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Ingredion Inc

Ingredion IncINGREarnings & Financial Report

NYSE · Consumer Staples · Grain Mill Products

Ingredion Inc. is an American food and beverage ingredient provider based in Westchester, Illinois, producing mainly starches, non-GMO sweeteners, stevia, and pea protein. The company turns corn, tapioca, potatoes, plant-based stevia, grains, fruits, gums and other vegetables into ingredients for the food, beverage, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries and numerous industrial sectors. It has about 12,000 employees in 44 locations, and customers in excess of 120 countries.

What changed in Ingredion Inc's 10-K — 2023 vs 2024

Top changes in Ingredion Inc's 2024 10-K

321 paragraphs added · 334 removed · 234 edited across 8 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

49 edited+38 added−41 removed6 unchanged
Additional Information Our website address is www.ingredion.com and our investor website is www.ir.ingredionincorporated.com.
Additional Information Our website address is www.ingredion.com and our investor website is ir.ingredionincorporated.com.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS Our Company Ingredion Incorporated (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company,” “Ingredion,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is a leading global ingredients solutions provider that transforms grains, fruits, vegetables and other plant-based materials into value-added ingredient solutions for the food, beverage, animal nutrition, brewing and industrial markets.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS Our Company Ingredion Incorporated (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company,” “Ingredion,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is a leading global ingredient solutions provider that transforms grains, fruits, vegetables and other plant-based materials into value-added ingredient solutions for the food, beverage, animal nutrition, brewing and industrial markets.
The textile industry uses starches and specialty starches for sizing (abrasion resistance) to provide size and finishes for manufactured products. Industrial starches are used in the production of construction materials, textiles, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, as well as in mining and water filtration.
Industrial starches are used in the production of construction materials, textiles, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, as well as in mining and water filtration. The textile industry uses starches for sizing (abrasion resistance) to provide size and finishes for manufactured products.
Michael O'Riordan 54 Senior Vice President, Texture & Healthful Solutions, EMEA and Asia-Pacific, as of January 2024. Board Chairman, Rafhan Maize Ltd., a Company affiliate in Pakistan, since March 2023. Regional President, EMEA, from October 2020 to December 2023. Global Vice President, Marketing and Springboards, from July 2016 to September 2020.
Michael O’Riordan 55 Senior Vice President, Texture & Healthful Solutions, EMEA and Asia-Pacific, as of January 2024. Board Chairman, Rafhan Maize Ltd., a Company affiliate in Pakistan since March 2023. Regional President, EMEA, from October 2020 to December 2023. Global Vice President, Marketing and Springboards, from July 2016 to September 2020.
No material fines were imposed on us in 2023. We may also be required to comply with federal, state, foreign and local laws regulating food handling and storage. We believe these laws and regulations have not negatively affected our competitive position.
No material fines were imposed on us in 2024. We may also be required to comply with federal, state, foreign and local laws regulating food handling and storage. We believe these laws and regulations have not negatively affected our competitive position.
Rob Ritchie 54 Senior Vice President, Food & Industrial Ingredients, LATAM and U.S./Canada, as of January 2024. Senior Vice President, Food & Industrial Ingredients, Americas, from May 2023 to December 2023. Regional President, Mexico, U.S./Canada Sweetener Solutions, Industrial Solutions and Kerr Concentrates from January 2021 to April 2023. President and General Director, Mexico, from March 2018 to December 2020.
Rob Ritchie 55 Senior Vice President, Food & Industrial Ingredients, LATAM and U.S./Canada, as of January 2024. Senior Vice President, Food & Industrial Ingredients, Americas, from May 2023 to December 2023. Regional President, Mexico, U.S./Canada Sweetener Solutions, Industrial Solutions and Kerr Concentrates from January 2021 to April 2023. President and General Director, Mexico, from March 2018 to December 2020.
Valdirene Evans 56 Senior Vice President and President, Global Texture Solutions as of January 2024. Senior Vice President and President, Asia-Pacific and Global Head of Pharma, Home and Beauty from October 2020 to December 2023. Senior Vice President and President, Asia-Pacific from March 2018 to September 2020.
Valdirene Evans 57 Senior Vice President and President, Global Texture Solutions as of January 2024. Senior Vice President and President, Asia-Pacific and Global Head of Pharma, Home and Beauty from October 2020 to December 2023. Senior Vice President and President, Asia-Pacific from March 2018 to September 2020.
Eric Seip 56 Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Chief Supply Chain Officer since joining Ingredion in January 2021. Senior Vice President, Global Supply Chain at ChampionX Holding Inc. (formerly Ecolab), an oil and gas equipment and services company, from January 2020 to January 2021. Senior Vice President, Global Supply Chain at Ecolab from December 2011 to December 2019.
Eric Seip 57 Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Chief Supply Chain Officer since joining Ingredion in January 2021. Senior Vice President, Global Supply Chain at ChampionX Holding Inc. (formerly Ecolab), an oil and gas equipment and services company, from January 2020 to January 2021.
Patents and Trademarks As of December 31, 2023, we owned more than 1,900 patents and patents pending, which relate to a variety of products and processes, as well as a number of established trademarks under which we market our products. We also have the right to use other patents and trademarks pursuant to patent and trademark licenses.
Patents and Trademarks As of December 31, 2024, we owned more than 2,000 patents and patents pending, which relate to a variety of products and processes, as well as a number of established trademarks under which we market our products. We also have the right to use other patents and trademarks pursuant to patent and trademark licenses.
In general, the planning cycle for our specialty grain sourcing begins three years in advance of the anticipated delivery of the specialty corn, since the necessary seed must be grown in the season before we contract to buy the grain.
In general, the planning cycle for our sourcing of specialty grains begins three years in advance of the anticipated delivery of the specialty corn, since farmers must grow the necessary seed in the season before we contract to buy the grain.
Corn prices for our non-U.S. subsidiaries fluctuate as a result of the same factors that affect U.S. corn prices. We also utilize specialty grains such as waxy and high amylose corn, as well as proprietary seed varietals in our operations.
Corn prices for our non-U.S. subsidiaries fluctuate as a result of the same factors that affect U.S. corn prices, although the impact of these factors on local markets may vary. We also utilize specialty grains, such as waxy and high amylose corn, as well as proprietary seed varietals in our operations.
Our sweeteners are used in a wide variety of food and beverage products, such as baked goods, snack foods, canned fruits, condiments, candy and other sweets, dairy products, ice cream, jams and jellies, prepared mixes, table syrups, and beverages.
Sweeteners have broad application in food, beverage and brewing products. Food companies use our sweeteners in a wide variety of food and beverage products, such as baked goods, snack foods, canned fruits, condiments, candy and other sweets, dairy products, ice cream, jams and jellies, prepared mixes, table syrups, and beverages.
Specialty industrial starches are used for biomaterial applications, including biodegradable plastics, fabric softeners and detergents, hair and skin care applications, dusting powders for surgical gloves, and in the production of glass fiber and insulation. Sweetener products: Our sweetener products represented approximately 34 percent, 33 percent and 33 percent of our net sales for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Specialty industrial starches are used for biomaterial applications, including biodegradable plastics, fabric softeners and detergents, hair and skin care applications, dusting powders for surgical gloves, and in the production of glass fiber and insulation. Our starch products represented approximately 49 percent, 47 percent and 46 percent of our net sales for 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Those boilers, along with product dryers, are our primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. During 2023, we spent $36 million for environmental control and wastewater treatment equipment to be incorporated into existing facilities and in planned construction projects. We currently anticipate that we will invest approximately $36 million for environmental facilities and programs in 2024.
Those boilers, along with product dryers, are our primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. During 2024, we spent $49 million for environmental control and wastewater treatment equipment to be incorporated into existing facilities and in planned construction projects.
Based on current laws and regulations and their enforcement and interpretation, we do not expect that the costs of future environmental compliance will be a material expense, although there can be no assurance that we will remain in compliance or that the costs of remaining in compliance will not have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition and results of operations.
We currently expect that we will invest approximately $66 million for environmental facilities and programs in 2025. 10 Table of Contents Based on current laws and regulations and their enforcement and interpretation, we do not expect that the costs of future environmental compliance will be a material expense, although there can be no assurance that we will remain in compliance or that the costs of remaining in compliance will not have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition and results of operations.
Geographic Scope and Operations As of December 31, 2023, we utilized our global network of 47 manufacturing facilities and joint venture partnerships to support key global product lines. Our manufacturing process is based on a capital-intensive, two-step process that involves the wet-milling and processing of starch-based materials, primarily corn.
As of December 31, 2024, we utilized our global network of 46 manufacturing facilities and joint venture partnerships to support our global product lines. Most of our manufacturing processes are based on a capital-intensive, two-step process that involves the wet-milling and processing of starch-based materials, primarily corn.
Nancy Wolfe 54 Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer since joining Ingredion in January 2022. Senior Vice President, Human Resources at Bayer Crop Science (formerly Monsanto), an agriculture, chemical and biochemical solutions company, from June 2018 to January 2022. Jeremy Xu 56 Senior Vice President, Chief Innovation Officer and President, Global Healthful Solutions, as of January 2024.
Nancy Wolfe 55 Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer since joining Ingredion in January 2022. Senior Vice President, Human Resources at Bayer Crop Science (formerly Monsanto), an agriculture, chemical and biochemical solutions company, from June 2018 to January 2022. 12 Table of Contents
Tanya Jaeger de Foras 53 Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Corporate Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer since joining Ingredion in November 2021. Deputy General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer for Whirlpool Corporation, a global home appliance manufacturer, from September 2019 to September 2021. EMEA Regional General Counsel for Whirlpool from June 2015 to August 2019.
Larry Fernandes 60 Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial and Sustainability Officer since July 2018. Tanya Jaeger de Foras 54 Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Corporate Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer since joining Ingredion in November 2021. Deputy General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer for Whirlpool Corporation, a global home appliance manufacturer, from September 2019 to September 2021.
For those customers located considerable distances from our manufacturing facilities, we primarily use either rail transport or a combination of rail transport and trucks to deliver our products.
In North America countries serviced by our F&II segments, we generally use trucks to ship to nearby customers. For those customers located considerable distances from our manufacturing facilities, we primarily use either rail transport or a combination of rail transport and trucks to deliver our products.
The price of corn, which is determined by reference to prices on the Chicago Board of Trade, fluctuates as a result of various factors, including farmers’ planting decisions, climate, domestic and foreign government policies (including those related to the production of ethanol), livestock feeding, shortages or surpluses of world grain supplies, and trade agreements.
The price of corn fluctuates in response to various factors, including farmers’ planting decisions, climate, crop-related disease, domestic and foreign government policies (including those related to the production of ethanol), livestock feeding, shortages or surpluses of world grain supplies, and trade agreements.
Furthermore, we employ a flexible approach for our office-based employees on how and where we work. We focus on agile ways of working that enable colleagues to work remotely when appropriate and organize our offices to foster connection and collaboration.
We focus on agile ways of working that enable colleagues to work remotely when appropriate and organize our offices to foster connection and collaboration.
Head of Global Accounting and External Reporting at Wayfair Inc., an e-commerce company, from August 2020 to September 2021, and Assistant Controller at AK Steel Holdings Corporation, an integrated steel manufacturer, from May 2013 to July 2020. James D. Gray 57 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since March 2017.
Gable 58 Vice President, Corporate Controller since joining Ingredion in October 2021. Head of Global Accounting and External Reporting at Wayfair Inc., an e-commerce company, from August 2020 to September 2021, and Assistant Controller at AK Steel Holdings Corporation, an integrated steel manufacturer, from May 2013 to July 2020.
Attracting, developing and retaining global talent with the right skills to drive our business is central to our values and long-term growth strategy.
We believe the strength of our workforce is one of the significant contributors to our success as a global company. Attracting, developing and retaining global talent with the right skills to drive our business is central to our values and long-term growth strategy.
Our approach to production and service, which focuses on local management and production improvements of our worldwide operations, provides us with a unique understanding of the cultures and product requirements in each of the geographic markets in which we operate. This allows us to bring added value to our customers through tailored, innovative solutions.
