ENBRIDGE INC

ENBRIDGE INCENBEarnings & Financial Report

NYSE · petroleum industry

Enbridge Inc. is a multinational pipeline and energy company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Enbridge owns and operates pipelines throughout Canada and the United States, transporting crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids, and also generates renewable energy. Enbridge's pipeline system is the longest in North America and the largest oil export pipeline network in the world. Its crude oil system consists of 28,661 kilometres of pipelines. Its 38,300 kilometre natural gas p...

What changed in ENBRIDGE INC's 10-K2024 vs 2025

Top changes in ENBRIDGE INC's 2025 10-K

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Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

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The natural gas transported in our business competes with other forms of energy available to our customers and end-users, including electricity, coal, propane, fuel oils, nuclear and renewable energy.
Our Gas Distribution and Storage business competes with other forms of energy available to customers and end-users, including electricity, coal, propane and fuel oils. 49 Our Renewable Power Generation business faces competition in securing long-term power purchase agreements and from other fuel sources in the markets in which we operate.
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ITEM 1. BUSINESS Enbridge is a leading North American energy infrastructure company.
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Item 1. Business - Regulation - Environmental Regulation . Carbon pricing in the form of carbon charges, carbon levies, or other carbon pricing frameworks poses risks to our business, including potential reduced demand for our services and decreased economic viability for our projects.
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Our core businesses include Liquids Pipelines, which consists of pipelines and terminals in Canada and the US that transport and export various grades of crude oil and other liquid hydrocarbons; Gas Transmission, which consists of investments in natural gas pipelines and gathering and processing facilities in Canada and the US; Gas Distribution and Storage, which consists of natural gas utility operations that serve residential, commercial and industrial customers in Canada and the US; and Renewable Power Generation, which consists primarily of investments in wind and solar assets, as well as geothermal and power transmission assets, in North America and Europe.
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We are also subject to anti-greenwashing legislation and are impacted by climate-related disclosure requirements in development in certain jurisdictions where we operate. Such evolving policy, legislation and regulation could influence commodity demand, and the overall energy mix we deliver and has already led to increased compliance risk and costs, including higher costs for our customers.
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Enbridge is a public company, with common shares that trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol ENB. We were incorporated on April 13, 1970 under the Companies Ordinance of the Northwest Territories and were continued under the Canada Business Corporations Act on December 15, 1987.
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Stakeholder opposition to parts of our business and the energy industry, particularly fossil fuels, continues to pose risks to our business such as climate-related protests, complaints, litigation and regulatory actions, including against Enbridge. In addition, anti-ESG activism has grown, creating competing stakeholder priorities, fragmented regulatory regimes, and greater uncertainty.
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A more detailed description of each of our businesses and underlying assets is provided below under Business Segments . CORPORATE VISION AND STRATEGY VISION Enbridge through its diversified businesses, fuels people’s quality of life in a safe and socially responsible manner in North America and beyond. Our vision is to provide energy in a planet-friendly way, everywhere people need it.
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We have faced, and expect to continue to face, climate-related legal challenges. Defending and resolving these claims has resulted in increased costs and will likely lead to additional expenses, and could affect our reputation, strategy, and financial performance. 47 • Technology risks Achieving our emissions reduction goals depends partly on technological improvements, innovation, and modernization of our existing assets.
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In pursuing this vision, we seek to play a critical role in enabling the economic and social well-being of society by providing access to affordable, reliable, and secure energy through our infrastructure which transports, distributes, and generates energy, including liquids, natural gas, renewable power, and low-carbon fuels.
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Advances in technologies such as renewable power, carbon capture and storage, and other lower-carbon energy infrastructure can help reduce our emissions, extend the life of our assets, and diversify our business.
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We recognize that the energy system is changing, and we aim to provide a bridge to a cleaner energy future in a socially-responsible way, including selectively investing in lower-carbon energy technologies.
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However, relying on these technologies also carries risks, including the pace of technological development, uncertain regulatory requirements, and potentially high costs that could make the use of such technologies uneconomical.
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We aim to be a first-choice investment, supported by our investor value proposition of predictable and stable cash flows, a strong investment grade balance sheet to facilitate growth, a history of dividend increases, and a diversified opportunity set of growth projects in multiple jurisdictions to support continued EBITDA and distributable cash flow per share growth.
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If emerging technologies do not materialize as expected, meeting our emissions reduction goals could become more difficult. • Market risks Concerns about climate change, rising demand for lower-carbon energy and new energy technologies, shifting customer behavior, and reduced energy consumption could decrease demand for our services or our securities.
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Our assets are underpinned by long-term contracts, regulated cost-of-service tolling frameworks, power purchase agreements (PPAs), and other low-risk commercial arrangements. We strive to be the leading first-choice energy delivery company in North America and beyond—for customers, communities, investors, regulators, policymakers, and employees.
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In recent years, certain investors, lenders and insurers have begun or are contemplating reducing the carbon intensity of their portfolios or limiting support for the fossil fuel industry. These actions could increase our costs to manage these risks and restrict access to, or increase the cost of, capital and insurance.
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We approach this goal with a focus on worker and public safety, stakeholder relations, customer service, community investment, sustainability leadership, and employee engagement and satisfaction. As part of our community engagement, we remain committed to meaningful dialogue with Indigenous peoples to achieve common goals and constructive outcomes from our projects and operations.
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Market uncertainty, including abrupt or significant changes in energy prices and demand, which could be driven by climate change, could negatively impact operations, for example through reduced throughput volumes on our pipeline systems. • Reputational risks Energy companies, including Enbridge, continue to face negative perceptions about fossil fuels and pipelines, which can lead to stakeholder opposition to our operations and infrastructure projects, as well as investor, stakeholder or regulatory concerns about stranded assets.
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We also are committed to advancing investment opportunities with Indigenous groups, as demonstrated by recent partnerships on our oil pipelines and in the development of renewable energy projects. 9 STRATEGY Our strategy is underpinned by a deep understanding of both local and global energy supply and demand fundamentals.
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Such factors may impact our ability to secure capital or complete new projects. Enbridge’s climate-related activities, goals, commitments, and plans are based on various assumptions, estimates, judgments, risks, and uncertainties. Rules, standards, and methodologies for setting climate-related goals and for measuring and reporting climate-related information are still developing.
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Through disciplined capital allocation, aligned with our outlook on energy markets, we have become an industry leader with a diversified portfolio of infrastructure super systems across the North American continent, creating a platform for incremental growth. Our robust pipeline of project development opportunities, the integration of recent strategic acquisitions, and ongoing efficiency improvements are expected to drive our business forward.
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As such, our climate-related goals and disclosures are based on assumptions that are subject to change. Achieving our sustainability-related goals and commitments will require collective efforts and actions from a wide range of stakeholders, much of which is beyond our control, and there can be no assurance that these efforts will deliver the intended impact.
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We remain confident in our balanced growth strategy and expect to continue to invest in our diversified footprint of both conventional businesses and complementary lower-carbon platforms.
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Our climate-related goals and emissions-reduction pathways will continue to evolve and may need to be revised as data improves, standards, methodologies, metrics, and measurements mature, and legislation, regulations, and stakeholder expectations change.
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This includes extension and expansion opportunities to meet LNG exports and offshore gas, as well as leveraging North American electrification trends, including the expansion of data centers, where we can provide integrated customer solutions through our natural gas and renewable power businesses.
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If we encounter challenges or perceived challenges in achieving our climate-related goals, fail to comply with climate-related regulatory or reporting requirements, or fall short of stakeholder expectations, it could negatively impact our reputation, reduce demand for our services or securities, and expose us to enforcement actions or litigation, which could impact our business, operations or financial results.
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Additionally, we are committed to effectively managing our emissions from our operations and building lasting and inclusive relationships with our stakeholders, including Indigenous peoples, our customers and employees. Our assets have reliably generated low-risk, resilient cash flows through many different commodity, economic, and geopolitical environments.
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RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY There are utilization risks with respect to our assets, across all business segments. Liquids Pipelines: We are partially exposed to throughput risk on the Canadian Mainline, and are exposed to throughput risk under certain tolling agreements for other assets, such as the Lakehead System.
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We believe that our asset quality, diversity, and ability to provide comprehensive solutions to customers which leverages expertise across our four business lines are key differentiators that enable us to be flexible in an uncertain business environment.
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Lower transported volumes can directly reduce our revenues and earnings. Utilization of our assets may be affected by factors such as changing market fundamentals, capacity bottlenecks, regulatory restrictions, maintenance, operational incidents, and increased competition.
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In order to continue to be an industry leader and to create value over the short and long term, we maintain a robust strategic planning process. We regularly conduct scenario and resiliency analysis on both our assets and business strategy.
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Commodity prices, price differentials, weather, gasoline prices and consumption, tariffs, alternative and new energy sources and technologies, and global supply disruptions and dynamics, including those that may arise due to geopolitical conflicts, can also influence the supply of, demand for, and price of crude oil and other liquid hydrocarbons transported on our pipelines. 48 Gas Transmission: Shifts in regional and global production and consumption continue to affect gas supply and demand dynamics, which can lead to fluctuations in commodity prices and price differentials and potential underutilization of some parts our system.
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We test various value enhancement and maximization options, and we regularly engage with our Board of Directors (the Board) to promote alignment and maintain active oversight. This Board participation includes updates and discussions throughout the year and a dedicated annual strategic planning session. Going forward, we will continue to use this comprehensive approach to guide our investment decisions.
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Other factors affecting system utilization include operational incidents, regulatory restrictions, system maintenance, and increased competition.
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Consistent with our strategy, we have progressed several of our priorities in 2024.
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Gas Distribution and Storage: Customers of our gas distribution franchises are billed on both a fixed charge and volumetric basis, and our ability to collect the total revenue requirement (the cost of providing service, including a reasonable return to the utility) in certain jurisdictions, depends on achieving the forecast distribution measures set during the rate-making process.
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For example: • We completed the acquisition of the US Gas Utilities with operations in Idaho, North Carolina, Ohio, Utah and Wyoming, creating the largest natural gas utility franchise in North America, providing visible, low-risk, long-term, rate base growth. • Our Liquids Pipelines business exported record volumes through our Enbridge Ingleside Energy Center (EIEC), received approval from the Canada Energy Regulator (CER) in 2024 for our Mainline Tolling negotiated settlement through to 2028, sanctioned an expansion of the Gray Oak pipeline and incremental capacity at the EIEC following successful open seasons, and acquired marine docks with land adjacent to EIEC, further advancing our Permian export strategy. • Our Gas Transmission business reached a negotiated settlement with shippers on Texas Eastern, announced and closed the Whistler Parent JV, a joint venture formed by Enbridge, WhiteWater/I Squared Capital and MPLX LP, connecting Permian Basin natural gas supply to growing LNG and other US Gulf Coast demand, and achieved final investment decision on the Tennessee Ridgeline Expansion and Blackcomb Natural Gas Pipeline.
