant volatility in our established SSP to be small given our historical transaction experience and internal processes to monitor SSP ranges on an ongoing basis and work with management in the event a trend that could impact the future ranges is detected.
As of December 31, 2023, we have not indefinitely reinvested any of our undistributed foreign earnings and have recorded a deferred tax liability of $2.9 million on undistributed foreign earnings related to foreign withholding tax and U.S. state income taxes.
We will continue to regularly assess the realizability of deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2024, we have not indefinitely reinvested any of our undistributed foreign earnings and have recorded a deferred tax liability of $4.0 million on undistributed foreign earnings related to foreign withholding tax and U.S. state income taxes. The U.S. enacted the IRA in August 2022.
The following table sets forth cost of revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change Cost of Revenues: Product licenses and subscription services: Product licenses $ 1,929 $ 1,672 15.4 % Subscription services 31,776 24,770 28.3 % Total product licenses and subscription services 33,705 26,442 27.5 % Product support 22,434 21,264 5.5 % Other services: Consulting 51,311 50,820 1.0 % Education 2,494 4,463 -44.1 % Total other services 53,805 55,283 -2.7 % Total cost of revenues $ 109,944 $ 102,989 6.8 % Cost of product licenses revenues.
The following table sets forth cost of revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 % Change Cost of Revenues: Product licenses and subscription services: Product licenses $ 3,060 $ 1,929 58.6 % Subscription services 42,440 31,776 33.6 % Total product licenses and subscription services 45,500 33,705 35.0 % Product support 33,289 22,434 48.4 % Other services: Consulting 48,374 51,311 -5.7 % Education 2,305 2,494 -7.6 % Total other services 50,679 53,805 -5.8 % Total cost of revenues $ 129,468 $ 109,944 17.8 % Cost of product licenses revenues.
Refer to Note 8, Long-term Debt, and Note 4, Digital Assets, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Gain on Debt Extinguishment In 2023, the $44.7 million gain on debt extinguishment resulted from the repayment of the 2025 Secured Term Loan. Refer to Note 8, Long-term Debt, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
In 2023, the $44.7 million gain on debt extinguishment resulted from the repayment of the 2025 Secured Term Loan. Refer to Note 8, Long-term Debt, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Other Income (Expense), Net Other income, net, of $3.5 million in 2024 was comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction net gains.
The following table summarizes deferred revenue and advance payments (in thousands), as of: December 31, 2023 2022 Current: Deferred product licenses revenue $ 3,579 $ 2,825 Deferred subscription services revenue 65,512 51,861 Deferred product support revenue 152,012 155,366 Deferred other services revenue 7,059 7,376 Total current deferred revenue and advance payments $ 228,162 $ 217,428 Non-current: Deferred product licenses revenue $ 0 $ 2,742 Deferred subscription services revenue 3,097 3,030 Deferred product support revenue 4,984 6,387 Deferred other services revenue 443 604 Total non-current deferred revenue and advance payments $ 8,524 $ 12,763 Total current and non-current: Deferred product licenses revenue $ 3,579 $ 5,567 Deferred subscription services revenue 68,609 54,891 Deferred product support revenue 156,996 161,753 Deferred other services revenue 7,502 7,980 Total current and non-current deferred revenue and advance payments $ 236,686 $ 230,191 The portions of multi-year contracts that will be invoiced in the future are not presented on the balance sheet in “Accounts receivable, net” and “Deferred revenue and advance payments” and instead are included in the remaining performance obligation disclosure below.
The following table summarizes deferred revenue and advance payments (in thousands), as of: December 31, 2024 2023 Current: Deferred product licenses revenue $ 1,777 $ 3,579 Deferred subscription services revenue 107,119 65,512 Deferred product support revenue 124,684 152,012 Deferred other services revenue 4,394 7,059 Total current deferred revenue and advance payments $ 237,974 $ 228,162 Non-current: Deferred product licenses revenue $ 174 $ 0 Deferred subscription services revenue 2,263 3,097 Deferred product support revenue 2,111 4,984 Deferred other services revenue 422 443 Total non-current deferred revenue and advance payments $ 4,970 $ 8,524 Total current and non-current: Deferred product licenses revenue $ 1,951 $ 3,579 Deferred subscription services revenue 109,382 68,609 Deferred product support revenue 126,795 156,996 Deferred other services revenue 4,816 7,502 Total current and non-current deferred revenue and advance payments $ 242,944 $ 236,686 The portions of multi-year contracts that will be invoiced in the future are not presented on the balance sheet in “Accounts receivable, net” and “Deferred revenue and advance payments” and instead are included in the remaining performance obligation disclosure below.