We delegate authority for production improvements and empower local management to seek tailored innovation solutions throughout our worldwide operations, allowing us to bring added value to our customers and providing us with a unique understanding of the cultures and product requirements in each of our geographic markets.
We use chips and slices from potato processors as the primary raw material to manufacture potato-based starches. We also use tapioca, particularly in certain of our production processes in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition to corn, potatoes, and tapioca, we use pulses, gums, rice, stevia, yellow peas and sugar as raw materials, among others.
Raw Materials Corn (primarily yellow dent) is the primary basic raw material we use to produce starches and sweeteners. We also use tapioca in certain of our T&HS production processes in the Asia-Pacific region and in South America. We use chips and slices from potato processors as the primary raw material to manufacture potato-based starches.
In December 2023, the Human Rights Campaign Foundation designated Ingredion as a top scorer in its 2023-2024 Corporate Equality Index with the Equality 100 Award: Leader in LGBTQ+ Workplace Inclusion. 10 Table of Con tents Government Regulation As a manufacturer and marketer of food items and items for use in the pharmaceutical industry, our operations and the use of many of our products are subject to federal, state, foreign and local statutes and regulations, including the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
Government Regulation As a manufacturer and marketer of food items and items for use in the pharmaceutical industry, our operations and the use of many of our products are subject to federal, state, foreign and local statutes and regulations, including the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
During the front-end process, the starch-based materials are steeped in a water-based solution and separated into starch and co-products such as protein, fiber and germ used to produce corn oil. The starch is then either dried for sale or further processed to make starches, sweeteners and other ingredients that serve the particular needs of various industries.
During the front-end process, we steep starch-based materials in a water-based solution and separate them into a starch slurry, protein, fiber, or germ used to produce corn oil. We will then further process the starch slurry to produce starches, sweeteners and other ingredients for various industries.
To secure these specialty grains at the time of our anticipated needs, we contract with certain farmers to grow the specialty corn approximately two years in advance of delivery.
To secure these specialty grains at the time of our anticipated needs, we contract approximately two years in advance of delivery with farmers to grow the specialty corn. These specialty grains have a higher cost due to their more limited supply and require longer planning cycles to mitigate the risk of potential supply shortages.
Our product lines include starches and sweeteners, animal feed products and edible corn oil. Our starch-based products include both food-grade and industrial starches, as well as biomaterials. Our sweetener products include glucose syrups, high maltose syrups, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, dextrose, polyols, maltodextrins, and glucose and syrup solids.
Our product lines include starches and sweeteners, animal feed products and edible corn oil. Our starch-based products include both food-grade and industrial starches, as well as biomaterials and non-GMO (genetically modified organism) products.
Corn is also grown in other areas of the world, including China, Brazil, Europe, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Canada and Pakistan. Our subsidiaries outside the U.S. utilize both local supplies of corn and corn imported from other geographic areas, including the U.S., and we generally expect the supply of corn for these subsidiaries to be adequate for our needs.
Our operations in the U.S. source corn produced in the U.S., and our subsidiaries outside the U.S. utilize both supplies of corn from their local regions, as well as corn the subsidiaries import from other geographic areas, including the U.S. We generally expect the supply of corn for our subsidiaries to be adequate for our needs.
In addition, we have employees that provide technical support to our sales personnel on an industry basis. We generally contract with trucking companies to deliver our bulk products to customer destinations. In North America, we generally use trucks to ship to nearby customers.
Sales and Distribution Members of our salaried sales workforce, who are generally dedicated to customers in a geographic region, sell our products directly to manufacturers and distributors. In addition, we have employees who provide technical support to our sales personnel on an industry basis. We generally contract with trucking companies to deliver our bulk products to customer destinations.
We continue our strong focus on maintaining an injury-free workplace and invest in training, workplace resources and continuous improvement methodologies to improve safety results and ensure responsible management of all our facilities, particularly in our manufacturing plants, which continue to represent the greatest safety and health risks.
We continue to improve safety results and ensure responsible management of all our facilities, particularly in our manufacturing facilities, which continue to represent the greatest safety and health risks. A workplace safety goal represents a part of each employee’s personal performance objectives each year as we strive to achieve an injury-free work environment.
Our executive officers and their roles as of February 21, 2024 are as follows: Name Age Positions, Offices and Business Experience James P. Zallie 62 President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2018. Executive Vice President, Global Specialties and President, Americas from January 2016 to December 2017. Director of Sylvamo Corporation, a global producer of uncoated papers.
Zallie 63 President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2018. Executive Vice President, Global Specialties and President, Americas from January 2016 to December 2017. Director of Sylvamo Corporation, a global producer of uncoated papers. James D. Gray 58 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since March 2017. Davida M.
Our centralized production planning, distribution and financial functions similarly give us the ability to serve global customers, leverage digital solutions, ration production capacity, identify synergies, and maximize the benefits of our global presence. Products Our portfolio of products is generally classified into the following categories: Starch Products, Sweetener Products, and Co-products and others.
For each of these pillars, we assign leadership to corporate, segment and manufacturing facility levels. Our centralized production planning, distribution and financial functions give us the ability to serve global customers, leverage digital solutions and artificial intelligence, ration production capacity, identify synergies, and maximize the benefits of our global presence.
Smaller local corn and tapioca processors also operate in some of our markets. Some of our products also compete with products made from raw materials other than corn. High fructose corn syrup and monohydrate dextrose compete principally with cane and beet sugar products.
Our products compete with products made from other raw materials. High fructose corn syrup and monohydrate dextrose, for example, compete principally with cane and beet sugar products. Co-products, such as corn oil and gluten meal, compete with products of the corn dry milling industry and with soybean oil, soybean meal and other products.
Our operations in Mexico and Canada face competition from U.S. imports and local producers including ALMEX, a Mexican joint venture between ADM and Primient. In South America, Cargill maintains starch processing operations in Brazil and Argentina. We also face competition from Roquette Frères S.A., primarily in our EMEA, North America and Asia-Pacific regions.
F&II - LATAM faces competition from U.S. imports into Mexico and from local producers, including ALMEX, a Mexican joint venture between ADM and Primient. South America is a more fragmented market of local producers, but Cargill maintains starch processing operations in Brazil and Argentina. Most of F&II - LATAM’s customer contracts reflect country and industry practices.
Sugar Reduction and Specialty Sweeteners : These solutions provide sweetness or functional replacement for sugar in reduced-calorie and sugar-free foods and beverages without sacrificing quality and consistency. These specialty ingredients are made from a variety of GMO and non-GMO raw material bases and include such ingredients as stevia sweeteners, polyols, dextrose and allulose, which is a rare sugar.
Sugar Reduction ingredients, which include stevia sweeteners, polyols, dextrose and allulose, a rare sugar, come from a variety of GMO and non-GMO raw material bases.
Our innovative ingredient solutions help customers stay on trend with simple ingredients and other in-demand ingredients. Our Purpose is to bring the potential of people, nature and technology together to make life better. We develop, produce and sell a variety of food and beverage ingredients, primarily starches and sweeteners, for a wide range of industries.
We develop, produce and sell a variety of food and beverage ingredients, primarily starches and sweeteners, for a broad range of customers in over 60 industries worldwide. Products Our innovative ingredient solutions help customers stay on trend with consumer-friendly, in-demand ingredients. Ingredion derives most of our products by processing corn and other starch-based materials, such as tapioca, potato and rice.
Dextrose has a wide range of applications in the food and confection industries, in solutions for intravenous (“IV”) and other pharmaceutical applications, and in numerous industrial applications like wallboard, biodegradable surface 6 Table of Con tents agents and moisture control agents. Our specialty sweeteners provide affordable and natural, reduced calorie and sugar-free solutions for our customers.
Dextrose has a wide range of applications in the food and confection industries, in solutions for intravenous (“IV”) and other pharmaceutical applications. Some natural high-intensity sweeteners, such as stevia, provide a sweetness or functional alternative to full-caloric sweeteners for our customers. Some food and beverage customers seek these alternatives for their reduced-calorie or sugar-free foods and beverages.
These specialty grains have a higher cost due to their more limited supply and require longer planning cycles to mitigate the risk of supply shortages. 8 Table of Con tents Due to the competitive nature of our industry and the availability of substitute products not produced from corn, such as sugar from cane or beets, end-product prices in any period may not fluctuate in a manner that correlates to raw material costs of corn during that period.
Due to the competitive nature of our industry and the availability of substitute products, end-product prices in any period may not fluctuate in tandem with raw material costs of corn or other input costs during that period.
Starches are an important component in a wide range of processed foods, where they are used for adhesion, clouding, dusting, expansion, fat replacement, freshness, gelling, glazing, mouthfeel, stabilization and texture. Cornstarch is sold to cornstarch packers for sale to consumers.
Our sweetener products include glucose syrups, high maltose syrups, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, dextrose, polyols, maltodextrins, glucose and syrup solids, high-intensity sweeteners, and various non-GMO products. Starches are an important component in a wide range of processed foods, where food companies use them for adhesion, clouding, dusting, expansion, fat replacement, freshness, gelling, glazing, mouthfeel, stabilization and texture.
The information on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this report. 11 Table of Con tents Information about our Executive Officers Following the November 2023 announcement of our plans to reorganize our operations, some of our executive officers were identified for new roles beginning in 2024.
The information on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this report. 11 Table of Contents Information about our Executive Officers Our executive officers and their positions with us as of February 20, 2025 are as follows: Name Age Positions, Offices and Business Experience James P.
Starches are also used in paper production to create a smooth surface for printed communications and to improve strength in recycled papers. Specialty paper starches are used for enhanced drainage, fiber retention, oil and grease resistance, improved printability and biochemical oxygen demand control.
The paper industry uses starches to provide strength properties as well as adhesion in the conversion of corrugated boxes, and various industrial companies use paper starches for enhanced drainage, fiber retention, oil and grease resistance, improved printability and biochemical oxygen demand control.
All of our employees contribute to our success and help us drive financial performance. 9 Table of Con tents Workforce Profile As of December 31, 2023, Ingredion employed approximately 11,600 people, of whom approximately 3,200 were located in the U.S. and Canada. Approximately 32 percent of our U.S. and Canadian employees are members of labor unions.
As a result, we believe our employees feel connected to our culture and identify with our values, commitment to our purpose, innovation, and pursuing our sustainability goals through their actions and behaviors. 9 Table of Contents Workforce Profile As of December 31, 2024, Ingredion employed approximately 11,200 people, of whom approximately 3,200 were located in the U.S. and Canada.
The following table shows the approximate portion of total net sales by industry for each of the industries we served in 2023: Industries Served Total Ingredion North America South America Asia- Pacific EMEA Food 54 % 50 % 52 % 66 % 71 % Beverage 9 12 1 6 1 Brewing 7 7 16 3 — Food and Beverage Ingredients 70 69 69 75 72 Animal Nutrition 10 11 13 4 6 Other 20 20 18 21 22 Total Net Sales 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % No customer accounted for 10 percent or more of our net sales in 2023, 2022 or 2021.
In addition, we group operating segments that are not individually or collectively classified as a reportable segment as “All Other.” The approximate portion of total net sales by industry for each of our reportable segments and All Other in 2024 was as follows: Industries Served Total Ingredion T&HS F&II - LATAM F&II - U.S./Canada All Other Food 56 % 81 % 46 % 41 % 55 % Beverage 10 4 10 16 10 Brewing 7 1 18 4 1 Food and Beverage Ingredients 73 86 74 61 66 Animal Nutrition 8 2 13 8 12 Other 19 12 13 31 22 Total Net Sales 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % No customer or group of related customers accounted for 10 percent or more of our net sales in 2024, 2023 or 2022.
A workplace safety goal represents a part of each employee's personal performance objectives each year as we strive to achieve an injury-free work environment. Culture and Employee Engagement We conduct confidential engagement surveys of our global workforce. Executive officers and leaders throughout the organization review aggregate survey results and create action plans at global, regional, functional and managerial levels.