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The probability of realizing such measures varies by jurisdiction but is generally contingent upon four key forecast variables: weather, economic conditions, pricing of competitive energy sources, and customer growth. Weather is a significant driver of delivery volumes, as many customers use natural gas for heating.
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We also expanded our footprint in the Gulf Coast by sanctioning the Canyon System Pipelines and the formation of a joint venture to service the Sparta offshore development to serve BP, Shell and Equinor Gulf Coast developments. We also expanded our exposure to LNG by sanctioning the Venice Extension Project, which supplies the Venture Global Plaquemines LNG facility.
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Our ability to add new customers could be impacted by housing market conditions, such as interest rates and affordability on new home construction, and energy transition trends. Large commercial and industrial volumes are more sensitive to economic conditions and fuel-switching options.
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We continue to work with customers on opportunities to supply new gas-fired power generation relating to data centers and growth of electricity demand generally, and capitalize on strong gas fundamentals to deliver safe, reliable, and lower-carbon energy to North Americans while simultaneously growing LNG exports. 10 • Our Gas Distribution and Storage business continued to advance its incentive regulation rate application in Ontario by filing a settlement proposal for the second phase of our 2024 rebasing application with the Ontario Energy Board (OEB), added approximately 36,000 new customers across our Ontario utilities business, commenced the integration of the Acquisitions, including its three million customers, and capitalized on increasing electric power and industrial demand - for example, by contracting gas supply to provide 200 megawatts (MW) of data center power in Utah and building the Moriah Energy Center, a 2 billion cubic feet LNG facility, to enable system growth and maintain reliability in North Carolina.
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Even where total forecast distribution volumes are met, we may not achieve expected ROE due to other forecast variables, such as fluctuations in the mix between higher- and lower-margin customers. All of our gas distribution businesses remain at risk for actual versus forecast of large volume contract commercial and industrial volumes.
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We remain committed to assessing low-risk, capital investment opportunities, and providing cost-effective, reliable and lower-carbon energy to customers in Ontario, Quebec, Ohio, North Carolina, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho. • Our Renewable Power Generation business continued to execute on growth opportunities, including through our onshore business with the sanctioning of Orange Grove Solar in Texas (backed by a PPA with AT&T), Sequoia Solar in Texas (backed by a PPA with AT&T and Toyota), completion of Fox Squirrel Solar Phase 2 and 3 in Ohio (backed by a PPA with Amazon), and the announcement of the Seven Stars Energy Project, our first renewable power indigenous partnership focused on wind energy generation in Saskatchewan.
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Renewable Power Generation: Earnings from our Renewable Power Generation assets are highly dependent on weather and atmospheric conditions, as well as continued operational availability of these energy producing assets. While the expected energy yields for our projects are predicted using long-term historical data, wind and solar resources are subject to natural variation from year-to-year and from season-to-season.
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We also continued to progress opportunities in our Offshore Wind business in Europe, including placing the Fécamp project into service, delivering first power to the French grid from the Provence Grand Large floating offshore wind project and more recently, winning an offshore wind farm tender for a project in the Mediterranean Sea off the southern coast of France. • We continued to make meaningful progress towards our ESG goals.
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Any prolonged reduction in wind or solar resources at any facilities could lead to decreased earnings and cash flows. Additionally, inefficiencies or interruptions of facilities due to operational disturbances or outages resulting from weather conditions or other factors, could also impact earnings.
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We further strengthened our relationships with Indigenous communities across North America while advancing our reconciliation commitments as a part of our Indigenous Reconciliation Action Plan, meeting 12 of 22 commitments.
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Our assets vary in age and were constructed over many decades, which causes our inspection, maintenance or repair costs to increase. Our pipelines vary in age and were constructed over many decades. Pipelines are generally long-lived assets, and pipeline construction materials and techniques, including coating, have evolved over time.
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We are striving to reduce emissions from our operations through multiple pathways, including system modernization, and continued investment in our lower-carbon businesses. • We continue to recycle capital at attractive valuations; in 2024, this included completing the sale of our interests in the Alliance Pipeline and Aux Sable facility.
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Depending on the era of construction and construction techniques, some assets require more frequent inspections, which have resulted in, and are expected to continue in the future to result in, increased maintenance and repair costs. Any significant increase in these expenditures could adversely affect our business, operations or financial results.
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We remain focused on disciplined capital allocation, portfolio optimization and diversification, the continued enhancement of our industry leading cash flow profile and financial strength and flexibility. In addition, we continue to prioritize operating cost reductions across our business to increase our competitiveness and profitability. 11 These achievements are discussed in further detail in Part II. Item 7.
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Competition may result in a reduction in demand for our services, fewer project opportunities or assumption of risk that results in weaker or more volatile financial performance than expected. Competition in all of our businesses, including competition for new project development opportunities, could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Looking ahead, our near-term strategic priorities remain similar to past years. As always, proactively advancing the safety of our assets, protecting the environment, and maintaining system reliability remain our top priorities.
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Our Liquids Pipelines business faces competition from existing and proposed pipelines serving Canadian, US and international markets, including those that may advance through inter-provincial and federal agreements or collaboration. Key competitive factors include transportation costs, access to supply, service quality and reliability, contract carrier alternatives, and proximity to markets.
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We are focused on enhancing the value of our existing assets through further optimization, capitalizing on our extensive infrastructure to meet evolving customer needs, prioritizing in-franchise organic growth and export-driven opportunities, and continuing to develop lower-carbon platforms across all our businesses.
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Commodities transported in our pipelines increasingly compete with emerging alternatives for end-users, such as electricity and electric batteries. We also compete with alternative storage facilities. Our Gas Transmission business competes with similar facilities that serve the same supply and market areas. Natural gas also competes with other energy sources, including electricity, coal, propane, fuel oils, and renewables.
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As an example, we are continuing to pursue opportunities related to electrification in North America, where we can utilize our existing gas transmission and distribution infrastructure to safely deliver gas to new and existing power plants being developed, given surging power demand.
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Our secured projects and maintenance programs are subject to various factors, which may affect our ability to drive long-term growth.
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We are also pursuing opportunities to build new natural gas infrastructure along our network and within our gas distribution territories, combined with providing gas supply and storage to customers, to support this growth.
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Our project execution continues to face challenges, including intense scrutiny of regulatory and environmental permit applications, politicized permitting processes, public opposition such as protests, efforts to repeal permits, and resistance to land access, which have increased construction complexity and, in certain cases, delayed project completion. Joint ventures further increase complexity and reduce our ability to control project execution.
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To complement our natural gas offerings, we are also able to provide renewable energy solutions (electricity and renewable credits/offsets) to customers, which we view as a strategic competitive advantage, enabling us to expand our customer base and further extend our growth.
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Continued challenges with global supply chains have created unpredictability in material costs and availability. Labor shortages and inflationary pressures have increased the costs of engineering and construction services.
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We expect to continue to invest on an attractive, risk-adjusted basis to advance our strategy and build a sustainable competitive advantage. Our key strategic priorities include: Safety and Operational Reliability Safety and operational reliability are the foundation of our strategy.
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Recent and proposed legislation in Canada and the US aimed at increasing supply chain integrity, including with respect to forced labor and child labor, together with measures by us, our suppliers and governments, may impact business activities, global and North American supply chains, and our procurement processes, potentially impacting the availability or cost of goods and materials that we purchase.
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We strive to achieve and maintain industry leadership in all facets of safety - process, public, and personal - and ensure the highest standards of reliability and integrity across our system to protect our communities and the environment.
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There is a risk that our supply chain may actually use or be alleged to have used forced labor or child labor, which could impact our reputation. Other factors that can, and have in the past, delayed project completion and increased project costs include contractor or supplier non-performance, tariffs, extreme weather events and geological factors beyond our control.
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Extend Growth The cornerstone of our growth lies in the successful execution of our slate of secured projects (currently $26 billion through 2029) on schedule and within estimated costs, while maintaining standards for safety, quality, customer satisfaction, and environmental and regulatory compliance. For a discussion of our current portfolio of capital projects refer to Part II. Item 7.
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The effects of US, Canadian and other governments' policies on tariffs and trade relations are uncertain and could adversely impact our business, operations or financial results.
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Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Growth Projects - Commercially Secured Projects . We continue to seek additional high-quality growth opportunities across all our platforms, and deploy capital towards optimal uses, prioritizing balance sheet strength, investment in low capital intensity growth, and regulated utility or utility-like projects.
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The announcement and imposition of tariffs by the US, together with potential, announced or implemented retaliatory tariffs by other governments on imports from the US, and other potential measures, including duties, fees, economic sanctions or other trade measures, as well as the potential impacts of these tariffs and trade measures, present significant risks to our business operations and financial results.
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Our scale and diversification drive competitive advantages across the enterprise and generate opportunities for collaboration across the business units. The four business segments we operate share commercial advantages and strong stakeholder relationships that enable opportunities to cross-sell to customers across the business units, providing additional value and the potential for future growth.
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Tariffs announced by the US (which are in addition to any pre-existing tariffs) which may impact our business operations include, among others: • tariff on Canadian goods that are non-compliant under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) (excludes crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids); • global tariffs on steel and aluminum; and • other periodic retaliatory tariffs on Canada.
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We will carefully assess our remaining investable capacity, deploying capital to the most value-enhancing opportunities available to us, including further organic growth, and complementary accretive "tuck-in" acquisitions that improve our competitive positioning or further strengthen our balance sheet. 12 Looking ahead, we see strong utilization of our network and opportunities for growth within each of our businesses.
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Several of the US tariff announcements have been followed by announcements of limited exemptions and temporary pauses on implementation dates. In response to the US tariff announcements, certain governments have threatened or announced retaliatory measures against the US and/or are in the process of negotiating with the US on tariff agreements.
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For example, we expect that: • Our liquids pipelines infrastructure will remain a vital connection between key supply basins and demand-pull markets such as the refinery hubs in the US Midwest, eastern Canada, and the US Gulf Coast. We are advancing discussions with customers for additional Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin pipeline capacity in 2026 and beyond.
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These announcements led to significant uncertainty and market volatility throughout 2025.
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We will continue to explore capital efficient growth opportunities via system expansions and optimization of operations. Our export infrastructure will also enable the transportation of crude oil, cleaner fuels, and other export opportunities.
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If maintained, such trade measures, the nature, extent and timing of which are uncertain, and the potential for escalation of trade disputes, including retaliatory measures, could lead to, among other things, worsening of macroeconomic conditions, inflationary pressures, increased construction costs, costs to maintain our assets and other costs and expenses, as well as to potential reductions in demand for US and/or Canadian energy.