The 2027 Convertible Notes do not bear regular interest and we have not paid any special interest to holders of the 2027 Convertible Notes to date. In June 2021, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Secured Notes. We used the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2028 Secured Notes to acquire bitcoin.
In June 2021, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Secured Notes. We used the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2028 Secured Notes to acquire bitcoin. During 2024 and 2023, we paid $23.9 million and $30.6 million, respectively, in interest to holders of the 2028 Secured Notes.
We also have long-term cash requirements for obligations related to our operating leases, the Transition Tax, and our various purchase agreements. As of December 31, 2023, we do not expect cash and cash equivalents generated by our enterprise analytics software business to be sufficient to satisfy these obligations.
We also have long-term cash requirements for obligations related to our operating leases, delivery of our new corporate aircraft, our various purchase agreements, and potentially CAMT. We expect our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024, together with cash and cash equivalents generated by our operations, will not be sufficient to satisfy these obligations.
Consulting revenues are derived from helping customers plan and execute the deployment of our software. Consulting revenues decreased $8.8 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in billable hours worldwide, partially offset by an increase in average bill rates. Education revenues.
Consulting revenues are derived from helping customers plan and execute the deployment of our software. Consulting revenues decreased $10.6 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in demand for domestic consulting services. Education revenues.
During 2022 and 2023, we used proceeds from various capital raising transactions to purchase bitcoin. As of December 31, 2023, we held an aggregate of approximately 189,150 bitcoins, with 16,081 bitcoins held directly by MicroStrategy Incorporated and 173,069 bitcoins held by MacroStrategy.
During 2023 and 2024, we used proceeds from various capital raising transactions to purchase bitcoin. As of December 31, 2024, we held an aggregate of approximately 447,470 bitcoins.
As part of this strategic transformation, we have taken and will continue to take measures to reorganize and optimize 47 efficiency across our business functions, including sales, marketing, consulting, product, engineering, as well as other corporate functions.
As part of this strategic transformation, we have taken and will continue to take certain measures to optimize operational and organizational efficiency across all of our corporate functions.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased $9.5 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, due to a $1.899 billion increase in net income and a $15.6 million increase from changes in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by a $1.905 billion decrease in non-cash items (principally related to digital asset impairment losses and deferred taxes and gain on extinguishment of debt).
The change in operating cash flows was due to a $1.596 billion decrease in net income and a $21.7 million decrease from changes in operating assets and liabilities, which was partially offset by a $1.552 billion net increase in non-cash items (principally related to digital asset impairment losses and losses on the extinguishment of certain debt instruments, partially offset by deferred taxes).
Impaired digital assets are written down to fair value at the time of impairment, and such impairment loss cannot be recovered for any subsequent increases in fair value. Gains (if any) are not recorded until realized upon sale.
Digital asset impairment losses are recognized when the carrying value of our digital assets exceeds their lowest fair value at any time since their acquisition. Impaired digital assets are written down to fair value at the time of impairment, and such impairment loss cannot be recovered for any subsequent increases in fair value.
We used the net proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible 58 Notes to acquire bitcoin. During 2023 and 2022, we paid $4.9 million and $4.9 million, respectively, in interest to holders of the 2025 Convertible Notes.
We principally used the net proceeds from the issuances of the Convertible Notes to acquire bitcoin, and we used a portion of the net proceeds from the 2028 Convertible Notes to redeem the 2028 Secured Notes, as discussed further below. During 2024 and 2023, we paid $16.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively, in interest to holders of the Convertible Notes.
Net cash used in investing activities increased $1.627 billion during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a $1.614 billion increase in purchases of bitcoins and an $11.8 million decrease in sales of bitcoins.
Net cash used in investing activities increased $20.181 billion during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a $20.170 billion increase in purchases of bitcoins and a $10.5 million deposit on a new corporate aircraft.
Net cash provided by financing activities increased $1.625 billion during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) a $1.974 billion increase in net proceeds from the sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market equity offering program during 2023 as compared to 2022, (ii) a $29.1 million increase in proceeds from the exercise of stock options under the 2013 Equity Plan during 2023 compared to 2022, partially offset by (iii) a $215.4 million decrease in long-term debt proceeds, net of lender fees and issuance costs during 2023 as compared to 2022, (iv) the $160.0 million repayment of the 2025 Secured Term Loan and related third-party extinguishment costs during 2023, which was repaid using proceeds from our sale of class A common stock offered under our at-the-market equity offering program, (v) a $2.0 million increase in payment of withholding tax on vesting of restricted stock units during 2023 compared to 2022 and (vi) a $0.5 million decrease in proceeds from the sales of class A common stock under the 2021 ESPP during 2023 compared to 2022.