Executive officers and leaders throughout the organization review aggregate survey results and create action plans at global, regional, functional and managerial levels. Furthermore, we employ a flexible approach for our office-based employees on how and where we work.
We also sell corn gluten feed as animal feed and corn gluten meal as high-protein feed for chickens, pet food and aquaculture. Our other products include fruit and vegetable products, such as concentrates, purees and essences, as well as pulse proteins and hydrocolloids systems and blends.
We sell refined corn oil (from germ) to packers of cooking oil and to producers of margarine, salad dressings, shortening, mayonnaise and other foods. We also sell corn gluten feed as animal feed and corn gluten meal as high-protein feed for chickens, pet food and aquaculture. In addition, we sell multi-ingredient systems and blends.
We do not believe that any individual patent or group of related patents or any trademark is material to our business. Human Capital We believe the strength of our workforce is one of the significant contributors to our success as a global company.
We do not believe that any individual patent or group of related patents or any trademark is material to our business. Human Capital Our core values - Care First, Be Preferred, Everyone Belongs, Innovate Boldly, and Owner’s Mindset - provide us with guidelines and expectations for ethical behavior among our employees.
Plant-based Proteins : These specialty pulse-based protein ingredients bring solutions made from fava beans and peas. They add protein, dietary fiber, micronutrients and texture to food and beverages.
Our sweetener products represented approximately 35 percent, 34 percent and 33 percent of our net sales for 2024, 2023 and 2022. Our products also include pulse-based protein ingredients made from yellow peas, which add protein, dietary fiber, micronutrients and texture to food and beverages.
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Currently, we manage our operations geographically on a regional basis, with our businesses and investments classified into the following reportable business segments: • North America – U.S., Mexico and Canada • South America – Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Argentina • Asia-Pacific – Thailand, China, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, India, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Vietnam and previously South Korea, in which we sold our business on February 1, 2024 • Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) – Germany, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Poland In November 2023, we announced plans to reorganize our business operations, which will result in a change to our reportable business segments.
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Our purpose is to bring the potential of people, nature and technology together to make life better. We aspire to be recognized as the go-to provider for texture and healthful solutions that make healthy taste better.
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Once the reorganization is complete, which we expect will occur in 2024, we anticipate that our production assets and commercial efforts will align with a global focus on Texture and Healthful Solutions, a local focus on Food and Industrial Ingredients, and other businesses.
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Fluctuations in prices of these competing products may affect prices of, and profits derived from, our products. 5 Table of Contents Business Segments Beginning January 1, 2024, we re-aligned our operating segments, which resulted in a change to our reportable business segments.
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We will continue to report our results using the existing reportable segment structure until the reorganization is complete, the new segments are operational and discrete financial information consistent with the new segments is being provided to our Chief Executive Officer. Our products are derived primarily from the processing of corn and other starch-based materials, such as tapioca, potato and rice.
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This change in operating segments better aligns our production assets and commercial efforts and resulted in three new reportable segments: Texture & Healthful Solutions (“T&HS”), which focuses on providing its solutions to the global market; and Food & Industrial Ingredients - Latin America (“F&II - LATAM”) and Food & Industrial Ingredients - U.S./Canada (“F&II - U.S./Canada”), each of which focuses on providing its products to local markets.
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Our North America region includes 22 manufacturing facilities that produce a wide range of starches, sweeteners, gum acacia, pea protein, and fruit and vegetable concentrates. Our South America region includes seven manufacturing facilities that produce regular, modified, waxy, tapioca starches, high fructose and high maltose syrups and syrup solids, dextrins and maltodextrins, dextrose, specialty starches, caramel color and sorbitol.
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Some of our customer contracts provide for spot sales, while others are fee-based and adjust our selling prices based upon raw material input costs. Longer term customer contracts may have terms of one year or multiple years, such as those with the beverage industry.
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We also own 49 percent of Ingrear Holding S.A., which operates five manufacturing facilities in Argentina to produce value-added ingredients for sale to customers in the food, beverage, pharmaceutical and other industries in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (the “Argentina joint venture”).
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Firm-based pricing reflects fixed prices for our products, which transfers risk to us for underlying input costs over the contract period. Conversely, fee-based pricing allocates the risk for the underlying input costs to our customers. Most of our multi-year contracts are fee-based, which adjust our selling prices at intervals during the contract term.
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Ingredion and Grupo Arcor, an Argentine food company, jointly appoint a team of executives to manage the Argentina joint venture. 5 Table of Con tents Our Asia-Pacific region manufactures corn-based products in China and Thailand, tapioca- and rice-based products in Thailand, stevia sweetener products in Malaysia and China, chemically modified starch-based pharmaceutical excipients in India, and spray dried and fine grade mannitol in India.
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Texture & Healthful Solutions T&HS focuses on providing global customers with a wide array of innovative ingredient solutions that maintain or enhance texture and deliver healthful product attributes for global and regional customers. T&HS product categories are primarily comprised of modified and native starches, clean-label texturizers, hydrocolloids, and customized formulations.
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On February 1, 2024, we completed the divestiture of our business in South Korea, which manufactured corn-based products, to an affiliate of the Sajo Group, a food company headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. We supply products manufactured in the Asia-Pacific region to our global network.
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T&HS ingredients deliver more functionality than our other products, add additional customer value, achieve higher average selling prices, and enable our customers to deliver high quality, consumer-preferred products aligned to growing market and consumer trends such as health and wellness, clean-label, simple ingredients, affordability, indulgence and sustainability.
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As of December 31, 2023, the region’s operations include twelve manufacturing facilities that produce modified, specialty and regular waxy tapioca and rice starches, dextrins, glucose, high maltose syrup, stevia sweeteners, dextrose, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color and pharmaceutical-grade polyols.
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T&HS faces competition globally from Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (“ADM”), Tate & Lyle, Cargill, and Roquette. Smaller, local corn, potato, and tapioca processors also operate in some of our markets, targeting other customer needs. T&HS’s customer contracts vary according to each customer’s circumstances and primary location.
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Our Asia-Pacific region includes 88 percent ownership of PureCircle Limited (“PureCircle”), one of the leading producers and innovators of stevia sweeteners and flavors for the food and beverage industry.
Added
These include both firm- and fee-based contracts, with multi-year, one-year, or shorter terms, depending on market dynamics, customer preferences and our considerations of input cost risks. T&HS has a global manufacturing footprint with 23 manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Canada, Asia-Pacific and Europe, which produce ingredients based on raw materials that include corn, potato, tapioca, fruit, rice, and tree extracts.
Removed
We also agreed to acquire the remaining 35 percent of shares from our current 65 percent ownership of Mannitab Pharma Specialties Private Limited (“Mannitab”), an Indian manufacturer of spray dried mannitol and fine grade mannitol, by March 2026.
Added
In addition, T&HS utilizes a network of tolling manufacturers to produce certain ingredients, which T&HS completes through its finishing channels. 6 Table of Contents Food & Industrial Ingredients - Latin America F&II - LATAM consists of ten manufacturing facilities in Mexico and South America that convert primarily corn, but also some tapioca and sugar, into starches, sweeteners and co-products for the local needs of food and industrial markets in Latin America.
Removed
Our EMEA region includes six manufacturing facilities that produce modified and specialty starches, glucose and dextrose in Pakistan, Germany and the United Kingdom. Through our German-headquartered subsidiary KaTech, we offer advanced texture and stabilization solutions to the food and beverage industry. We utilize a network of tolling manufacturers in various regions in the production cycle of certain specialty starches.
Added
Product applications include food production, brewing, beverages, paper manufacturing, textiles, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. F&II - LATAM has a significant presence in the brewing industry in Latin America, which uses high maltose corn syrup and starches in its brewing products, unlike the U.S. and Canada.
Removed
In general, these tolling manufacturers produce certain basic starches for us and we in turn complete the manufacturing process of starches through our finishing channels.
Added
F&II - LATAM’s customers for food and industrial ingredients, including global brands, source raw materials locally in the Latin America region. F&II - LATAM’s facilities typically manufacture liquid or dry products that require minimal modification and are usually shipped by truck to local markets.
Removed
Within these categories, we identify a portion of our products as specialty ingredients and the remainder of our products as core ingredients. Starch products: Our starch products represented approximately 47 percent, 46 percent and 45 percent of our net sales for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Added
Although most of our Mexico and Colombia operations use corn raw material inputs that they import from the U.S., our other South American operations procure their corn and other raw inputs from local producers in South America.
Removed
Sweeteners include products such as glucose syrups, high maltose syrup, high fructose corn syrup, dextrose, polyols, maltodextrin, glucose syrup solids and non-GMO (genetically modified organism) syrups.
Added
The brewing industry throughout Latin America primarily uses fee-based, multi-year contracts with pricing that updates quarterly. In Mexico, a significant portion of our volume is sold through annual, firm-priced contracts.
Removed
Co-products and others: Co-products and others represented approximately 19 percent, 21 percent and 22 percent of our net sales for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We sell refined corn oil (from germ) to packers of cooking oil and to producers of margarine, salad dressings, shortening, mayonnaise and other foods.
Added
Most customer contracts in South America are one-year contracts that have shorter pricing periods that adjust to factors such as inflation and local raw input prices, as well as spot sales and contracts that are three months or less. F&II - LATAM also holds a 49% ownership in Ingrear Holding S.A.
Removed
Specialty ingredients within the product portfolio : Within our three product portfolios, we consider certain of our products to be specialty ingredients. Specialty ingredients represented approximately 34 percent, 34 percent and 33 percent of our net sales for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These ingredients deliver more functionality than our other products and add additional customer value.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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If our information technology systems are breached, damaged, or cease to function properly due to any number of causes, such as catastrophic events, power outages, security incidents, or cyber-based attacks, and if our cyber security response plans and disaster recovery and our cyber incident response plans do not effectively mitigate the risks on a timely basis, we may encounter significant disruptions that could interrupt our ability to manage our operations, cause loss of valuable data, and damage our reputation.
If our information technology systems are breached, damaged, or cease to function properly due to any number of causes, such as catastrophic events, power outages, security incidents, or cyber-based attacks, and if our cybersecurity response plans and disaster recovery and our cyber incident response plans do not effectively mitigate the risks on a timely basis, we may encounter significant disruptions that could interrupt our ability to manage our operations, cause loss of valuable data, and damage our reputation.
These conditions include, among others, changes in a country’s or region’s economic or political conditions, modification or termination of trade agreements or treaties promoting free trade, creation of new trade agreements or treaties, trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products, local labor conditions and regulations, including regulations regarding child labor, reduced protection of intellectual property rights, changes in the regulatory or legal environment, restrictions on currency exchange activities, currency exchange rate fluctuations, burdensome taxes and tariffs, and other trade disputes or trade barriers.
These conditions include, among others, changes in a country’s or region’s economic or political conditions, modification or termination of trade agreements or treaties promoting free trade, creation of new trade agreements or treaties, trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products, tariffs, duties, local labor conditions and regulations, including regulations regarding child labor, reduced protection of intellectual property rights, changes in the regulatory or legal environment, restrictions on currency exchange activities, currency exchange rate fluctuations, burdensome taxes, tariffs and duties, and other trade disputes or trade barriers.