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Building on our early experience, we expect that carbon capture and storage (CCS) offers the potential to provide additional new growth opportunities within our footprint in jurisdictions with supportive regulatory regimes. • Our natural gas transmission business will seek extension and expansion opportunities driven by new load demand from gas-fired power generation (including for data centers, electrification, and reshoring), industrial growth, and coastal LNG plants.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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We have experienced operational interruptions and damage to our assets from such weather events in the past, and we expect to continue to experience climate-related physical risks in the future, potentially with increasing frequency or severity. Such events may also result in personal injury, loss of life.
We have experienced operational interruptions and damage to our assets from such weather events in the past, and we expect to continue to experience climate-related physical risks in the future, potentially with increasing frequency or severity. Such events may also result in personal injury or loss of life.
Item 1A. Risk Factors . Our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, reputation, access to and cost of capital or insurance, business plans and strategy may all be materially adversely impacted as a result of climate change and its associated impacts.
Our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, reputation, access to and cost of capital or insurance, business plans and strategy may all be materially adversely impacted as a result of climate change and its associated impacts.
Cyber threat actors have attacked and continue to threaten to attack energy infrastructure, including our assets, and various government agencies have increasingly stressed that these attacks are targeting critical infrastructure, including pipelines, public utilities, and power generation facilities, and are increasing in sophistication, magnitude, and frequency. Additionally, these risks may escalate during periods of heightened geopolitical tensions.
Cyber threat actors have attacked, and continue to threaten to attack, energy infrastructure, including our assets. Government agencies have warned that attacks targeting critical infrastructure - including pipelines, utilities, and power generation facilities - are increasing in sophistication, magnitude, and frequency. These risks may escalate during periods of heightened geopolitical tensions.
Our assets and operations are exposed to potential damage or other negative impacts from these kinds of events, which have in the past resulted and could in the future result in reduced revenue from business disruption or reduced capacity and may also lead to increased costs due to repairs and required adaptation measures.
Our assets and operations are exposed to the risk of damage or other negative impacts from these kinds of events, which have resulted in and could in the future result in, reduced revenue from business disruption or reduced capacity and increased costs due to repairs and adaptation measures.
Acute physical risks are those that are event-driven, including increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as heavy snowfall, heavy rainfall, floods, landslides, fires, hurricanes, cyclones, tornados, tropical storms, ice storms, and extreme temperatures.
Acute physical risks are those that are event-driven, including increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as heavy snowfall, extreme precipitation, floods, landslides, wildfires, hurricanes, cyclones, tornados, tropical storms, storm surges, ice storms, and extreme temperatures.
Furthermore, we and some of our third-party service providers (who may in turn also use third-party service providers) collect, process or store sensitive data in the ordinary course of our business, including personal information of our employees, residential gas distribution customers, land owners and investors, as well as intellectual property or other proprietary business information of ours or our customers or suppliers.
Furthermore, we and some of our third-party service providers (who may in turn also use third-party service providers) collect, process or store sensitive data in the ordinary course of our business, including personal information of employees, customers, landowners, and investors, as well as intellectual property or other proprietary business information.
Terrorist attacks and threats (which may take the form of cyber attacks, as outlined above), escalation of military activity, armed hostilities, war, sabotage, or civil unrest or activism may have significant effects on general economic conditions and may cause fluctuations in consumer confidence and spending and market liquidity, each of which could adversely affect our business.
Terrorist attacks and threats (which may take the form of cyber attacks, as outlined above), escalation of military activity, armed hostilities, war, sabotage, or civil unrest or activism may disrupt general economic conditions, cause fluctuations in consumer confidence and spending, and affect market liquidity, all of which could negatively impact our business.
Although we devote significant resources and security measures to prevent unwanted intrusions and to protect our systems and data, whether such data is housed internally or by external third parties, we and our third-party vendors have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, cyber attacks of varying degrees in the conduct of our business, including denial of service attacks.
While we invest heavily in security measures to prevent unwanted intrusions and to protect our systems and data, whether such data is housed internally or by external third parties, we and our third-party vendors have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, cyber attacks of varying degrees, including denial-of-service attacks.
PHYSICAL RISKS Climate-related physical risks, resulting from changing and more extreme weather, can damage our assets and affect the safety and reliability of our operations. Climate-related physical risks may be acute or chronic.
PHYSICAL RISKS Climate-related physical risks arise as a result of changing and more extreme weather, which can damage our assets and affect the safety and reliability of our operations. Climate-related physical risks may be acute or chronic.
Cyber attacks and other cybersecurity incidents pose threats to our technology systems and could materially adversely affect our business, operations, reputation or financial results. Our business is dependent upon information systems and other digital technologies for controlling our plants, pipelines and other assets, processing transactions and summarizing and reporting results of operations.
Cyber attacks and other cybersecurity incidents pose significant threats to our technology systems and could materially adversely affect our business, operations, reputation or financial results. Our business is dependent upon information systems and other digital technologies to control our plants, pipelines and other assets, process transactions, and summarize and report results of operations.
Chronic physical risks are longer-term shifts in climate patterns, such as long-term changes in precipitation patterns, or sustained higher temperatures, which may cause sea level rises or chronic heat waves.
Chronic physical risks are longer-term shifts in climate patterns, such as long-term changes in precipitation patterns, or sustained higher temperatures, which may cause sea level rises or chronic heat waves. Chronic physical risks may also include altered river flows, land shifting, and subsidence.
Cybersecurity risks have increased in recent years as a result of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication of cyber attacks and financially-motivated cybercrime, as well as international and domestic political factors, including geopolitical tensions, armed hostilities, war, civil unrest, sabotage, terrorism and state-sponsored or other cyber espionage.
Cybersecurity risks have grown due to the proliferation of new technologies, increasingly sophisticated cyber attacks, and financially-motivated cybercrime, as well as international and domestic political factors, including geopolitical tensions, armed conflicts, civil unrest, sabotage, terrorism, and state-sponsored or other cyber espionage.
We expect to continue to experience climate-related physical risks, potentially with increasing frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that we will not experience catastrophic or other events in the future. In addition, we have in the past, and could in the future, be subject to litigation and significant fines and penalties from regulators in connection with any such events.
We have and expect to continue to experience climate-related physical risks, potentially with increasing frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that we will not experience catastrophic or other events in the future.
TRANSITION RISKS The transition to a lower-carbon economy involves policy, legal, technology and market changes which may, in turn, increase our cost of operations and influence stakeholder sentiment and decisions about Enbridge, including potentially reducing the demand for some of our services, which could result in a decrease in profitability or reduction in the value of our assets.
TRANSITION RISKS The global transition to a lower-carbon economy involves policy, legal, technology and market changes which may, in turn, increase our cost of operations and influence stakeholder sentiment and decisions about Enbridge.
We have experienced an increase in the number of attempts by external parties to access our systems or our company data without authorization, and we expect this trend to continue.
We have experienced an increase in unauthorized attempts to access our systems and company data, and expect this trend to continue.
As a result of the foregoing, we could experience loss of revenues, repair, remediation or restoration costs, regulatory action, fines and penalties, litigation, breach of contract or indemnity claims, cyber extortion, ransomware, implementation costs for additional security measures, loss of customers, customer dissatisfaction, reputational harm, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, other adverse consequences, or other costs or financial loss.
Consequences of a significant cyber incident could include revenue loss, repair, remediation or restoration costs, regulatory action, fines and penalties, litigation, breach of contract or indemnity claims, cyber extortion or ransomware payments, implementation costs for additional security measures, loss of customers, customer dissatisfaction, reputational harm, or other adverse consequences, costs or financial loss.
Our assets and operations are exposed to potential damage or other negative impacts from these operational risks, which could result in reduced revenue from business disruption or reduced capacity and may also lead to increased costs due to repairs and required adaptation measures.
Our assets and operations are vulnerable to damage or disruption from these events, which could result in reduced revenue from business interruptions or reduced capacity and may also increase costs for repairs, remediation or adaptation measures.
Future terrorist attacks, rumors or threats of war, actual conflicts involving the US or Canada, or military or trade disruptions may significantly affect our operations and those of our customers.
Future terrorist attacks, rumors or threats of war, actual conflicts involving the US or Canada, civil unrest or military, trade, or commodity supply and demand disruptions may significantly affect our operations and those of our customers. Strategic critical infrastructure, including energy-related assets, face heightened risk of cyber or physical attacks.
Human error or malfeasance can also contribute to a cyber incident, and cyber attacks can be internal as well as external and occur at any point in our supply chain.
Human error or malfeasance can also contribute to cyber incidents, which may occur internally or externally and at any point in our supply chain.
Factors such as political, economic, or social instability, trade disputes, increased tariffs, changes in laws, strict regulations, and shifts in political leadership can lead to higher commodity prices and affect energy availability and costs. Pandemics, epidemics or infectious disease outbreaks may adversely affect local and global economies and our business, operations or financial results.
Factors such as political, economic, or social instability, trade disputes, increased tariffs, legal and regulatory changes, and shifts in political leadership can lead to volatility in commodity prices and affect energy availability and costs. 46 RISKS RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change risks could adversely affect our reputation, strategic plan, business, operations and financial results, and these effects could be material.
In addition, increased environmental activism against construction and operation of energy infrastructure could potentially result in work delays, reduced demand for our products and services, new legislation or public policy or increased stringency thereof, or denial or delay of permits and rights-of-way. Enbridge also faces risks related to international relations and geopolitical events.
Our assets and projects under construction could be direct targets or indirect casualties of such an attack. In addition, increased environmental activism against energy infrastructure could lead to work delays, reduced demand for our services, new or stricter legislation or public policy, or denial or delay of permits and rights-of-way.
A service interruption could have a significant impact on our operations, and negatively impact financial results, relationships with stakeholders and our reputation.
Additionally, we have faced, and could face again, litigation and significant fines and penalties from regulators in connection with such events. 43 A service interruption could have a significant impact on our operations, and negatively impact financial results, stakeholder relationships and our reputation.
A public safety incident or an injury or loss of life to our workers or contractors, which we have experienced in the past and, despite the precautions we take, may experience in the future, could result in reputational damage to us, legal claims, material repair costs or increased operating and insurance costs.
Despite the precautions we take, such safety incidents have occurred in the past and may occur in the future. Such events could lead to reputational damage, legal claims, material repair costs, and higher operating or insurance costs.
Operational risk is also intensified by exposure to severe weather conditions and natural disasters, including those related to climate change, which may affect the safety and reliability of our operations, including, but not limited to heavy snowfall, heavy rainfall, floods, landslides, fires, hurricanes, cyclones, tornados, tropical storms, ice storms, and extreme temperatures, and chronic physical risks, such as long-term changes in precipitation patterns, or sustained higher temperatures.
Events such as heavy snowfall, extreme precipitation, floods, landslides, wildfires, hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, tropical storms, storm surges, ice storms, and extreme temperatures, as well as chronic physical risks like long-term changes in precipitation patterns, or sustained higher temperatures, can affect the safety and reliability of our operations.