Net cash provided by financing activities increased $20.243 billion during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) a $14.310 billion increase in net proceeds from the sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market equity offering programs during 2024 as compared to 2023, (ii) a $6.133 billion increase in long-term debt proceeds, net of issuance costs during 2024 as compared to 2023, (iii) the $160.0 million repayment of the 2025 Secured Term Loan and related third-party extinguishment costs during 2023, which was repaid using proceeds from our sale of class A common stock offered under our at-the-market equity offering programs, and (iv) a $153.8 million increase in proceeds from the exercise of stock options under the Stock Incentive Plans during 2024 as compared to 2023, partially offset by (v) the $515.4 million repayment of the 2028 Secured Notes and related third-party extinguishment costs during 2024, which was repaid using proceeds from the issuance of the 2028 Convertible Notes. 60 Long-term Debt The terms of each of the long-term debt instruments described below are discussed more fully in Note 8, Long-term Debt, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table presents a roll-forward of our bitcoin holdings, including additional information related to our bitcoin purchases, sales, and digital asset impairment losses within the respective periods: Source of Capital Used to Purchase Bitcoin Digital Asset Original Cost Basis (in thousands) Digital Asset Impairment Losses (in thousands) Digital Asset Carrying Value (in thousands) Approximate Number of Bitcoins Held (Disposed) Approximate Average Purchase or Sale Price Per Bitcoin Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 3,751,529 $ (901,319 ) $ 2,850,210 124,391 $ 30,159 Digital asset purchases (a) 287,921 287,921 8,813 32,670 Digital asset impairment losses (1,287,213 ) (1,287,213 ) Digital asset sales * (46,260 ) 35,370 (10,890 ) (704 ) 16,786 Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 3,993,190 $ (2,153,162 ) $ 1,840,028 132,500 $ 30,137 Digital asset purchases (b) 1,902,299 1,902,299 56,650 33,580 Digital asset impairment losses (115,851 ) (115,851 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 5,895,489 $ (2,269,013 ) $ 3,626,476 189,150 $ 31,168 * During 2022, we sold approximately 704 bitcoins having an original cost basis of $46.3 million and cumulative digital asset impairment losses of $35.4 million, resulting in a carrying value of $10.9 million at the time of sale.
The following table presents a roll-forward of our bitcoin holdings, including additional information related to our bitcoin purchases, sales, and digital asset impairment losses within the respective periods: Source of Capital Used to Purchase Bitcoin Digital Asset Original Cost Basis (in thousands) Digital Asset Impairment Losses (in thousands) Digital Asset Carrying Value (in thousands) Approximate Number of Bitcoins Held Approximate Average Purchase Price Per Bitcoin Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 3,993,190 $ (2,153,162 ) $ 1,840,028 132,500 $ 30,137 Digital asset purchases (a) 1,902,299 1,902,299 56,650 33,580 Digital asset impairment losses (115,851 ) (115,851 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 5,895,489 $ (2,269,013 ) $ 3,626,476 189,150 $ 31,168 Digital asset purchases (b) 22,072,759 22,072,759 258,320 85,447 Digital asset impairment losses (1,789,862 ) (1,789,862 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 $ 27,968,248 $ (4,058,875 ) $ 23,909,373 447,470 $ 62,503 (a) During 2023, we purchased bitcoin using $1.864 billion of the net proceeds from our sale of class A common stock under our at-the-market equity offering programs, and $37.9 million of Excess Cash.
Education revenues decreased $0.9 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to lower sales of annual subscriptions to training courses. Costs and Expenses Cost of revenues.
Education revenues decreased $1.0 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in demand for education services. Costs and Expenses Cost of revenues.
The following table sets forth other services revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change Other Services Revenues: Consulting Domestic $ 35,261 $ 39,147 -9.9 % International 36,814 41,697 -11.7 % Total consulting revenues 72,075 80,844 -10.8 % Education 3,768 4,655 -19.1 % Total other services revenues $ 75,843 $ 85,499 -11.3 % Consulting revenues.
The following table sets forth other services revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 % Change Other Services Revenues: Consulting Domestic $ 27,646 $ 35,261 -21.6 % International 33,855 36,814 -8.0 % Total consulting revenues 61,501 72,075 -14.7 % Education 2,807 3,768 -25.5 % Total other services revenues $ 64,308 $ 75,843 -15.2 % Consulting revenues.