As a result, we face operating, financial, legal and other risks relating to these investments, including risks related to the financial strength of our joint venture partners or their willingness to provide adequate funding for the joint venture, differences in objectives between us and our partners, legal and compliance risks relating to actions or omissions of the joint venture or our partners, and the risk that we will be unable to resolve disputes with the joint venture partner.
As a result, we face operating, financial, legal and other risks relating to these investments, including risks related to the financial strength of our joint venture partners or their willingness to provide adequate funding for the joint venture, differences in objectives between us and our partners, legal and compliance risks relating to actions or omissions of the joint venture or our partners, and the risk that we will be unable to resolve disputes with the joint venture partners.
Any such regulatory requirements could cause disruptions in the manufacture of our products and result in increased capital, procurement, manufacturing and distribution costs. Our reputation and brand could be harmed if we fail, or are seen as having failed, to respond responsibly and effectively to changes in legal and regulatory measures adopted to address climate change.
Any such regulatory requirements could cause disruptions in the manufacture of our products and result in increased capital, procurement, manufacturing and distribution costs. Our reputation could be harmed if we fail, or are seen as having failed, to respond responsibly and effectively to changes in legal and regulatory measures adopted to address climate change.
Our operations could be adversely affected by actions taken in connection with cross-border disputes by the governments of countries in which we conduct business. Changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could impact our profitability. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions.
In particular, our operations could be adversely affected by actions taken in connection with cross-border disputes by the governments of countries in which we conduct business. Changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could impact our profitability. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions.
Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings by jurisdiction, changes in tax laws, tax rates changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and material adjustments from tax audits. The recoverability of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon our ability to generate future taxable income.
Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings by jurisdiction, changes in tax laws, tax rate changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and material adjustments from tax audits. The recoverability of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon our ability to generate future taxable income.
Furthermore, co-products such as corn oil and gluten meal compete with products of the corn dry milling industry and with soybean oil, soybean meal and other products, the price of some of which may be affected by government programs such as tariffs or quotas.
Furthermore, co-products such as corn oil and gluten meal compete with products of the corn dry milling industry and with soybean oil, soybean meal and other products, the price of some of which may be affected by government programs such as tariffs, duties or quotas.
Because we ship products worldwide, our business in the past and has been, and in future periods could be, adversely affected by fluctuations in freight and logistics costs, and disruptions in supply channels between parties and locations that include our suppliers, production and storage facilities, tolling and packaging partners, distributors and customers.
Because we ship products worldwide, our business in the past and has been, and in future periods could be, adversely affected by fluctuations in freight and logistics costs, tariffs, duties, and disruptions in supply channels between parties and locations that include our suppliers, production and storage facilities, tolling and packaging partners, distributors and customers.
Our business in the past has been adversely affected by fluctuations in our energy costs, which represented approximately 8 percent of our finished product costs in 2023; and could be negatively affected by such fluctuations in future periods. We use energy primarily to create steam required for our production processes and to dry products.
Our business in the past has been adversely affected by fluctuations in our energy costs, which represented approximately 8 percent of our finished product costs in 2024 and could be negatively affected by such fluctuations in future periods. We use energy primarily to create steam required for our production processes and to dry products.
In particular, if such climate change impacts negatively affect agricultural productivity, we may be subject to decreased availability or less favorable pricing from certain commodities that are necessary for our products, such as corn, specialty grains, rice, stevia, peas and sugar.
In particular, if such climate change impacts negatively affect agricultural productivity, we may be subject to decreased availability or less favorable pricing from certain commodities that are necessary for our products, including corn, specialty grains, rice, stevia, peas and sugar.
Our future success depends on our ability to attract, develop, retain, motivate and maintain good relationships with qualified personnel, particularly those who have extensive expertise in the ingredients solutions industry and who may also have long service with our company.
Our future success depends on our ability to attract, develop, retain, motivate and maintain good relationships with qualified personnel, particularly those who have extensive expertise in the ingredient solutions industry and who may also have long service with our company.
Increased information technology security and social engineering threats and more sophisticated computer crime, including advanced persistent threats, pose potential risks to the security of our information technology systems, networks and services, as well as the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our third-party and employee data.
Increased information technology security and social engineering threats and more sophisticated cyber crime, including advanced persistent threats, pose potential risks to the security of our information technology systems, networks and services, as well as the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our third-party and employee data.
Risks Related to Our Information Technology Systems Our information technology systems, processes and sites may suffer interruptions, security incidents, or failures which may affect our ability to conduct our business and cause significant damage to our reputation.
Risks Related to Our Information Technology Systems Our information technology systems, processes and sites may suffer interruptions, security incidents, or failures that may affect our ability to conduct our business and cause significant damage to our reputation.
In addition, we use external vendors to perform security assessments on a periodic basis to review and assess our information security. We utilize this information to audit ourselves, monitor the security of our technology infrastructure, and assess whether and how to prioritize the allocation of scarce resources to protect data and systems.
In addition, we use external vendors to perform security assessments on a periodic basis to review and assess our information security. We utilize this information to audit 20 Table of Contents ourselves, monitor the security of our technology infrastructure, and assess whether and how to prioritize the allocation of scarce resources to protect data and systems.
We regularly review potential acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies, services, or products, as well as potential divestitures or strategic alliances. We have completed several such acquisitions and strategic alliances in recent years, and divested our business in South Korea on February 1, 2024.
We regularly review potential acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies, services, or products, as well as potential divestitures or strategic alliances. We have completed several such acquisitions and strategic alliances in recent years and the sale of our South Korea business on February 1, 2024.
Many of our products compete with virtually identical or similar products manufactured by other companies in the starch and sweetener industry. In the U.S., our competitors include divisions of larger enterprises that have greater financial resources than we do. Some of these competitors, unlike us, have vertically integrated their corn refining and other operations.
Many of our products compete with virtually identical or similar products manufactured by other companies in the food and ingredients industry. In the U.S., our competitors include divisions of larger enterprises that have greater financial resources than we do. Some of these competitors, unlike us, have vertically integrated their corn refining and other operations.
The third-party data management providers and other vendors that we rely upon may have or develop security problems or security vulnerabilities which may also affect our systems or data. We cannot guarantee that a data security or privacy breach of their systems or other form of cyber-based attack will not occur in the future.
The third-party data management providers and other vendors that we rely upon may have or develop security problems or security vulnerabilities which may also affect our systems or data. A data security or privacy breach of their systems or other form of cyber-based attack may occur in the future.
Our operations in Russia and Ukraine accounted for less than one half of one percent of our net sales in 2023, but these locations are in regions that provide sources of raw material and energy supplies for both us and certain companies whose products we distribute.
Our operations in Russia and Ukraine accounted for less than one half of one percent of our net sales in 2024, but these locations are in regions that provide sources of raw material and energy supplies for both us and some companies whose products we distribute.
Furthermore, we use boilers to generate steam required in our production processes. An event that impaired the operation of a boiler for an extended period of time could have a significant adverse effect on the operations of any manufacturing facility in which such event occurred.
Furthermore, we use boilers to generate steam required in our production processes. An event that impairs the operation of a boiler for an extended period could have a significant adverse effect on the operations of any manufacturing facility in which the event occurred.
Although we require our third-party vendors contractually to maintain a level of security that is acceptable to us and work closely with key vendors to address potential and actual security concerns and attacks, we cannot ensure that all confidential, proprietary, or personal information will be protected on their systems.
Although we require our third-party vendors contractually to maintain a level of security that is acceptable to us and work closely with key vendors to address potential and actual security concerns and attacks, all confidential, proprietary, or personal information may not be protected on their systems.
The fluctuations in the fair value of these hedging instruments may adversely affect our cash flow. We fund any 15 Table of Con tents unrealized losses or receive cash for any unrealized gains on futures contracts on a daily basis.
The fluctuations in the fair value of these hedging instruments may adversely affect our cash flow. We fund any unrealized losses or receive cash for any unrealized gains on futures contracts on a daily basis.
Risks to our business include impacts from labor strikes or weather-related events that affect transportation by rail, air, shipping or ground. The market prices for our raw materials, supply chain freight and logistics, and energy may vary considerably depending on supply and demand, world economies, trade agreements and tariffs and other factors.
Risks to our business include impacts from labor strikes or weather-related events that affect transportation by rail, air, shipping or ground. The market prices for our raw materials, supply chain freight and logistics, and energy may vary considerably depending on supply and demand, global economic conditions, trade agreements and tariffs, duties and other factors.
Any such incidents also could subject us to government investigations or private litigation. These factors may adversely impact our revenues, operating results and financial condition. We could also experience delays in reporting our financial results.
Any such incidents also could subject us to government investigations or private litigation. These factors may adversely impact our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. We could also experience delays in reporting our financial results.
Due diligence performed prior to an acquisition may fail to identify a material liability or an issue that could have an adverse impact on the Company’s reputation or reduce or delay the anticipated benefits resulting from the acquisition.
Due diligence performed before an acquisition may fail to identify a material liability or an issue that could have an adverse impact on our reputation or reduce or delay the anticipated benefits resulting from the acquisition.
The inability for us to attract, develop, retain, motivate and maintain good relationships with our workforce, including key personnel, could negatively impact our business and our profitability.
Our inability to attract, develop, retain, motivate and maintain good relationships with our workforce, including key personnel, could negatively impact our business and our profitability.
Pandemics, such as the recent coronavirus pandemic, have had, and could continue to have, negative impacts on our business, including by causing significant volatility in the commodity and currency markets, changes in consumer demand, behavior or preference, disruptions in our supply chain and manufacturing capacity, limitations on our employees’ ability to work and changes in the economic or political conditions in markets we serve, which could constrain or halt shipments to customers.
Pandemics, such as the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and subsequent years, have had, and could continue to have, negative impacts on our business, including by causing significant volatility in the commodity and currency markets, changes in consumer demand, behavior or preference, disruptions in our supply chain and manufacturing capacity, limitations on our employees’ ability to work and changes in the economic or political conditions in markets we serve, some of which could constrain or halt shipments from suppliers or to customers.
For instance, changes in prevailing health or dietary preferences causing consumers to avoid food products that contain sweetener products, including high fructose corn syrup, in favor of foods that are perceived as being healthier, have negatively affected our sales and profitability.
For instance, changes in prevailing health or dietary preferences causing consumers to avoid food products that contain sweetener products, including high fructose corn syrup, and genetically modified products, in favor of foods that are perceived as being healthier or pose unknown risks to the environment, have negatively affected our sales and profitability.