We have experienced, and may again experience, service interruptions, restrictions or other operational constraints, including in connection with the kinds of operational incidents referred to in the previous risk factor. 50 Our operations involve safety risks to the public and to our workers and contractors. Enbridge assets may change over time and operate over a broad geographic area.
Such disruptions have previously led to claims against us and they may do so again. We have experienced, and may again experience, service interruptions, restrictions or other operational constraints, including those related to operational incidents described in the preceding risk factor. Our operations involve safety risks to the public and to our workers and contractors.
Such events have led to, and could in the future lead to, rupture or release of product from our pipeline systems and facilities, resulting in damage to property and the environment, personal injury or loss of life.
Such events have led to, and could again lead to, ruptures or product releases from our pipelines or facilities, causing property and environmental damage, personal injury or loss of life. Such an incident has in the past, and could again in the future, result in substantial losses that insurance may not fully cover, negatively impacting earnings.
Furthermore, media reports about a cyber attack or other significant security incident affecting Enbridge, whether accurate or not, or, under certain circumstances, our failure to make adequate or timely disclosures to the public, law enforcement, other regulatory agencies or affected individuals following any such event, whether due to delayed discovery or otherwise, could negatively impact our operating results and result in other adverse consequences, including damage to our reputation or competitiveness, harm to our relationships with customers, partners, suppliers, investors, and other third parties, interruption to our management, remediation or increased protection costs, significant litigation or regulatory action, fines or penalties, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, operations, reputation or financial results. 52 Terrorist attacks and threats, escalation of military activity in response to these attacks or acts of war, other civil unrest or activism, or geopolitical uncertainty could adversely affect our business, operations or financial results.
Media reports about a cyber attack or other significant security incident, whether accurate or not, or our failure to make adequate or timely disclosures to the public, regulators, law enforcement, or affected individuals could negatively impact our operating results and result in other adverse consequences, including reputational harm, damage to our competitiveness, strained relationships with customers, partners, suppliers, investors, and other stakeholders.
In addition, new cybersecurity legislation, regulations and orders have been recently implemented or proposed, resulting in additional actual and anticipated regulatory oversight and compliance requirements, which will require significant internal and external resources. We cannot predict the potential impact to our business of potential future legislation, regulations or orders relating to cybersecurity.
Regardless of the method or form of cyber attack or incident, any or all of the above could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, operations or financial results. New and changing cybersecurity legislation, regulations and orders have been implemented or are proposed, resulting in additional regulatory oversight and compliance requirements, which require internal and external resources and increase costs.
Service interruptions that impact our crude oil and natural gas transportation services can negatively impact shippers’ operations and earnings as they are dependent on our services to move their product to market or fulfill their own contractual arrangements, and this has in the past led to and may again lead to claims against us.
A service interruption could significantly and negatively affect our operations, financial results, stakeholder relationships, the safety of our end-use customers, and our reputation. Interruptions to our crude oil and natural gas transportation services can disrupt customer operations and earnings, as they rely on us to move their products to market and fulfill contractual arrangements.
For pipeline and storage assets located near populated areas, including residential communities, commercial business centers, industrial sites and other public gathering locations, the level of damage resulting from these events could be greater. We have experienced such events in the past and expect to continue to incur significant costs in preparing for or responding to operational risks and events.
Such incidents could also have lasting reputational impacts and impair stakeholder relationships. For pipeline and storage assets located near populated areas, the potential damage could be even greater. We expect to continue to incur significant costs to prepare for and respond to operational risks.
These operational risks include adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, accidents, the breakdown or failure of equipment, processes or human error, and lower than expected levels of operating capacity and efficiency. These operational risks could be catastrophic in nature.
These operational risks include accidents, third-party damage to assets or systems, equipment failure, process breakdowns, human error, major power disruptions, curtailment or limitations of commodity supply, operational incidents, failure of information technology or operational technology systems, security incidents (cyber or physical), lower than expected levels of operating capacity or efficiency, among others. Such events could be catastrophic in nature.
If we experience challenges, or perceived challenges in achieving our climate-related goals, are not able to meet future climate-related, emissions, or other regulatory or reporting requirements, or are not able to meet or manage stakeholder expectations regarding climate change or disclosure of climate-change information (including potential allegations of greenwashing), it could negatively impact our reputation or investor sentiment and could expose us to government enforcement actions or litigation, which may, in turn, impact our business, operations or financial results. 49 RISKS RELATED TO OPERATIONAL DISRUPTION OR CATASTROPHIC EVENTS Operation of complex energy infrastructure involves many hazards and risks that may adversely affect our business, financial results, the environment, relationships with stakeholders, and our reputation.
RISKS RELATED TO OPERATIONAL DISRUPTION OR CATASTROPHIC EVENTS Operation of complex energy infrastructure involves many hazards and risks that may adversely affect our business, financial results, the environment, relationships with stakeholders, the safety of the public and our workers, and our reputation.
These assets include liquids pipelines, gas transmission, and gas distribution systems which are operated near populated areas. A major incident involving these assets has resulted in and may again result in injury or loss of life to members of the public.
Enbridge's assets span a broad geographic area and often operate near populated areas. We have experienced major incidents involving these assets that have resulted in, and may again result in, injury or loss of life to members of the public. In addition, given the hazards inherent in our operations, our workers and contractors also face personal safety risks.
The inability to implement, maintain and upgrade adequate safeguards could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. Moreover, recent rulemakings may require us to disclose information about a cybersecurity incident before it has been completely investigated or remediated in full or even in part.
Failure to implement, maintain and upgrade adequate safeguards could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. Recent rulemakings may require disclosure of cybersecurity incidents before investigations or remediations are complete, adding complexity and risk. As cyber attacks continue to evolve, we may need to invest significant additional resources to strengthen protections and address vulnerabilities.
However, we have experienced an increasing number of cybersecurity threats in recent years and there is a risk that any such incidents could have a material adverse effect on us in the future. 51 Our technology systems or those of our vendors or other service providers are expected to become the target of further cyber attacks or security breaches which could compromise our data and systems or our access thereto by us, our customers or others, affect our ability to correctly record, process and report transactions, result in the loss of information, or cause operational disruption or incidents.
To date, these attacks have not, to our knowledge, had a material adverse impact on our business, operations or financial results, but future incidents could. 44 We expect that our technology systems, as well as those of our vendors or other service providers, will continue to be targeted, which could compromise our data and systems, and access thereto by us, our customers or others.
Removed
Transition risks include the following categories: • Policy and legal risks Policy and legal risks may result from evolving government policy, legislation, regulations and regulatory decisions focused on climate change, as well as changing political and public opinion, stakeholder opposition, legal challenges, litigation and regulatory proceedings.
Added
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Government Regulation and Legal Risks for further discussion. Across Canada and the US, our operations are governed by multi-layered environmental regulatory regimes that differ in scope, structure, and enforcement.
Removed
Foreign and domestic governments and regulators continue to evaluate and implement policy, legislation, regulations and decisions aimed at mitigating the impacts of and adapting to climate change, including measures to reduce GHG emissions and shift to lower-carbon sources of energy.
Added
In Canada, oversight is shared between federal legislation and provincial frameworks that regulate emissions, carbon pricing, land use, and permitting, creating distinct compliance pathways across provinces.
Removed
Such policies, laws and regulations vary at the federal, state, provincial and municipal levels in which Enbridge operates and are continually evolving. Rules, standards, and methodologies for setting climate-related goals and for measuring and reporting climate-related information are still developing. At the same time, we have seen the rise of anti-ESG activism, creating competing stakeholder priorities and increasing 48 uncertainty.
Added
In the United States, federal air regulations under the Clean Air Act , administered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), drive significant operational and financial implications, with standards for criteria pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, and methane requiring ongoing investment in detection, monitoring, and advanced control technologies.
Removed
As a result, our climate-related goals and disclosures are based on assumptions that are subject to change. Collectively, these measures have resulted and are expected to continue to result in increased costs to us. Enbridge adheres to a number of carbon-pricing mechanisms, including explicit carbon prices (i.e., in BC) and implicit carbon prices (i.e., Canadian federal output-based pricing system).
Added
While recent federal actions have introduced uncertainty, including potential revisions or pauses to certain reporting and compliance requirements, the long‑term trend points toward increasingly stringent emissions controls and the possibility of methane fees.
Removed
In Canada, the federal government has proposed new Clean Electricity Regulations and is considering options to cap and cut GHG emissions from the oil and gas sector, which may impact our business.
Added
Enbridge anticipates that continued EPA rulemaking, together with state‑level programs that may exceed federal baselines or address gaps left by federal adjustments, is expected to require sustained adaptability, proactive compliance planning, and careful cost management. 37 Air Quality On March 7, 2025, Canada published the Reduction in the Release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) (Storage and Loading of Volatile Petroleum Liquids) Regulations (VOC Regulations), which impact our Liquids Pipelines assets, specifically petroleum liquid storage tanks and loading operations.
Removed
Such evolving policy, legislation and regulation could impact commodity demand, and the overall energy mix we deliver and may result in significant expenditures and resources, as well as increased costs for our customers.
Added
The VOC Regulations require emission control equipment, record keeping, inspections and maintenance of in-scope storage tanks and loading racks. Liquids Pipelines has implemented a structured program to meet all requirements. These regulatory changes will require additional capital and operating expenditures, and we continue to monitor developments and coordinate across functions to enable timely compliance.
Removed
In recent years, there has also been changing political and public opinion and stakeholder opposition in relation to parts of our business and industry, as well as an increase in climate-related litigation and regulatory action against companies, all of which could impact our reputation, strategy and financial results. • Technology risks Executing our strategic priorities, including participating in the energy transition over time and attaining our GHG emissions reduction goals, depends, in part, on technological improvements and innovation.
Added
Proposed amendments to the Canadian federal methane regulations are part of the government’s effort to achieve at least a 75% reduction in methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 2030, relative to 2012 levels.
Removed
This includes the development and use of emerging technologies, such as renewable power and other lower-carbon energy infrastructure. Such technological developments could require significant capital expenditures and resources and may, impact our competitiveness.
Added
These proposed amendments aim to further reduce methane emissions by limiting venting, imposing gas destruction, and increasing fugitive emissions management, affecting our Gas Transmission and Gas Distribution and Storage assets. An alternative performance-based compliance pathway using an emissions monitoring system is also proposed. The regulations are expected to be finalized by spring of 2026.
Removed
GHG emissions reduction technology may not materialize as expected, which could make it more difficult to reduce emissions and meet our ESG goals. • Market risks Concerns about climate change, increased demand for lower-carbon forms of energy and new energy technologies, changing customer behavior, and reduced energy consumption could impact the demand for our services or our securities.
Added
The Government of Canada adopted a pan-Canadian carbon pricing framework in 2016 through the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (GGPPA), establishing an output-based pricing system (OBPS) for industrial facilities.