Included in research and development expenses for 2023 is an aggregate $1.2 million favorable foreign currency exchange impact. 54 General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses consist of personnel and related overhead costs, and other costs of our executive, finance, human resources, information systems, and administrative departments, as well as third-party consulting, legal, and other professional fees.
General and administrative expenses consist of personnel and related overhead costs, and other costs of our executive, finance, human resources, information systems, and administrative departments, as well as third-party consulting, legal, and other professional fees, and third-party costs associated with our digital asset holdings.
As of February 14, 2024, we held approximately 190,000 bitcoins that were acquired at an aggregate purchase price of $5.933 billion and an average purchase price of approximately $31,224 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. As of February 14, 2024, at 4:00 p.m.
As of February 14, 2025, we held approximately 478,740 bitcoins that were acquired at an aggregate purchase price of $31.134 billion and an average purchase price of approximately $65,033 per bitcoin, inclusive of fees and expenses. As of February 14, 2025, at 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, the market price of one bitcoin reported on the Coinbase exchange was $97,236.98.
Product support revenues decreased $2.6 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to certain existing customers converting from perpetual product licenses with separate support contracts to our subscription services or term product licenses offerings, partially offset by a $1.5 million favorable foreign currency exchange impact.
Product support revenues are recognized ratably over the term of the contract, which is generally one year. Product support revenues decreased $20.1 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to certain existing customers converting from perpetual product licenses with separate support contracts to our subscription services offerings.
Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, the term “international” refers to operations outside of the United States and Canada only where the functional currency is the local currency (i.e., excluding any location whose economy is considered highly inflationary). Prior year comparative periods have been recast to conform to current period presentation.
The term “international” refers to operations outside of the United States and Canada only where the functional currency is the local currency (i.e., excluding any location whose economy is considered highly inflationary). (2) The “Non-GAAP Constant Currency” reflects the current period GAAP amount, less the Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Impact.
The following table sets forth product licenses and subscription services revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change Product Licenses and Subscription Services Revenues: Product Licenses Domestic $ 39,193 $ 54,794 -28.5 % International 36,158 31,704 14.0 % Total product licenses revenues 75,351 86,498 -12.9 % Subscription Services Domestic 52,528 42,428 23.8 % International 28,651 18,318 56.4 % Total subscription services revenues 81,179 60,746 33.6 % Total product licenses and subscription services revenues $ 156,530 $ 147,244 6.3 % Product licenses revenues.
The following table sets forth product licenses and subscription services revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 % Change Product Licenses and Subscription Services Revenues: Product Licenses Domestic $ 19,803 $ 39,193 -49.5 % International 28,764 36,158 -20.4 % Total product licenses revenues 48,567 75,351 -35.5 % Subscription Services Domestic 66,820 52,528 27.2 % International 39,956 28,651 39.5 % Total subscription services revenues 106,776 81,179 31.5 % Total product licenses and subscription services revenues $ 155,343 $ 156,530 -0.8 % Product licenses revenues.
The following table sets forth general and administrative expenses (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 % Change General and administrative expenses $ 115,312 $ 111,421 3.5 % General and administrative expenses increased $3.9 million during 2023, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) a $6.3 million net increase in share-based compensation expense primarily attributable to the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans, partially offset by certain awards that became fully vested, (ii) a $1.2 million increase in the estimated minimum loss with respect to the Brazilian matters noted in Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements, (iii) a $0.7 million increase in severance costs associated with streamlining our organization, and (iv) a $0.5 million increase in directors and officers liability insurance expense, partially offset by (v) a $2.3 million decrease in costs related to the maintenance and operations of our corporate aircraft, (vi) a $0.9 million decrease in recruiting costs, (vii) a $0.6 million decrease in legal, consulting, advisory, and other third-party costs, and (viii) a $0.5 million decrease in variable compensation.
The following table sets forth general and administrative expenses (in thousands) and related percentage change for the periods indicated: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 % Change General and administrative expenses $ 140,537 $ 115,312 21.9 % General and administrative expenses increased $25.2 million during 2024, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to (i) an $8.6 million increase in personnel costs primarily attributable to an increase in employer payroll taxes related to the exercise or vesting of certain awards under the Stock Incentive Plans, (ii) an $8.2 million net increase in share-based compensation expense primarily attributable to the grant of additional awards under the Stock Incentive Plans, partially offset by certain awards that became fully vested and the forfeiture of certain awards, (iii) a $6.1 million increase in legal, consulting, and other advisory costs, and (iv) a $4.4 million increase in custodial fees incurred on our bitcoin holdings, partially offset by (v) a $2.7 million decrease in employee salaries primarily attributable to a decrease in average staffing levels, partially offset by wage increases.