These sustainability reporting frameworks will require us to provide, at least annually, detailed public disclosures about the greenhouse gas emissions and other climate-related effects our activities produce, the climate-related operating and financial risks we face, and the strategies we pursue to reduce and adapt to the impacts of climate change. We expect to incur substantial costs to prepare these disclosures.
These sustainability reporting requirements, under evolving sustainability reporting frameworks, will require us to provide, at least annually, detailed public disclosures about the greenhouse gas emissions and other climate-related effects our activities produce, the climate-related operating and financial risks we face, and the strategies we pursue to reduce and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
These factors could result in a change to our current policy of paying dividends. 21 Table of Con tents Any failure by us to maintain effective control over financial reporting could result in loss of investor confidence and adversely impact our stock price.
These factors could result in a change to our current policy of paying dividends and repurchasing shares of our common stock. Any failure by us to maintain effective control over financial reporting could result in loss of investor confidence and adversely impact our stock price.
We may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates, divestiture investors, or appropriate partners with which to form partnerships, sell operations or assets, or form strategic alliances. Even if we identify appropriate acquisition, divestiture or alliance candidates, we may be unable to complete such acquisitions, divestitures or alliances on favorable terms, on time, on budget, or at all.
We may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates, purchasers for operations we may wish to sell, or appropriate partners with whom to form partnerships or strategic alliances. Even if we identify appropriate acquisition, divestiture or alliance candidates, we may be unable to complete acquisitions, divestitures or alliances on favorable terms, on time, on budget, or at all.
The liabilities that could result from these risks may not always be covered by, or could exceed the limits of, our insurance coverage related to product liability and the other applicable forms of insurance that we carry. In addition, negative publicity caused by these types of risks may damage our reputation.
The liabilities that could result from these risks may not always be covered by, or could exceed the limits of, our insurance coverage related to product liability and the other applicable forms of insurance that we carry.
We expect to fund our capital expenditures from operating cash flow to the extent we are able to do so. If our operating cash flow is insufficient to fund our capital expenditures, we may either reduce our capital expenditures or utilize borrowings under our revolving credit facility, which also provides liquidity support for our commercial paper program.
If our operating cash flow is insufficient to fund our capital expenditures, we may either reduce our capital expenditures or utilize borrowings under our commercial paper program or our revolving credit facility, which also provides liquidity support for our commercial paper program.
If we encounter operating difficulties at a facility for an extended period of time or start-up problems with any capital improvement projects, we may not be able to meet a portion of our sales order commitments and could incur significantly higher operating expenses, both of which could adversely affect our operating results.
If we encounter operating difficulties at a facility for an extended period or start-up problems with any capital improvement projects, we may not be able to meet a portion of our sales order commitments and could incur significantly higher operating expenses, either of which could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects and result in adverse publicity.
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or raise sufficient additional funds to cover our capital expenditures or to finance strategic growth opportunities, we may not be able to achieve our desired operating efficiencies and expansion plans, which may adversely impact our competitiveness and, therefore, our results of operations. Increased interest rates could increase our borrowing costs.
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or raise sufficient additional funds to cover our capital expenditures or to finance strategic 19 Table of Contents growth opportunities, we may not be able to achieve our desired operating efficiencies and expansion plans, which may adversely impact our competitiveness and our results of operations.
Of our 2023 net sales, approximately 54 percent were generated by sales to the food industry, approximately 10 percent by sales to the animal nutrition industry, approximately 9 percent by sales to the beverage industry, and approximately 7 percent by sales to the brewing industry.
Of our 2024 net sales, approximately 56 percent were generated by sales to the food industry, approximately 10 percent by sales to the beverage industry, approximately 8 percent by sales to the animal nutrition industry, and approximately 7 percent by sales to the brewing industry.
Due to market volatility, we may be unable to pass potential increases in the cost of corn and other raw materials on to customers through product price increases, to purchase quantities of corn and other raw materials at prices sufficient to 14 Table of Con tents sustain or increase our profitability, or to supply product quantities and meet shipment delivery requirements that our customers demand.
Market volatility may adversely affect our ability to pass through potential increases in the cost of corn and other raw materials to customers via product price increases, to purchase quantities of corn and other raw materials at prices sufficient to sustain or increase our profitability, or to supply product quantities and meet shipment delivery requirements that our customers demand.
Historically, we have been able to adjust local prices relatively quickly to offset the effect of local currency depreciation versus the U.S. dollar, although we cannot guarantee our ability to do this in the future.
Historically, we have been able to adjust local prices relatively quickly to offset the effect of local currency depreciation versus the U.S. dollar, although we may not be able to do so in the future.
If we fail to compile, assess and report the required operating and accounting information in a timely manner and in accordance with mandatory reporting standards, we could be exposed to fines and other sanctions and sustain harm to our reputation.
We expect to incur substantial costs to prepare these disclosures and implement internal controls for sustainability reporting. If we fail to compile, assess and report the required operating and accounting information in a timely manner and in accordance with mandatory reporting standards, we could be exposed to fines and other sanctions and sustain harm to our reputation.
Integration of an acquired company or transitioning a divested business or operations may also require significant management resources that otherwise would be available for developing our ongoing business. Moreover, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, divestiture or strategic alliance and such transactions may not generate anticipated financial results.
Integration of an acquired company or transitioning a divested business or operations may also require significant management resources that otherwise would be available for developing our ongoing business. Moreover, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, divestiture or strategic alliance and may have to record impairment charges on goodwill or other write-offs.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry Geopolitical conflicts and actions arising from them may have an adverse effect on the availability and prices of raw materials and energy supplies, cause supply chain disruptions, or contribute to volatility in foreign exchange and interest rates.
Geopolitical conflicts and actions arising from them may have an adverse effect on the availability and prices of raw materials and energy supplies, cause supply chain disruptions, or contribute to volatility in foreign exchange and interest rates. Our business may be adversely affected by geopolitical conflicts, including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and conflict in the Middle East.
Strikes, lockouts or other work stoppages or slowdowns involving our unionized employees, or attempts to organize for collective bargaining purposes among non-unionized employees, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We have employees domiciled in the U.S. and in other countries who belong to labor unions. Strikes, lockouts or other work stoppages or slowdowns involving our unionized employees or attempts to organize for collective bargaining purposes among non-unionized employees, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We continue to issue debt securities to finance capital expenditures, working capital and acquisitions, and for other general corporate purposes. An increase in interest rates in the general economy could result in an increase in our borrowing costs for these financings, as well as under our revolving credit facility, which bears interest at an unhedged floating rate.
An increase in interest rates in the general economy could result in an increase in our borrowing costs for these financings, as well as under our revolving credit facility, which bears interest at an unhedged floating rate.
We may hedge transactions that are denominated in a currency other than the currency of the operating unit entering into the underlying transaction. Our hedging activities may not be fully successful in limiting the adverse impacts of our currency risks . Our operations are subject to political, economic and other risks.
Our hedging activities may not be fully successful in limiting the adverse impacts of our currency risks . Our international operations are subject to political, economic and other risks.
Despite our substantial investment in physical and technological security measures, employee training and contractual precautions, our information technology networks and infrastructure (or those of our third-party vendors and other service providers) are potentially vulnerable to unauthorized access to data, loss of access to systems or breaches of confidential information due to criminal conduct, attacks by hackers, employee or insider malfeasance or human error. 20 Table of Con tents Although we have put in place security measures to protect ourselves against cyber-based attacks and disaster recovery plans for our critical systems that are designed to protect our data and customer data and to prevent data loss and other security incidents, these security measures cannot provide absolute security.
Despite our substantial investment in physical and technological security measures, employee training and contractual precautions, our information technology networks and infrastructure (or those of our third-party vendors and other service providers) are potentially vulnerable to unauthorized access to data, loss of access to systems or breaches of confidential information due to criminal conduct, attacks by hackers, employee or insider malfeasance or human error.
Our manufacturing operations also could be adversely affected by reduced water availability resulting from droughts. There is a growing societal concern that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may have an adverse effect on global temperatures, weather patterns and the frequency and severity of natural disasters.
There is a global concern that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may have an adverse effect on global temperatures, weather patterns and the frequency and severity of natural disasters.
These conditions are difficult to anticipate, are beyond our control and could adversely impact our profitability by affecting the prices we pay for raw materials. Inputs to our procurement, production processes and delivery channels, such as raw material, energy, and freight and logistics, may experience price fluctuations, supply chain interruptions, and shortages that could adversely affect our results of operations.
Inputs to our procurement, production processes and delivery channels, such as raw material, energy, and freight and logistics, may experience price fluctuations, supply chain interruptions, tariffs, duties, and shortages that could adversely affect our results of operations.
In addition, changing customer preferences may result in increased demands regarding packaging materials and other components in our products and their environmental impact on sustainability. Moreover, customers may place increasing importance on purchasing products that are sustainably grown and made, requiring us to incur additional costs for increased due diligence and reporting.
Moreover, customers may place increasing importance on purchasing products that are sustainably grown and made, requiring us to incur additional costs for increased due diligence and reporting.
Country capital controls, such as those in Pakistan and Argentina, may prevent the repatriation of dividends or payments due to us from our subsidiaries in the country.
Country capital controls, such as those imposed in Pakistan and Argentina, may prevent the repatriation of dividends or payments due to us from our subsidiaries in countries that impose such controls. Our profitability could be negatively impacted if we fail to maintain satisfactory labor relations.
We face intensive competition in retaining and hiring individuals with the requisite expertise, both within and outside the ingredients solutions industry, including from companies that have greater resources than we do. Changes in labor markets as a result of the recent coronavirus pandemic and other socioeconomic and demographic changes have increased the competition for hiring and retaining talent.
We face intensive competition in retaining and hiring individuals with the requisite expertise, both within and outside the ingredient solutions industry, including from companies that have greater resources than we do.
We conduct preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs at our manufacturing facilities designed to maintain and improve grind capacity and facility reliability.
Producing starches, sweeteners and other food and industrial ingredients is a capital-intensive industry. We conduct preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs at our manufacturing facilities designed to maintain and improve capacity and facility reliability.
We are or soon will be obligated to comply with new climate-related reporting requirements under SEC rules, California climate-related reporting statutes, laws of member states of the European Union implementing the EU Corporate 16 Table of Con tents Sustainability Reporting Directive, and other laws and regulations.
These demands may cause us to incur additional costs or make other changes to other operations to respond to such demands, which could adversely affect our financial results. 16 Table of Contents We are or soon will be obligated to comply with new sustainability and climate-related reporting requirements under California climate-related reporting statutes, laws of member states of the European Union implementing the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, and other laws and regulations.