Removed
In recent years, certain investors, lenders and insurers have taken or are contemplating actions to decrease the carbon intensity of their portfolios or reduce or cease support for the fossil fuel industry.
Added
Part 1 of the GGPPA, which applied a consumer fuel charge, was repealed on April 1, 2025, and as a result Enbridge Gas Ontario removed the Federal Carbon Charge from customer bills. The OBPS under Part 2 continues to apply to large emitters, imposing compliance obligations for emissions above facility specific limits and enabling credits for emissions below those limits.
Removed
Such measures could result in increased costs to manage these risks and could negatively impact our access to and cost of capital, as well as demand for, or value of, our securities or our services.
Added
In April 2025, the federal carbon price applicable to industrial emitters increased from $80 to $95 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e), and under the GGPPA schedule the price will continue to rise by $15 per tonne annually to reach $170 per tonne of CO 2 e in 2030.
Removed
Uncertainty in market signals, such as abrupt and unexpected shifts in energy costs and demands, including due to climate change concerns, could impact revenue through reduced throughput volumes on our pipeline transportation systems. • Reputational risks Companies across all sectors and industries are facing changing expectations and increased scrutiny from stakeholders related to their approach to climate change and GHG emissions.
Added
In March 2022, the Government of Canada published its 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan, which builds upon the pan-Canadian framework and the Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act . This legislation establishes a roadmap to achieve a 40–45% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2050, supported by complementary policies and programs.
Removed
Companies in the energy industry are experiencing stakeholder opposition to their operations and infrastructure projects. Enbridge’s ESG goals, sustainability-related activities, commitments, and plans, including climate-related information and data, are based on various assumptions, estimates, judgments, risks, and uncertainties.
Added
Enbridge Gas Ontario, which distributes approximately 2.3 bcf/d of natural gas across Ontario and Québec, is directly affected by the requirements. These frameworks materially influence the Company’s operational planning, investment strategy, and compliance obligations. Enbridge Gas Ontario is actively assessing the role of its existing infrastructure in light of applicable government emission reduction policies.
Removed
Achieving these ESG goals and commitments will require collective efforts and actions from a wide range of stakeholders, much of which is beyond our control, and there can be no assurance that the impact of these efforts and actions will be realized.
Added
In the US, several key EPA regulatory initiatives continue to affect our US operations as follows: • The Good Neighbor Rule, which sets new nitrogen oxide emission limits for certain industrial sources, remains temporarily stayed nationwide pending litigation, creating uncertainty around timelines and compliance obligations. • The New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) under 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 60 Subparts OOOOb and OOOOc, imposes new VOC, sulfur dioxide, and methane requirements on new and existing crude oil and natural gas facilities, with certain compliance deadlines postponed to 2027 under a 2025 interim final rule. • On January 15, 2026, the EPA finalized amendments to the NSPS applicable to stationary combustion turbines, introducing revised requirements to limit nitrogen oxides emissions and, in defined situations, requiring the installation of emissions control or monitoring equipment.
Removed
Our ESG goals and pathways for reducing operational emissions will continue to evolve and may need to be restated, modified, or recalibrated as data improves, standards, methodologies, metrics, and measurements mature, and as legislation, regulations, policies, and stakeholder sentiment evolve.
Added
The final rule also replaces the prior Subpart KKKK requirements for new sources.
Removed
Such an incident has in the past, and could in the future, result in substantial losses for which insurance may not be sufficient or available and for which we may bear part or all of the cost, thereby negatively impacting earnings. Such incidents could also have lasting reputational impacts and could impair our relationships with various stakeholders.
Added
We continue to assess the potential capital, operating, and compliance cost impacts of this rule for current and planned turbine assets. 38 • In 2024, the EPA proposed updates to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards lowering the annual Fine Particulate Matter from 12.0 to 9.0 micrograms per cubic meter of air.
Removed
A service interruption due to a major power disruption, curtailment of commodity supply, operational incident, security incident (cyber or physical), availability of gas supply or distribution, or other reasons, could have a significant impact on our operations and negatively impact financial results, relationships with stakeholders, our reputation or the safety of our end-use customers.
Added
For our Gas Transmission and Gas Distribution and Storage business units, this change would significantly increase regulatory and permitting obligations in regions that fail to meet the new threshold. However, the rule remains under reconsideration, and the EPA has not yet issued state recommendations for nonattainment designations.
Removed
In addition, given the natural hazards inherent in our operations, our workers and contractors are subject to personal safety risks.
Added
Pursuant to US federal regulations, facilities emitting 25,000 metric tons CO 2 e per year or more must report GHG emissions through the Mandatory GHG Reporting Program. The EPA revised the program in 2024, to include additional sources and new measurement and calculation methodologies for the oil and gas sector, effective for the 2025 reporting year.
Removed
With the evolution of AI, our business has incorporated AI into our operations in order to gain efficiencies and productivity in our day-to-day operations, which has the potential to increase technology and cybersecurity risks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of information is critical to our operations.
Added
These changes were designed to comply with the requirement under the Inflation Reduction Act to utilize more empirical data. We are preparing to report 2025 emissions in 2026; however, a proposal was issued in September 2025 to stop some of the reporting requirements and pause other portions of reporting until 2034.
Removed
To date, these prior cyber attacks have not, to our knowledge, had a material adverse effect on our business, operations or financial results.
Added
Waste Management Our US Gas Utilities are subject to various federal and state laws and regulations governing the management, storage, treatment, reuse, and disposal of waste materials and hazardous substances. Wexpro's operations and construction activities related to oil and gas production and gas storage wells generate waste.
Removed
There can be no assurance that our business continuity plans will be completely effective in avoiding disruption and business impacts.
Added
Completion water is disposed of at commercial disposal facilities, while produced water is either hauled for disposal, evaporated, or injected into Wexpro and third party-owned underground injection wells. Wells drilled in tight-gas-sand and shale reservoirs require hydraulic-fracture stimulation to achieve economic production rates and recoverable reserves.
Removed
In light of the Acquisitions, due to their large residential customer bases, we and some of our third-party services providers will process increasing amounts of personal information.
Added
The majority of Wexpro's current and future production and reserve potential comes from reservoirs that need hydraulic-fracture stimulation to be commercially viable. Currently, all well construction activities, including hydraulic-fracture stimulation and the management and disposal of hydraulic fracturing fluids, are regulated by federal and state agencies that review and approve all aspects of gas and oil well design and operation.
Removed
In light of the Acquisitions, these risks may be heightened, and the consequences magnified. Regardless of the method or form of cyber attack or incident, any or all of the above could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, operations or financial results. In addition, a cyber attack could occur and persist for an extended period without detection.

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Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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In the US, commodity marketing is regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the FERC, the SEC, the Federal Trade Commission, the various commodity exchanges, the US Department of Justice and state regulators. In Canada, provincial and other territorial securities regulators similarly regulate commodity marketing within Canada.
In the US, commodity marketing is regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the FERC, the SEC, the Federal Trade Commission, various commodity exchanges, the US Department of Justice, and state regulators. In Canada, provincial and other territorial securities regulators similarly regulate commodity marketing within Canada.
Distribution The principal source of revenue for Gas Distribution and Storage arises from the distribution of natural gas to customers. The services provided to residential, small commercial and industrial heating customers are primarily on a general service basis, without a specific fixed term or fixed price contract.
Distribution The principal source of revenue for Gas Distribution and Storage arises from the distribution of natural gas to customers. The services provided to residential, small commercial and small industrial customers are primarily on a general service basis, without a specific fixed term or fixed price contract.
The services provided to larger commercial and industrial customers are usually on an annual contract basis under firm or interruptible service contracts. Under a firm contract, we are obligated to deliver natural gas to the customer up to a maximum daily volume.
The services provided to larger commercial and industrial customers are usually on an annual contract basis under firm or interruptible service. Under a firm contract, we are obligated to deliver natural gas to the customer up to a maximum daily volume.
COMPETITION Our gas distribution systems are regulated by the OEB, the Québec Régie de l’énergie, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (Ohio Commission), the North Carolina Utilities Commission (North Carolina Commission), the Utah Public Service Commission (Utah Commission), the Wyoming Public Service Commission (Wyoming Commission), and the Idaho Public Utilities Commission (Idaho Commission).
COMPETITION Our gas distribution systems are regulated by the Ontario Energy Board (OEB), the Québec Régie de l’énergie, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (Ohio Commission), the North Carolina Utilities Commission (North Carolina Commission), the Utah Public Service Commission (Utah Commission), the Wyoming Public Service Commission (Wyoming Commission), and the Idaho Public Utilities Commission (Idaho Commission).
We continue to monitor these developments together with their impact on our business. 28 GAS DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE Gas Distribution and Storage consists of our rate-regulated natural gas utility operations, which serves residential, commercial and industrial customers in Ontario, Quebec, Ohio, North Carolina, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho as well as Wexpro Company (Wexpro), which develops and produces natural gas reserves on behalf of Enbridge Gas Utah, Enbridge Gas Wyoming, and Enbridge Gas Idaho.
We continue to monitor these developments together with their impact on our business. 27 GAS DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE Gas Distribution and Storage consists of our rate-regulated natural gas utility operations, which serves residential, commercial and industrial customers in Ontario, Québec, Ohio, North Carolina, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho as well as Wexpro Company (Wexpro), which develops and produces natural gas reserves on behalf of Enbridge Gas Utah, Enbridge Gas Wyoming, and Enbridge Gas Idaho.
However, the renewable energy sector includes large utilities, small independent power producers and private equity investors, which are expected to aggressively compete for new project development opportunities and for the right to supply customers when contracts expire. To grow in an environment of heightened competition, we strategically target regions with commercial constructs consistent with our low risk business model.
However, the renewable energy sector includes large utilities, small independent power producers and private equity investors, which are expected to aggressively compete for new project development opportunities and for the right to supply customers when contracts expire. To grow in a competitive environment, we strategically target regions with commercial constructs consistent with our low-risk business model.
Base rates are set based on the cost-of-service by rate class. Base rates for Enbridge Gas North Carolina are designed primarily based on rate design methodology in which the majority of operating costs are recovered through volumetric charges. The volumetric charges for the residential and commercial customers are subject to revenue decoupling and adjusted for changes in usage per customer.
Base rates for Enbridge Gas North Carolina are designed primarily based on rate design methodology in which the majority of operating costs are recovered through volumetric charges. The volumetric charges for the residential and commercial customers are subject to revenue decoupling and adjusted for changes in usage per customer.
A straight-fixed-variable rate design, in which the majority of operating costs are recovered through a monthly charge rather than a volumetric charge, is utilized to establish rates for a majority of Enbridge Gas Ohio’s customers, pursuant to a 2008 rate case settlement.