On March 24, 2023, MacroStrategy and Silvergate Bank entered into a Prepayment, Waiver and Payoff to Credit and Security Agreement, pursuant to which MacroStrategy voluntarily prepaid Silvergate approximately $161.0 million (the “Payoff Amount”), in full repayment, satisfaction, and discharge of the 2025 Secured Term Loan and all other obligations under the Credit and Security Agreement.
On March 24, 2023, MacroStrategy voluntarily prepaid Silvergate approximately $161.0 million (the “Payoff Amount”), in full repayment, satisfaction, and discharge of the 2025 Secured Term Loan, and all collateral securing the 2025 Secured Term Loan, including the bitcoin that was serving as collateral, was released.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk — interest-rate, FX, commodity exposure

7 edited+1 added−1 removed7 unchanged
Biggest changeFor the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred impairment losses of $115.9 million on our bitcoin. Foreign Currency Risk. We conduct a significant portion of our business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the currency in which we report our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Biggest changeWe conduct a significant portion of our business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the currency in which we report our Consolidated Financial Statements. International revenues accounted for 44.0%, 42.7%, and 41.0% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
Financial Statemen ts and Supplementary Data Our Consolidated Financial Statements, together with the related notes and the associated Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, are set forth on the pages indicated in Item 15. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accou ntants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. 63
Financial Statemen ts and Supplementary Data Our Consolidated Financial Statements, together with the related notes and the associated Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, are set forth on the pages indicated in Item 15. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accou ntants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. 65
We attempt to minimize our foreign currency risk by converting our excess foreign currency held in foreign jurisdictions to U.S. dollar-denominated cash and investment accounts. As of December 31, 2023, a 10% adverse change in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar would have decreased our aggregate reported cash and cash equivalents by 5.4%.
We attempt to minimize our foreign currency risk by converting our excess foreign currency held in foreign jurisdictions to U.S. dollar-denominated cash and investment accounts. As of December 31, 2024, a 10% adverse change in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar would have decreased our aggregate reported cash and cash equivalents by 5.7%.
For example, the market price of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market for bitcoin) ranged from a low of $16,490.00 to a high of $45,000.00 during the year ended December 31, 2023, but the carrying value of each bitcoin we held at the end of the reporting period reflects the lowest price of one bitcoin quoted on the active exchange at any time since its acquisition.
For example, the market price of one bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange (our principal market for bitcoin) ranged from a low of $38,501.00 to a high of $108,388.88 during the year ended December 31, 2024, but the carrying value of each bitcoin we held at the end of the reporting period reflects the lowest price of one bitcoin quoted on the active exchange at any time since its acquisition.
We have used a significant portion of our cash, including cash generated from capital raising transactions, to acquire bitcoin and, as of December 31, 2023, we held approximately 189,150 bitcoins. The carrying value of our bitcoins as of December 31, 2023 was $3.626 billion, which reflects cumulative impairments of $2.269 billion, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
We have used a significant portion of our cash, including cash generated from capital raising transactions, to acquire bitcoin and, as of December 31, 2024, we held approximately 447,470 bitcoins. The carrying value of our bitcoins as of December 31, 2024 was $23.909 billion, which reflects cumulative impairments of $4.059 billion, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
International revenues accounted for 42.7%, 41.0%, and 44.7% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We anticipate that international revenues will continue to account for a significant portion of our total revenues. The functional currency of each of our foreign subsidiaries is generally the local currency.
We anticipate that international revenues will continue to account for a significant portion of our total revenues. The functional currency of each of our foreign subsidiaries is generally the local currency.
If average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2023 had changed unfavorably by 10%, our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 would have decreased by 3.6%.
If average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2024 had changed unfavorably by 10%, our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 would have decreased by 3.9%. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our revenues were not significantly impacted by changes in weighted average exchange rates, as compared to the prior year. Item 8.
Removed
During the year ended December 31, 2023, our revenues were higher by 0.5% as a result of a 1.5% favorable change in weighted average exchange rates, as compared to the prior year. Item 8.
Added
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred impairment losses of $1.790 billion on our bitcoin. However, as previously discussed, the accounting for our digital assets will change upon our adoption of ASU 2023-08 on January 1, 2025. See Note 3, Recent Accounting Standards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Foreign Currency Risk.

Other STRD 10-K year-over-year comparisons