Additionally, we have $2.9 billion of long-lived assets, or 38 percent of our total assets, as of December 31, 2023. We perform an annual impairment assessment for goodwill and our indefinite-lived intangible assets and as necessary for other long-lived assets.
We perform an annual impairment assessment for goodwill and our indefinite-lived intangible assets and as necessary for other long-lived assets.
In North America, we sell a large portion of our finished products derived from corn at firm prices established in supply contracts typically lasting for a period of one year.
In North America countries serviced by our F&II segments, we sell a large portion of our finished products derived from corn at firm prices established in supply contracts typically with a term of one year, though some may be shorter, and some may be multi-year.
Any failure by us to attract, develop, retain, motivate and maintain good relationships with qualified individuals could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Natural disasters, war, acts and threats of terrorism, and other significant events could negatively impact our business.
Any failure by us to attract, develop, retain, motivate and maintain good relationships with qualified individuals could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our business and financial results may be adversely affected by legal and regulatory proceedings.
This law will adversely impact our provision for income taxes. Risks Related to Our Financing Activities We may not have access to the funds required for future growth and expansion. We may not have access to additional funds we need to grow and expand our operations.
Risks Related to Our Financing Activities We may not have access to the funds required for future growth and expansion. We may not have access to additional funds we need to grow and expand our operations. We expect to fund our capital expenditures from our cash flows from operations if we are able.
We are subject to risks associated with the long-term effects of climate change on the global economy and on our industry in particular.
Global climate change and legal, regulatory, or market measures to address climate change, may negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. We are subject to risks associated with the long-term effects of climate change on the global economy and on our industry in particular.
Our working capital requirements, including margin requirements on open positions on futures exchanges, are directly affected by the price of corn and other agricultural commodities, which may fluctuate significantly and change quickly.
Our working capital requirements, including margin requirements on open positions on futures exchanges, are directly affected by the price of corn and other agricultural commodities, which may fluctuate significantly and change quickly. 15 Table of Contents Operating difficulties at our manufacturing facilities and liabilities relating to product safety and quality could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects.
These specialty grains cost more due to their more limited availability and require planning cycles of up to three years to ensure we receive an adequate supply. We also manufacture certain starch-based products from potatoes. Our current potato starch requirements constitute a material portion of the total available North American supply.
Some of our products are based upon specific varieties of corn that are produced in significantly smaller volumes than yellow dent corn. These specialty grains cost more due to their more limited availability and require planning cycles of up to three years to ensure we receive an adequate supply. We also manufacture certain starch-based products from potatoes.
However, we cannot ensure that these security assessments and audits will identify or appropriately categorize relevant and contemporary risks or result in the protection of our computer networks against security intrusions.
However, these security assessments and audits may not identify or appropriately categorize relevant risks or protect our computer networks against security intrusions.
It is possible that, in the long term, continued growth in demand for potato starch-based ingredients and new product development could result in capacity constraints. Also, we utilize tapioca in the manufacturing of starch products primarily in Thailand, as well as pulses, gum, rice, stevia and other raw materials around the world.
Also, we utilize tapioca in the manufacturing of starch products, primarily in Thailand, as well as pulses, gum, rice, stevia and other raw materials around the world.
International risks and uncertainties, including changing social and economic conditions as well as terrorism, political hostilities and war, could limit our ability to transact business in these markets and could adversely affect our revenues and operating results. Furthermore, the national and global regulation or taxation of greenhouse gas emissions could negatively affect our business, operations and financial results.
In general, changes in general government policy, law, or regulation and costs of legal compliance, including compliance with environmental regulation, and international risks and uncertainties, including changing social and economic conditions as well as terrorism, political hostilities and war, could limit our ability to transact business in certain markets and could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects.
Future acquisitions or divestitures could also require us to issue equity securities, incur debt, assume contingent liabilities, impair assets, or amortize expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could harm our business.
Future acquisitions or divestitures could also require us to issue equity securities, incur debt, assume contingent liabilities or amortize expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could harm our business. Additionally, we participate in several joint ventures, some of which are intended to be long-term investments, in which we have limited control over governance, financial reporting, and operations.
The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate that would require a change in our assumptions or strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, could require us to perform an assessment prior to the next required assessment date of July 1, 2024. 18 Table of Con tents Risks Related to Our Regulatory Compliance Government policies and regulations could adversely affect our operating results.
If the results of such assessments were to show that the fair value of these assets were less than the carrying values, we could be required to recognize a charge for impairment of goodwill or long-lived assets, which could be material. 18 Table of Contents The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate that would require a change in our assumptions or strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, could require us to perform an assessment prior to the next required assessment date of July 1, 2025.
The anticipated strength in the U.S. dollar may continue to involve risks, as it could take us an extended period of time to fully recapture the impact of a loss of foreign currency value versus the U.S. dollar.
If the strength of the U.S. dollar continues, it could take us an extended period to fully recapture the impact of a loss of foreign currency value versus the U.S. dollar. We may hedge transactions that are denominated in a currency other than the currency of the operating unit entering into the underlying transaction.
Our reliance on certain industries for a significant portion of our sales could have a material adverse effect on our business.
This forecasting difficulty also may cause a shortage of products that could affect our ability to satisfy the demand for our products. Our reliance on certain industries for a significant portion of our sales could have a material adverse effect on our business.
These risks individually and in the aggregate could have a material effect on our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. The uncertainty of acceptance of products developed through biotechnology could affect our profitability.
Emerging epidemics such as H5N1 (avian influenza) could mature into a future pandemic and regardless could affect the demand for and pricing of our co-products or products. These risks individually and in the aggregate could have a material effect on our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects.
Volatile worldwide economic conditions and market instability may make it difficult for us, our customers and our suppliers to accurately forecast future product demand trends, which could cause us to produce products in excess of demand, increase our inventory carrying costs, and incur additional charges for aged, obsolete or spoiled inventory. 13 Table of Con tents Alternatively, this forecasting difficulty may cause a shortage of products that could affect our ability to satisfy the demand for our products.
In connection with our defined benefit pension plans, adverse changes in investment returns earned on pension assets and discount rates used to calculate pension and related liabilities or changes in required pension funding levels may have an unfavorable impact on future pension expenses and cash flows. 13 Table of Contents Volatile worldwide economic conditions and market instability may make it difficult for us, our customers and our suppliers to accurately forecast future product demand trends, which could cause us to produce products in excess of demand, increase our inventory carrying costs, and incur additional charges for aged, obsolete or spoiled inventory.
Changes in consumer practices, preferences and perceptions may lessen the demand for our products, which could reduce our sales and profitability and harm our business. Food products are often affected by changes in consumer practices and tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions and demographic trends.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry Changes in consumer practices, preferences, demand and perceptions, including with respect to products developed through biotechnology, may lessen the demand for our products, which could reduce our sales and profitability and harm our business.
If we are unable to contain our operating costs and maintain the productivity and reliability of our production facilities, our profitability and growth could be adversely affected. Operating difficulties at our manufacturing facilities and liabilities relating to product safety and quality could adversely affect our operating results. Producing starches and sweeteners through corn refining is a capital-intensive industry.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing matters could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. If we are unable to contain our operating costs and maintain the productivity and reliability of our production facilities, our profitability and growth could be adversely affected.
Any such event could result in disruptions to operations, asset write-offs, decreased sales and a negative impact on our cash position. The recognition of impairment charges on goodwill or long-lived assets could adversely impact our future financial position and results of operations.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing matters could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects and could require us to devote significant resources to rebuild our reputation. The recognition of impairment charges on goodwill or long-lived assets could adversely impact our future financial position and results of operations.
In addition, the stock market has experienced significant price fluctuations that have affected the market prices of equity securities of many companies that have been unrelated to the operating performance of any individual company. We may not continue to pay dividends or to pay dividends at the same rate we have paid in our most recent fiscal quarters.
Risks Related to Investment in Our Common Stock We may not continue to pay dividends, repurchase shares of our common stock, or to pay dividends or repurchase shares of our common stock at the same rate we have paid in our most recent fiscal quarters.
Our payment of dividends, as well as the amount of any dividends, is solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Future dividend payments, if any, also will be subject to our financial results and the availability of statutory surplus funds to pay dividends.
Future dividend payments and repurchases of our common stock, if any, also will be subject to our financial results, the availability of statutory surplus funds to pay dividends or repurchase shares of our common stock, and our assessment of liquidity for strategic investments, ongoing business operations or capital structure changes.
Our finished products are made primarily from corn. Purchased corn and other raw material costs generally account for between 40 percent and 60 percent of our finished product costs. Some of our products are based upon specific varieties of corn that are produced in significantly smaller volumes than yellow dent corn.
These conditions are difficult to anticipate, are beyond our control and could adversely impact our profitability by affecting the prices we pay for raw materials. 14 Table of Contents Our finished products are made primarily from corn. Purchased corn and other raw material costs generally account for between 40 percent and 60 percent of our finished product costs.
There has been and continues to be significant political instability in some countries in which we operate. Economic changes, terrorist activity and political unrest may result in business interruption or decreased demand for our products.
Resulting tariffs, duties, levies, or import or export licensing requirements could also adversely affect our results of operations. Economic changes, terrorist activity and political unrest may result in business interruption or decreased demand for our products.
Removed
Our business may be adversely affected by new geopolitical conflicts, including impacts from conflicts that affect shipping through the Suez Canal, as well as the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
Added
The demand for food products, including agricultural products developed through biotechnology, is often affected by changes in consumer practices and tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions.
Removed
In connection with our defined benefit pension plans, adverse changes in investment returns earned on pension assets and discount rates used to calculate pension and related liabilities or changes in required pension funding levels may have an unfavorable impact on future pension expenses and cash flows.
Added
The success of our business depends on the continuing innovation, research, development, formulation, maintenance and operation of our products and services, including more sustainable production. A significant portion of our growth depends on innovation in products, processes and services.
Removed
The commercial success of agricultural products developed through biotechnology, including genetically modified corn, depends in part on public acceptance of their development, cultivation, distribution and consumption. Public attitudes can be influenced by claims that genetically modified products are unsafe for consumption or that they pose unknown risks to the environment, even if such claims are not based on scientific studies.
Added
The T&HS segment’s current potato starch requirements constitute a substantial portion of the total available supply of feedstock in the U.S. and Canada. It is possible that, in the long term, continued growth in demand for potato starch-based ingredients and new product development could result in capacity constraints.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