A straight-fixed-variable rate design, in which the majority of operating costs are recovered through a monthly charge rather than a volumetric charge, is utilized to establish rates for a majority of Enbridge Gas Ohio’s customers.
The storage facility at Dawn is located in southwestern Ontario and has a total working capacity of approximately 284 bcf in 33 underground facilities located in depleted gas fields. Dawn is the largest integrated underground storage facility in Canada and one of the largest in North America.
The storage facility at Dawn is located in southwestern Ontario and has a total working capacity of approximately 290 bcf in 35 underground facilities located in depleted gas fields. Dawn is the largest integrated underground storage facility in Canada and one of the largest in North America.
Wexpro's operations stretch from the northern tip of the Greater Green River Basin in Pinedale, Wyoming, through the Vermillion Basin of Wyoming and Colorado, down to the Uinta Basin of Utah. Wexpro establishes its annual drilling program by forecasting the utility's consumption needs. Operating since December 2022, Magna LNG is a 1.2 bcf LNG facility located in Magna, Utah.
Wexpro's operations stretch from the northern tip of the Greater Green River Basin in Pinedale, Wyoming, through the Vermillion Basin of Wyoming and Colorado, down to the Uinta Basin of Utah. Wexpro establishes its annual drilling program by forecasting the utility's consumption needs. Magna LNG is a 1.3 bcf LNG facility located in Magna, Utah.
COMPETITION Renewable Power Generation operates in the North American and European power markets, which are subject to competition and supply and demand fundamentals for power in the jurisdictions in which it operates. The majority of our revenue is generated from long-term PPAs (or has been substantially hedged).
COMPETITION Renewable Power Generation operates in the North American and European power markets, which are subject to competition and supply and demand fundamentals for power in the jurisdictions in which it operates. The majority of our revenue is generated from long-term PPAs.
Our ability to establish transportation and storage rates on our US interstate natural gas facilities is subject to regulation by the FERC, whose rulings and policies could have an adverse impact on the ability to recover the full cost of operating these pipeline and storage assets, including a reasonable rate of return.
Our ability to establish transportation and storage rates on our US interstate natural gas facilities and transportation rates on our US interstate oil pipelines is subject to regulation by the FERC, whose rulings and policies impact our ability to recover the full cost of operating these pipeline and storage assets, including a reasonable rate of return.
The law prohibits municipalities and counties from enacting "an ordinance, a resolution, or a policy that prohibits, or has the effect of prohibiting, the connection or reconnection of an energy utility service." However, it does not block local or county officials from supporting electrification through incentives or restricting gas use in municipal or county buildings.
The laws prohibit municipalities and counties from enacting "an ordinance, a resolution, or a policy that prohibits, or has the effect of prohibiting, the connection or reconnection of an energy utility service." However, they do not block local or county officials from supporting electrification through incentives or restricting gas use in municipal or county buildings.
Our distribution systems, which are supported by storage and compression assets, carry natural gas from the point of local supply to customers across North America. 29 There are three principal interrelated aspects of the natural gas distribution business in which our franchises are directly involved: Distribution, Transportation and Storage.
Our distribution systems, which are supported by storage and compression assets, carry natural gas supply to customers across North America. 28 There are three principal interrelated aspects of the natural gas distribution business in which our utilities are directly involved: Distribution, Transportation, and Storage.
The service provided under an interruptible contract is similar to that of a firm contract, except that it allows for service interruption at our option primarily to meet seasonal or peak demands. The respective regulator for each province or state approves rates for both contract and general services. Customers have a choice with respect to natural gas supply.
The service provided under an interruptible contract is similar to that of a firm contract, except that it allows for service interruption at our discretion, primarily to meet seasonal or peak demands of firm customers. The respective regulator for each province or state approves rates for both contract and general services.
Factors that influence the demand for natural gas include weather, price changes, the availability of natural gas and other forms of energy, the level of business activity, conservation, legislation, including the federal carbon pricing laws in Canada, governmental regulations, the ability to convert to alternative fuels, and other factors.
Factors that influence the demand for natural gas include weather, price changes, the availability of natural gas and other forms of energy, the level of business activity, conservation, legislation, governmental regulations, the ability to convert to alternative fuels, and other factors.
In Europe, we hold equity interests in operating offshore wind facilities in the coastal waters of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, as well as interests in several offshore wind projects under construction and active development in France and the United Kingdom. 33 Combined Renewable Power Generation investments represent approximately 3,500 MW of net generation capacity, which primarily consists of approximately: 1,399 MW generated by North American wind facilities; 621 MW generated by European offshore wind facilities; 97 MW expected to be generated by the Calvados Offshore Wind Project in France, which is currently under construction; and 440 MW generated by North American solar facilities in operation, with an additional 945 MW in projects in pre-construction and under construction.
In Europe, we hold equity interests in operating offshore wind facilities in the coastal waters of the United Kingdom (UK), France, and Germany, as well as interests in offshore wind projects under construction or in active development in France and the UK. 32 Combined Renewable Power Generation investments represent approximately 4,100 MW of net generation capacity, which primarily consists of: 1,399 MW generated by North American wind facilities; 967 MW generated by operating North American solar facilities, with an additional 1,015 MW in projects under construction; 621 MW generated by European offshore wind facilities; and 97 MW expected to be generated by the Courseulles (Calvados) Offshore Wind Project in France, which is currently under construction.
Gas Regulation in Ohio Enbridge Gas Ohio is subject to regulation of rates and other aspects of its business by the Ohio Commission. When necessary, Enbridge Gas Ohio seeks general base rate increases to recover increased operating costs and a fair return on rate base investments. Base rates are set based on the cost-of-service by rate class.
When necessary, Enbridge Gas Ohio seeks general base rate increases to recover increased operating costs and a fair return on rate base investments. Base rates are set based on the cost-of-service by rate class.
These various regulators enforce, among other things, the prohibition of market manipulation, fraud and disruptive trading. The transportation of crude oil and natural gas liquids by railcar or truck is regulated by the US DOT, Transport Canada and provincial regulation. Each jurisdiction requires compliance with security, safety, emergency management, and environmental laws and regulations related to ground transportation of commodities.
These various regulators enforce, among other things, the prohibition of market manipulation, fraud and disruptive trading. The transportation of crude oil and NGL by railcar or truck is regulated by the US DOT, Transport Canada and provincial or state regulatory agencies, which require compliance with security, safety, emergency management, and environmental laws and regulations related to ground transportation of commodities.
These supply and demand dynamics are evolving, as the current political climate in Canada and the US continues to shift, including as a result of changes in governments.
These supply and demand dynamics are evolving, as the current political climate in Canada and the US continues to shift, including as a result of changes in governments, trade relations, and global geopolitical conflicts and conditions, such as the political situation in Venezuela.
Customers may purchase and deliver their own natural gas to points upstream of the distribution system or directly into our distribution systems, or, alternatively, they may choose a system supply option, whereby customers purchase natural gas from our supply portfolio.
Certain customers have a choice with respect to natural gas supply depending upon the state or province. In those cases, customers may purchase and deliver their own natural gas to points upstream of the distribution system or directly into our distribution systems, or, alternatively, they may choose a system supply option, whereby customers purchase natural gas from our supply portfolio.
Strong load growth across North America is anticipated, driven by growing data center power demand and other large industrial load, as well as the continued electrification within the residential, transportation and industrial sectors.
In addition, we leverage our expertise in developing and constructing large-scale infrastructure projects. SUPPLY AND DEMAND Strong load growth across North America is anticipated, driven by growing data center power demand and other large industrial load, as well as the continued electrification within the residential, transportation and industrial sectors.
The vast majority of the power produced from these facilities is sold under long-term PPAs. JOINT VENTURES / EQUITY INVESTMENTS Most of our investments in Canadian wind and solar assets and two of our US renewable assets are held within a joint venture in which we manage and operate a 51% interest.
The vast majority of the power produced from these facilities is sold under long-term PPAs. Most of our investments in Canadian, US and European offshore wind and solar assets are held within joint ventures.
LNG is produced primarily during the warmer months of the year and then stored to be used when needed for reliability. 32 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION Renewable Power Generation consists primarily of investments in wind and solar assets, as well as equity interests in geothermal power and power transmission assets.
LNG is produced primarily during the warmer months of the year and then stored to be used when needed for reliability. 31 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION Renewable Power Generation consists primarily of investments in wind and solar power generation facilities, as well as an equity interest in geothermal power facilities. In Canada, our assets are located in Québec, Ontario and Alberta.
The Ohio Commission has also approved several stand-alone cost recovery mechanisms to recover specified costs and a return for infrastructure, information technology and integrity or compliance-related projects between general base rate cases. 38 In October 2023, Enbridge Gas Ohio filed its base rate case and schedules with the Ohio Commission.
The Ohio Commission has also approved several stand-alone cost recovery mechanisms to recover specified costs and a return for infrastructure, information technology and integrity or compliance-related projects between general base rate cases. 35 Gas Regulation in North Carolina Enbridge Gas North Carolina is subject to regulation of rates and other aspects of its business by the North Carolina Commission.
Ohio and Utah both passed bills in 2021 (House Bill 201 and House Bill 17, respectively) prohibiting bans on natural gas.
In 2023, House Bill 507 was signed in Ohio officially defining natural gas as a "green energy". In 2021, Ohio and Utah both passed bills (House Bill 201 and House Bill 17, respectively) prohibiting bans on natural gas.
Certain of our US Gas Utilities have a revenue decoupling mechanism whereby non-gas revenues are decoupled from the temperature-adjusted usage per customer, which allows for the collection of an allowed monthly revenue per customer and to promote energy conservation.
Certain of our US Gas Utilities have a revenue decoupling mechanism whereby non-gas supply revenues are decoupled from the temperature-adjusted usage per customer, which allows for the collection of an allowed monthly revenue per customer and supports the promotion of energy conservation. Transportation Enbridge Gas Inc. (Enbridge Gas Ontario) offers firm and interruptible transportation services on its Dawn-Parkway pipeline system.
Demand for electricity is expected to gradually increase over the next two decades, driven by electrification of transportation and buildings, and the desire to reduce reliance on gas sourced from Russia. Energy efficiency gains are expected to temper, but not eliminate, demand growth.
Demand for electricity is expected to gradually increase, driven by electrification of transportation and buildings, and the desire to reduce reliance on gas sourced from Russia. Energy efficiency gains are expected to temper, but not eliminate, demand growth. Renewable power is expected to play a significant role in Europe’s ability to meet its aggressive lower-carbon and renewable energy targets.
Gas Regulation in North Carolina Enbridge Gas North Carolina is subject to regulation of rates and other aspects of its business by the North Carolina Commission. When necessary, Enbridge Gas North Carolina seeks general base rate increases to recover increased operating costs and a fair return on rate base investments.
When necessary, Enbridge Gas North Carolina seeks general base rate increases to recover increased operating costs and a fair return on rate base investments. Base rates are set based on the cost-of-service by rate class.
The number of customers, and approximate combined length of pipelines for each of our major distribution and transmission systems as at December 31, 2024 are as follows: As at December 31, 2024 Number of Customers (in millions) Combined Length Enbridge Gas Ontario 3.9 156,000 km (96,934 miles) Enbridge Gas Ohio 1.2 35,406 km (22,000 miles) Enbridge Gas Utah, Wyoming and Idaho 1.2 33,796 km (21,000 miles) Enbridge Gas North Carolina 0.7 20,921 km (13,000 miles) Our storage system principally consists of our assets at Dawn Hub and the Tecumseh Gas Storage facility.
The number of customers, and approximate combined length of pipelines for each of our major distribution and transmission systems as at December 31, 2025 are as follows: As at December 31, 2025 Number of Customers (in millions) Combined Length Enbridge Gas Ontario 4.0 157,000 km (97,804 miles) Enbridge Gas Ohio 1.2 53,800 km (33,430 miles) Enbridge Gas Utah, Wyoming and Idaho 1.2 55,700 km (34,610 miles) Enbridge Gas North Carolina 0.7 39,400 km (24,482 miles) Our storage system principally consists of our assets at the Dawn Hub and the Tecumseh Gas Storage facility (collectively, Dawn).
ELIMINATIONS AND OTHER Eliminations and Other includes operating and administrative costs that are not allocated to business segments, the impact of foreign exchange hedge settlements and the activities of our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiaries.
Through our European joint ventures, we continue to explore opportunities in European offshore wind to meet the growing demand. 33 ELIMINATIONS AND OTHER Eliminations and Other includes operating and administrative costs that are not allocated to business segments, the impact of foreign exchange hedge settlements and the activities of our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary.
Enbridge Gas Ontario’s transmission system also links an extensive network of underground storage pools at the Tecumseh Gas Storage facility and Dawn Hub (collectively, Dawn) to major Canadian and US markets, and forms an important link in moving natural gas from western Canada and US supply basins to central Canadian and northeastern US markets. 30 As the supply of natural gas in areas close to Ontario has continued to grow, there has been increased demand to access these diverse supplies at Dawn and transport them along the Dawn-Parkway pipeline system to markets in Ontario, eastern Canada and the northeastern US.
Enbridge Gas Ontario’s transmission system also links an extensive network of underground storage pools at the Dawn Hub to major Canadian and US markets, and forms an important link in moving natural gas from western Canada and US supply basins to eastern Canadian and northeastern US markets.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND We anticipate that demand for natural gas in North America will stabilize over the long term with potential growth in peak day demands and from the data center build-out; however, there are risks to the natural gas market that may challenge its growth prospects. 31 Net-zero carbon policies, evolving customer preferences for lower-carbon fuels and more efficient technologies, combined with increasing opposition to natural gas development in certain parts of North America, may reduce the markets’ ability to efficiently deploy capital to connect supply and demand.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND We anticipate that demand for natural gas in North America will stabilize over the long term with potential growth in peak day demands and from the data center build-out; however, there are risks to the natural gas market that may challenge its growth prospects.
Gas-fired and renewable energy facilities, including solar and wind (which make up the bulk of our renewable power assets), are generally the preferred sources to meet the increased load and replace coal-fired generation due to their lower-carbon intensities. Governments are also proposing tax incentives to support low-emission and renewable energy generation resource development.
Gas-fired and renewable energy facilities, including solar and wind (which make up the bulk of our renewable power assets), are generally the preferred sources to meet the increased load.
Enbridge Gas Utah, Enbridge Gas Wyoming and Enbridge Gas Idaho have a cost-of-service agreement with Wexpro, which develops and produces natural gas reserves on behalf of the utility.
Natural gas prices have been impacted by lower weather-related demand and higher North American inventory levels resulting in more stable and lower prices. Enbridge Gas Utah, Enbridge Gas Wyoming, and Enbridge Gas Idaho have a cost-of-service agreement with Wexpro, which develops and produces natural gas reserves on behalf of the utility.
Customers in our other franchise areas predominantly purchase gas from our diversified natural gas supply portfolio, which we maintain by acquiring supplies on a delivered basis, as well as acquiring supply from multiple supply basins across North America.
Customers in our other franchise areas predominantly purchase gas from our diversified natural gas supply portfolio, which we maintain by acquiring supply from multiple supply basins and purchase points across North America. We contract for firm transportation services to deliver the natural gas supply from the purchase location to our franchise areas.
A substantial amount of Enbridge Gas Ontario’s transportation revenue is generated by fixed annual demand charges. Enbridge Gas Ohio system expansion projects over the last decade have provided the opportunity to offer transportation services as an attractive outlet for shale production, by virtue of its proximity to the Utica and Marcellus shale basins while enhancing on-system operational flexibility.
Enbridge Gas Ohio system expansion projects over the last decade have provided the opportunity to offer transportation services as an attractive outlet for shale production, by virtue of their proximity to the Utica and Marcellus shale basins while enhancing on-system operational flexibility. 29 Storage Our gas distribution business is highly seasonal as daily market demand for natural gas fluctuates with changes in weather, with peak consumption occurring in the winter months.
Storage Our gas distribution business is highly seasonal as daily market demand for natural gas fluctuates with changes in weather, with peak consumption occurring in the winter months. Utilization of storage facilities permits us to take delivery of natural gas on favorable terms during off-peak summer periods for subsequent use during the winter heating season.
Utilization of storage facilities allows us to take delivery of natural gas on favorable terms during off-peak summer periods for subsequent use during the winter heating season.
Approximately 180 bcf of the total working capacity is available to Enbridge Gas Ontario for utility operations. There is approximately 60 bcf of underground storage in Ohio that provides additional flexibility for system reliability and managing the cost of supply for customers.
A substantial amount of Enbridge Gas Ontario’s storage revenue is generated by fixed annual demand charges. There is approximately 60 bcf of underground storage in Ohio that provides additional flexibility for system reliability and managing the cost of supply for customers.
In the US, our interstate pipeline operations are subject to pipeline safety laws and regulations administered by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), an agency within the US Department of Transportation (DOT). These laws and regulations require us to comply with a significant set of requirements for the design, construction, maintenance and operation of our interstate pipelines.
Canada In Canada, our liquids and natural gas pipeline operations are subject to safety regulations administered by the CER or provincial regulators. Applicable legislation and regulations require us to comply with a significant set of requirements for the design, construction, maintenance and operation of our pipelines.
Applicable legislation and regulations require us to comply with a significant set of requirements for the design, construction, maintenance and operation of our pipelines. Among other obligations, this regulatory framework imposes requirements to monitor and maintain the integrity of our pipelines.
These laws and regulations require us to comply with a significant set of requirements for the design, construction, maintenance and operation of our interstate and intrastate pipelines, including, among other things, requirements to monitor and maintain the integrity of our pipelines and to operate them within permissible design limits, such as pressures.
The rejection or revision of applications for approval of new tariff structures or proposed commercial arrangements and changes in interpretation of existing regulations by courts or regulators could have an adverse effect on our revenues and earnings. 36 Crude Oil Marketing Business The Crude Oil Marketing business is regulated by government authorities in the areas of commodity trading, import and export compliance and the transportation of commodities.
The rejection or revision of applications for approval of new tariff, tolling or rate structures or proposed commercial arrangements, or changes in interpretation of existing regulations by courts or regulators, could have an adverse effect on our revenues and earnings. Tax policy changes could also affect both existing assets and future development opportunities.
Furthermore, voluntary GHG emissions reduction targets are becoming increasingly expected by stakeholders, which is driving significant demand from corporate electricity end-users for cleaner electricity and environmental attributes. 34 In response to the growing demand outlook, North America requires significant new generation capacity from preferred technologies.
Additionally, corporate electricity end-users seeking to reduce their emissions continue to drive demand for renewable electricity and environmental attributes. In response to the growing demand outlook, North America requires significant new generation capacity from preferred technologies.
Breaches of these rules and regulations could result in fines, penalties, operating restrictions and an overall increase in operating and compliance costs. 39 The North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) is an international regulatory authority responsible for establishing and enforcing reliability standards to reduce risks to the reliability and security of the grid in Canada, the US, and Mexico.
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is an international regulatory authority responsible for establishing and enforcing reliability standards to reduce risks to the reliability and security of the grid in Canada, the US, and Mexico. It is subject to oversight from the FERC in the US and provincial governments in Canada.
Changes to these programs, including as a result of a change in administration, could impact development plans. Renewable Power Generation is also subject to provincial and state regulations governing the energy resource mix on the grid, emissions levels of the electricity grid, and market regulations related to emergency operations, extreme weather preparedness, and market participation, among others.
Conversely, the current US administration’s directive to implement an AI action plan could lead to higher electricity demand, supporting new opportunities. 36 Renewable Power Generation is also subject to provincial and state regulations governing the energy resource mix on the grid, emissions levels of the electricity grid, and market regulations related to emergency operations, extreme weather preparedness, and market participation, among others.
Base rates are set based on the cost-of-service by rate class. Base rates are designed primarily based on rate design methodology in which the majority of operating costs are recovered through volumetric charges. The volumetric charges for the residential and small commercial customers in Utah and Wyoming are subject to revenue decoupling and adjusted for changes in usage per customer.
The Idaho Commission has contracted with the Utah Commission for rate oversight of Enbridge Gas Idaho’s operations in a small area of southeastern Idaho. Base rates are set based on the cost-of-service by rate class. Base rates are designed primarily based on rate design methodology in which the majority of operating costs are recovered through volumetric charges.
The principal activity of our captive insurance subsidiaries is providing insurance and reinsurance coverage for certain insurable property and casualty risk exposures of our operating subsidiaries and certain equity investments. Eliminations and Other also includes new business development activities and corporate investments, and natural gas and power marketing and logistical services to North American refiners, producers, and other customers.
The principal activity of our captive insurance subsidiary is providing insurance and reinsurance coverage for certain insurable property and casualty risk exposures of our operating subsidiaries and certain equity investments.
We monitor these factors closely in order to align our business strategy with shifts in customer preferences and public policy requirements. Enbridge continues to focus on promoting conservation and energy efficiency by undertaking activities focused on reducing natural gas consumption through various demand side management programs offered across all markets and sourcing supply with a smaller carbon footprint.
Enbridge continues to focus on promoting conservation as a strategy to improve affordability and energy efficiency by undertaking activities focused on reducing natural gas consumption through various demand side management programs offered across all markets. 30 Supply and demand are also impacted by the legislative environments in which our utilities operate.
Falling capital and operating costs of wind and solar, combined with their improving capacity factors, are expected to continue the ongoing trend of making renewable energy more competitive and support investment over the long-term, regardless of available government incentives. Generation from wind and solar sources is expected to more than triple over the next two decades in North America.
Falling capital and operating costs of wind and solar, combined with their improving capacity factors, are expected to reinforce the long-term competitiveness of renewable energy and sustain investment, even in the absence of government incentives.
The federal policies and regulations in place are subject to change from time to time, which could impact our operations and related expenditures; however, the EU’s general direction is to facilitate increased renewable power integration to its grid. 40 The United Kingdom (UK) government is responsible for establishing renewable energy and carbon pricing policies for the entire UK, as well as long-term electricity sector planning and procurement mechanisms and structure for auctions that are administered at the national level, e.g., England, Scotland, within the UK.
The federal policies and regulations in place are subject to change from time to time, which could impact our operations and related expenditures; however, the EU’s general direction is to facilitate increased renewable power integration to its grid.
It is subject to oversight from the FERC in the US and provincial governments in Canada. The FERC has authority over many markets in the US and is tasked with ensuring safe, reliable, and secure interstate transmission of electricity, natural gas, and oil.
The FERC has authority over many markets in the US and is tasked with ensuring safe, reliable, and secure interstate transmission of electricity, natural gas, and oil. This includes establishing reliability standards, market rates, and determining certain pricing aspects of transmission development and access, among others. NERC and FERC standards and pricing decisions are also updated from time to time.
The production process most commonly involves the anaerobic digestion of these organic materials, resulting in the generation of biogas composed primarily of methane. Unlike conventional natural gas, RNG is considered carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative, as the carbon dioxide that is ultimately released during combustion is offset by the carbon captured during the organic matter's growth.
Unlike conventional natural gas, RNG is considered carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative, as the carbon dioxide that is ultimately released during combustion is offset by the carbon captured during the organic matter's growth. This closed-loop cycle can contribute to mitigating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.
In North America, assets are primarily located in the provinces of Alberta, Ontario and Québec, and in the states of Colorado, Texas, Indiana, Ohio and West Virginia.
In the US, our renewable assets are primarily in Texas, Ohio, Indiana, Colorado, and West Virginia.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Growth Projects - Commercially Secured Projects . RNG is seen as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional natural gas, as it is derived from organic waste sources such as agricultural residues, food waste, and other organic waste material.
RNG is seen as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional natural gas, as it is derived from organic waste sources such as agricultural residues, food waste, and other organic waste material. The production process most commonly involves the anaerobic digestion of these organic materials, resulting in the generation of biogas composed primarily of methane.
REGULATION GOVERNMENT REGULATION Pipeline Regulation Our Liquids Pipelines and Gas Transmission assets are subject to numerous operational rules and regulations mandated by governments and applicable regulatory authorities, breaches of which could result in fines, penalties, operating restrictions and an overall increase in operating and compliance costs.
Non-compliance with governing rules and regulations could result in fines, penalties, remediation and operating restrictions. Renewable Power Generation Renewable Power Generation is subject to numerous operational rules and regulations mandated by governments and applicable regulatory authorities.
Dawn offers customers a wide range of market choices and options with easy access to upstream and downstream markets. A substantial amount of Enbridge Gas Ontario’s storage revenue is generated by fixed annual demand charges.
A substantial amount of Enbridge Gas Ontario’s transportation revenue is generated by fixed annual demand charges.
Our Renewable Power Generation assets in France and Germany each have federal policies in place and are subject to directives and regulations established and enforced by the European Union (EU). These include the Renewable Energy Directive, the European Green Deal, and ongoing work on financing mechanisms and transmission directives and programs.
Our Renewable Power Generation assets in France and Germany operate under federal policies and are also subject to directives and regulations established and enforced by the European Union (EU). The EU is also responsible for establishing environmental protection rules and permitting standards.
In this climate of increasingly stringent regulation, pipeline failure or failures to comply with applicable regulations could result in reduction of allowable operating pressures as authorized by PHMSA, which would reduce available capacity on our pipelines.
Pipeline failure or failures to comply with applicable regulations could result in a variety of enforcement measures, for example, reduction of allowable operating pressures, which would reduce available capacity on our pipelines. PHMSA continues to review existing regulations and establishes new regulations to support safety standards that are designed to improve operations integrity management processes and reduce methane emissions.
As societies increasingly prioritize reducing emissions, RNG has the potential to play an important role in the transition towards a cleaner and more resilient energy future. Global RNG consumption is expected to increase with a 11% compound annual growth rate until 2050, according to IEA's recently released Stated Policy Scenario.
Global RNG consumption is expected to increase with a 11% compound annual growth rate until 2050, according to IEA's recently released Stated Policy Scenario. These supply and demand dynamics are evolving, as the current political climate in Canada and the US continues to shift, including as a result of changes in governments.
This closed-loop cycle can contribute to mitigating GHG emissions and help to address climate change concerns. RNG can be seamlessly integrated into existing natural gas infrastructure, offering a versatile energy source for heating, transportation, and electricity generation.
RNG can be seamlessly integrated into existing natural gas infrastructure, offering a versatile energy source for heating, transportation, and electricity generation. As societies increasingly prioritize reducing emissions, RNG has the potential to play an important role in the transition towards a cleaner and more resilient energy future.
The CER has authority to impose administrative monetary penalties for non-compliance with the regulatory regime it administers, as well as to impose financial requirements for future abandonment and major pipeline releases. A key component of pipeline safety and reliability is the approach to integrity management that uses reliability targets and safety case assessments.
Among other obligations, this regulatory framework imposes requirements to monitor and maintain the integrity of our pipelines. The CER has authority to impose a variety of enforcement measures, including administrative monetary penalties for non-compliance, and may impose financial requirements for future abandonment costs and major pipeline releases.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Additional information about us is available on our website at www.enbridge.com, on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.ca and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov. The aforementioned information is made available in accordance with legal requirements and is not, unless otherwise specifically stated, incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Unless otherwise specifically stated, none of the information contained on, or connected to, the Enbridge website, including our annual Sustainability Report, is incorporated by reference in, or otherwise part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
These regulations may change from time to time, which could impact Enbridge’s operations and increase the costs of participating in regional electricity markets. In 2023, the Texas legislature proposed firming requirements that would require new wind and solar projects to be paired with batteries or other dispatchable power supply either on or offsite to enable more firm supply.
These regulations may change from time to time, which could impact our operations and increase the costs of participating in regional electricity markets. Other state and provincial governments are also prioritizing reliability and more dispatchable generation characteristics in their markets.
Regulatory or administrative actions by the FERC such as rate proceedings, applications to certify construction of new facilities, and depreciation and amortization policies, can affect our business, including decreasing tariff rates and revenues and increasing our costs of doing business. In Canada, our pipelines are subject to safety regulations administered by the CER or provincial regulators.
Regulatory or administrative actions by the CER, FERC and other regulators, including rate proceedings, review of proposed commercial arrangements (for example, toll settlements with shippers), decisions on applications (for example, new expansion projects), and regulatory policies (for example, depreciation and amortization policies), can affect our business.
Gas Distribution and Storage - Canada Enbridge Gas Ontario's operations are regulated by the OEB and Enbridge Gaz Quebec's operations are regulated by the Québec Régie de l’énergie.
Gas Regulation in Canada Enbridge Gas Ontario's operations are regulated by the OEB and Enbridge Gaz Québec's operations are regulated by the Québec Régie de l’énergie. Enbridge Gas Ontario is operating under a multi-year rate framework established by the OEB that began with cost-of-service base rates for 2024 and is followed by a price cap incentive rate-setting mechanism for 2025–2028.
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Transportation Our gas utility franchises also offer transportation services to move gas through the areas we operate in to key markets throughout North America. Enbridge Gas Ontario contracts for firm transportation service, primarily with TransCanada Pipelines Limited, Vector and NEXUS, to meet its annual natural gas supply requirements.
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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources. Disciplined Capital Allocation We assess the latest fundamental trends, monitor the business landscape, and proactively conduct business development activities with the goal of identifying an industry-leading opportunity set.
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The transportation service contracts are not directly linked with any particular source of natural gas supply. Separating transportation contracts from natural gas supply provides flexibility in obtaining its own natural gas supply and accommodating the requests of its direct purchase customers for assignment of pipeline capacity.
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We screen, analyze and assess these opportunities using a disciplined investment framework with the objective of effectively deploying capital to grow while achieving attractive risk-adjusted returns, within our low-risk utility-like business model. All investment opportunities are evaluated based on their return profile, potential to advance our strategy, mitigate risks, support our sustainability goals, and create additional financial flexibility.
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In addition to contracting for transportation service, Enbridge Gas Ontario offers firm and interruptible transportation services on its own Dawn-Parkway pipeline system.
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Our primary emphasis in the near term is on capital efficient opportunities to enhance returns across existing businesses (organic expansions and optimizations), system modernization, and utility rate-based investments. We also continue to assess other strong value-enhancing opportunities, including accretive acquisitions that can complement our portfolio. In evaluating typical investment opportunities, we also consider other potential capital allocation alternatives.
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Dawn offers customers an important link in the movement of natural gas from western Canadian and US supply basins to markets in central Canada and the northeast US. Dawn's configuration provides flexibility for injections, withdrawals and cycling. Customers can purchase both firm and interruptible storage services at Dawn.
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Other alternatives for capital deployment depend on our current outlook and include further debt reduction, dividend increases, and share buy-backs. An "All-of-the-Above" Approach to Energy Evolution As the global population grows and standards of living continue to improve around the world, we expect energy demand to rise.
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In addition to our existing and proposed RNG programs, we are also continuing our efforts to source other lower-carbon supplies, such as hydrogen. Supply and demand are also impacted by the legislative environments in which our franchises operate.
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We, and the communities in which we operate, increasingly recognize the need for affordable, secure and reliable energy while concurrently focusing on environmental impacts. Through collaboration with our stakeholders (including regulators, policymakers, customers, and Indigenous partners), we aim to balance these factors and believe this will take an "all-of-the-above" approach.
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For example, in 2024, Ontario passed Bill 165, the Keeping Energy Costs Down Act which reset the revenue horizon to 40 years for residential and small volume consumers and streamlined the regulatory process for pipelines between $2-$10 million.
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As a company with diverse energy infrastructure, we are uniquely positioned to help support the energy transition or energy evolution. To meet increased demand across North America and around the world, while continuing to drive down emissions intensity, we believe an energy evolution, which will take all forms of energy, will be required.
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Ontario further demonstrated its support for gas in its vision paper for integrated energy planning where it confirmed its view that "Gas is a vital component of Ontario's energy mix". House Bill 507 was signed in Ohio officially defining natural gas as a "green energy".
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Our portfolio of oil, natural gas, and renewable power assets is critical to maintaining a balanced approach that we believe enables a durable energy evolution.
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Natural gas prices have been impacted by lower weather-related demand and higher North American inventory levels resulting in more stable and lower prices. Unregulated storage values are primarily determined by the difference in value between winter and summer natural gas prices.

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