11 edited+1 added−1 removed10 unchanged
In addition, our contracts with these service providers require them to promptly report security incidents to us and to provide us with access to relevant information and resources to allow us to conduct related investigations. Our cybersecurity risk management processes are integrated as part of our overall enterprise risk management (ERM) processes.
In addition, our contracts with these service providers require them to promptly report security incidents to us and to provide us with access to relevant information and resources to allow us to conduct related investigations. Our cybersecurity risk management processes are integrated as part of our overall enterprise risk management processes.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY We face numerous cybersecurity risks that include cyber-based attacks and other security threats to our systems. We also could be adversely affected by cybersecurity incidents affecting our suppliers and other third-party service providers. To meet these threats, we expend considerable resources on cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY We face numerous cybersecurity risks that include cyber-based attacks and other security threats to our systems. We also could be adversely affected by cybersecurity incidents affecting our suppliers and other third-party service providers. To meet these threats, we expend what we consider to be adequate resources on cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance.
Our Senior Director, Global Information Security has over two decades of service at multinational companies and a federal government agency, including over one year of service at our company in his current position dedicated to information technology and cybersecurity, and possesses significant experience in protecting critical data and building cybersecurity-resilient organizations.
Our Senior Director, Global Information Security, who has over two decades of service at multinational companies and a federal government agency, including over two years of service at Ingredion in his current position dedicated to information technology and cybersecurity, possesses significant experience in protecting critical data and building cybersecurity-resilient organizations.
Our Chief Digital and Information Officer has over 30 years of experience at multinational companies, including six years of service at our company in his current position as a digital leader and executive, including experience managing and responding to cybersecurity risks. He holds a bachelor’s degree in computer science.
Our Chief Digital and Information Officer, who holds a bachelor’s degree in computer science, has over 30 years of experience at multinational companies, including seven years of service at Ingredion in his current position as a digital leader and executive, which includes experience managing and responding to cybersecurity risks.
Our Audit Committee conducts its oversight of our cybersecurity risk management as part of its oversight of our 22 Table of Con tents enterprise risk management policies and procedures.
Our Audit Committee conducts its oversight of our cybersecurity risk management as part of its oversight of our enterprise risk management policies and procedures.
For a discussion of cybersecurity risks affecting our business, see Item 1A - Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Information Technology Systems. 23 Table of Con tents
For a discussion of cybersecurity risks affecting our business, see Item 1A - Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Information Technology Systems. 22 Table of Contents
He holds a bachelor’s degree in telecommunications management and a master’s degree in cybersecurity, as well as a current Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) certification. To date, the risks from cybersecurity threats have not materially affected us.
He holds a bachelor’s degree in telecommunications management and a master’s degree in cybersecurity, as well as a current Certified Information Systems Security Professional (“CISSP”) certification. To date, cybersecurity breaches have not materially affected us.
In addition, we conduct cybersecurity tabletop exercises to simulate an actual incident and increase our team’s awareness and preparedness. Based upon these activities, we maintain a risk register to track identified vulnerabilities and associated mitigation plans. We also regularly conduct security awareness training and phishing exercises for our employees around the world to help them identify and report suspicious activity.
Based upon these activities, we maintain a risk register to track identified vulnerabilities and associated mitigation plans. We also regularly conduct security awareness training and phishing exercises for our employees around the world to help them identify and report suspicious activity.
On a regular basis, the Audit Committee considers management’s reports on significant changes to our cybersecurity policies and standards, as well as risk mitigation and remediation efforts being undertaken with respect to cybersecurity incidents and under the program generally. The Audit Committee regularly reports to the Board of Directors on its activities with respect to cybersecurity matters.
On a regular basis, the Audit Committee considers management’s reports on significant changes to our cybersecurity strategy, as well as risk mitigation and remediation efforts being undertaken with respect to cybersecurity incidents and under the program generally.
The Audit Committee is responsible under its charter for reviewing with our management our policies and procedures with respect to cybersecurity risks and the processes management has implemented to monitor and mitigate those risk exposures.
The Board of Directors, directly and through its Audit Committee, oversees our cybersecurity risk management by reviewing material cybersecurity trends, potential risks and strategic priorities, and by monitoring progress made towards those priorities. The Audit Committee is responsible under its charter for reviewing with our management the processes management has implemented to monitor and mitigate cybersecurity risk exposures.
In general, our incident and crisis management plans are aligned with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework for cybersecurity. These plans are intended to provide a framework and processes that allow us to take a consistent approach to cybersecurity before, during and after a cybersecurity incident. Our plans are reviewed and updated periodically.
These plans are intended to provide a framework and processes that allow us to take a consistent approach to cybersecurity before, during and after a cybersecurity incident. Our plans are reviewed and updated periodically. In addition, we conduct cybersecurity tabletop exercises to simulate an actual incident and increase our team’s awareness and preparedness.
Removed
The Board of Directors, directly and through its Audit Committee, oversees our cybersecurity risk management. The Board of Directors reviews material cybersecurity risks we face, approves strategic priorities, and monitors progress made towards those priorities.
Added
The Audit Committee regularly reports to the Board of Directors on its activities with respect to cybersecurity matters. 21 Table of Contents In general, our incident and crisis management plans are aligned with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) framework for cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties

Properties — owned and leased real estate

3 edited+4 added−5 removed0 unchanged
Furthermore, we intend to continue capital investments to support updates, modifications, improvements and efficient operations of our facilities for the foreseeable future.
Furthermore, we intend to continue capital investments to support updates, modifications, improvements and efficient operations of our facilities for the foreseeable future. 23 Table of Contents
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES As of December 31, 2023, we owned or leased, directly and through our consolidated subsidiaries, 47 manufacturing facilities. In addition, we lease our corporate headquarters in Westchester, Illinois; our R&D facility in Bridgewater, New Jersey; and shared service centers in Tulsa, Oklahoma; Guadalajara, Mexico; and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES We owned or leased, directly and through our consolidated subsidiaries, 46 manufacturing facilities. In addition, we lease our corporate headquarters in Westchester, Illinois; our R&D facility in Bridgewater, New Jersey; and shared service centers in Tulsa, Oklahoma; Guadalajara, Mexico; and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Leased Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S. Owned Bedford Park, Illinois, U.S. Owned Mapleton, Illinois, U.S. Owned Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. Owned Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S. Owned Fort Fairfield, Maine, U.S. Owned Belcamp, Maryland, U.S. Owned North Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. Owned South Sioux City, Nebraska, U.S. Owned Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S. Owned Salem, Oregon, U.S. Owned Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
Leased Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S. Owned Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. Owned Fort Fairfield, Maine, U.S. Owned Belcamp, Maryland, U.S. Owned North Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. Owned Salem, Oregon, U.S. Owned Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. Owned Richland, Washington, U.S. Owned Moses Lake, Washington, U.S. Owned Plover, Wisconsin, U.S.
Removed
As of February 21, 2024, after the February 1, 2024 divestiture of our South Korea operations, our four reportable business segments include the following 45 manufacturing facilities: North America Cardinal, Ontario, Canada Owned London, Ontario, Canada Owned Vanscoy, Saskatchewan, Canada Owned San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, Mexico Owned Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico Owned Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico Owned Oxnard, California, U.S.
Added
As of February 20, 2025, our three reportable business segments and All Other include the following 46 manufacturing facilities: Texture & Healthful Solutions Shandong Province North, China Owned Shandong Province South, China Owned Shanghai, China Owned Hamburg, Germany Owned Wesenberg, Germany Owned Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Owned Malegaon, Nashik, Maharashtra, India Owned Ban Kao Dien, Thailand Owned Kalasin, Thailand Owned Sikhiu, Thailand Owned Banglen, Thailand Leased Goole, United Kingdom Partially Leased Oxnard, California, U.S.
Removed
Owned Richland, Washington, U.S. Owned Moses Lake, Washington, U.S. Owned Plover, Wisconsin, U.S.
Added
Owned Food & Industrial Ingredients - LATAM Alcantara, Brazil Owned Balsa Nova, Brazil Owned Cabo, Brazil Owned Mogi-Guacu, Brazil Owned Barranquilla, Colombia Owned Cali, Colombia Owned San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, Mexico Owned Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico Owned Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico Owned Lima, Peru Owned Food & Industrial Ingredients - U.S./Canada Cardinal, Ontario, Canada Owned London, Ontario, Canada Owned Bedford Park, Illinois, U.S.
Removed
Owned South America Alcantara, Brazil Owned Balsa Nova, Brazil Owned Cabo, Brazil Owned Mogi-Guacu, Brazil Owned Barranquilla, Colombia Owned Cali, Colombia Owned Lima, Peru Owned Asia-Pacific Ganzhou, China Owned Shandong Province, China Owned Shanghai, China Owned Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Owned Malegaon, Nashik, Maharashtra, India Owned Enstek, Malaysia Owned Ban Kao Dien, Thailand Owned Kalasin, Thailand Owned Sikhiu, Thailand Owned Banglen, Thailand Leased EMEA Hamburg, Germany Owned Wesenberg, Germany Owned Cornwala, Jaranwala, Pakistan Owned Mehran, Jamshoro, Pakistan Owned Rakh Canal, Faisalabad, Pakistan Owned Goole, United Kingdom Partially leased We believe our manufacturing facilities are sufficient to meet our current production commitments, and we conduct preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs designed to improve grind capacity and facility reliability.
Added
Owned Mapleton, Illinois, U.S. Owned Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S. Owned Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S. Owned All Other Vanscoy, Saskatchewan, Canada Owned Ganzhou, China Owned Enstek, Malaysia Owned Cornwala, Jaranwala, Pakistan Owned Mehran, Jamshoro, Pakistan Owned Rakh Canal, Faisalabad, Pakistan Owned South Sioux City, Nebraska, U.S.
Removed
We have electricity or biomass co-generation facilities at our manufacturing facilities in London, Ontario, Canada; Cardinal, Ontario, Canada; Bedford Park, Illinois; Winston-Salem, North Carolina; San Juan del Rio, Queretaro and Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico; Cali, Colombia; Cornwala, Jaranwala, Pakistan; and Balsa Nova and Mogi-Guacu, Brazil. These facilities provide electricity at a lower cost than is available from third parties.
Added
Owned We have announced the closure of or our intent to close our facilities in Goole, Alcantara and Vanscoy. We believe our manufacturing facilities are sufficient to meet our current production commitments, and we conduct preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs designed to improve grind capacity and facility reliability.
Removed
We generally own and operate the co-generation facilities, except for the facilities at our Mexico City and Brazil locations, which are owned by and operated pursuant to co-generation agreements with third parties. 24 Table of Con tents

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings — active lawsuits and investigations

2 edited+0 added−3 removed4 unchanged
There can be no assurance, however, that such claims, suits or investigations or those arising in the future, whether taken individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 25 Table of Con tents PART II
There can be no assurance, however, that such claims, suits or investigations or those arising in the future, whether taken individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 24 Table of Contents PART II
In addition to the foregoing matters, we are currently subject to claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business, including those relating to labor matters, certain environmental proceedings and commercial claims.
In addition to the foregoing matter, we are currently subject to claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business, including those relating to workplace and labor matters, asbestos related claims, environmental proceedings and commercial claims.
Removed
In 2015 and 2016, we self-reported certain monitoring and recordkeeping issues relating to environmental regulatory matters involving our Indianapolis, Indiana manufacturing facility. In September 2017, following inspections and our provision of requested information to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”), the EPA issued to us a Notice of Violation, which included additional alleged violations beyond those we self-reported.
Removed
These additional alleged violations primarily related to the results of stack testing at the facility. The EPA referred the overall matter to the U.S. Department of Justice, Environment and Natural Resources Division (the “DOJ”). In November 2023, in the final resolution of this matter, we entered into a consent decree to settle claims that we violated the Clean Air Act.
Removed
The consent decree required us to pay a civil penalty of $1.1 million, contribute $0.6 million to the State of Indiana to support Brownfields redevelopment in and around Marion County, Indiana, and undertake projects at the Indianapolis facility to reduce and offset unpermitted emissions of particulate matter and to comply with lower future particulate matter limits.

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

3 edited+0 added−0 removed2 unchanged
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information: Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “INGR.” Holders: At February 15, 2024, there were 2,979 holders of record of our common stock. Dividends: We have a history of paying quarterly dividends.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information: Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “INGR.” Holders: On February 14, 2025, there were 2,801 holders of record of our common stock. Dividends: We have a history of paying quarterly cash dividends.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities: The following provides information about our stock repurchase program during the fourth quarter of 2023: (shares in thousands) Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the 2022 Stock Repurchase Program October 1 – October 31, 2023 — — — 5,000 November 1 – November 30, 2023 — — — 5,000 December 1 – December 31, 2023 — — — 5,000 Total — — — On September 26, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to 6.0 million shares of our outstanding common stock until December 31, 2025.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities: The following provides information about our stock repurchase program during the fourth quarter of 2024: (shares in thousands) Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the 2022 Stock Repurchase Program October 1 – October 31, 2024 — — — 4,238 November 1 – November 30, 2024 271 144.93 271 3,967 December 1 – December 31, 2024 620 143.30 620 3,347 Total 891 143.83 891 On September 26, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to 6.0 million shares of our outstanding common stock until December 31, 2025.
At December 31, 2023, we had 5.0 million shares available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program.
At December 31, 2024, we had 3.3 million shares available for repurchase under the program. ITEM 6. [RESERVED] Not applicable. 25 Table of Contents

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

33 edited+15 added−19 removed13 unchanged
We believe these metrics provide valuable information to help us run our business and are useful to investors. The metrics Adjusted ROIC and Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA include certain financial measures (Adjusted operating income, net of tax, and Adjusted EBITDA, respectively) that are not calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).
We believe these metrics provide valuable information to help us run our business and are useful to investors. The metrics Adjusted ROIC and Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA include certain financial measures (Adjusted operating income, net of tax, and Adjusted EBITDA) that are not calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).
As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with these financial covenants. Our commercial paper program allows us to issue senior unsecured notes of short maturities up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of $1.0 billion outstanding at any time. The notes may be sold from time to time on customary terms in the U.S. commercial paper market.
As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with these financial covenants. Our commercial paper program allows us to issue senior unsecured notes of short maturities up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of $1.0 billion outstanding at any time. The notes may be sold from time to time on customary terms in the U.S. commercial paper market.
Our future cash flow needs will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, cost of raw materials, changing working capital requirements, the timing and extent of our expansion into new markets, the timing of introductions of new products, potential or agreed acquisitions of or investments in complementary businesses and technologies, continuing market acceptance of our new products, and general economic and market conditions.
Our future cash flow needs will depend on many factors, including 28 Table of Contents our rate of revenue growth, cost of raw materials, changing working capital requirements, the timing and extent of our expansion into new markets, the timing of introductions of new products, potential or agreed acquisitions of or investments in complementary businesses and technologies, continuing market acceptance of our new products, and general economic and market conditions.
For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 With Comparatives for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 A discussion of the year-over-year comparison of results for 2022 and 2021 is not included in this report and can be found in Part II, Item 7.
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 With Comparatives for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 A discussion of the year-over-year comparison of results for 2023 and 2022 is not included in this report and can be found in Part II, Item 7.
We may need to raise additional capital or incur indebtedness to fund our needs for less predictable strategic initiatives, such as acquisitions. Net Cash Flows Our cash provided by operating activities increased to $1,057 million in 2023 from $152 million in 2022.
We may need to raise additional capital or incur indebtedness to fund our needs for less predictable strategic initiatives, such as acquisitions. Net Cash Flows Our cash provided by operating activities increased to $1,436 million in 2024 from $1,057 million in 2023.
During 2023, we also repurchased 1.0 million outstanding shares of our common stock in open market transactions at a net cost of $101 million. We have not provided foreign withholding taxes, state income taxes and federal and state taxes on foreign currency gains/losses on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries because these earnings are considered to be permanently reinvested.
During 2024, we also repurchased 1.7 million outstanding shares of our common stock in open market transactions at a net cost of $216 million. We have not provided foreign withholding taxes, state income taxes and federal and state taxes on foreign currency gains/losses on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries because these earnings are considered to be permanently reinvested.
As the parent company, we guarantee certain obligations of our consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2023, our guarantees aggregated $49 million. We believe that those consolidated subsidiaries will be able to meet their financial obligations as they become due.
As the parent company, we guarantee certain obligations of our consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2024, our guarantees aggregated $35 million. We believe that those consolidated subsidiaries will be able to meet their financial obligations as they become due.
Dividends paid, including those to non-controlling interests, increased 7 percent to $194 million during 2023 from $181 million during 2022. The increase was due to an increase in our quarterly dividend rate per share of common stock, which typically occurs during the third quarter of each fiscal year.
Dividends paid, including those to non-controlling interests, increased 8 percent to $210 million during 2024 from $194 million during 2023. The increase was due to an increase in our quarterly dividend rate per share of common stock, which typically occurs during the third quarter of each fiscal year.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Ingredion’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 2023, we had total available liquidity of $1.7 billion.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Ingredion’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 2024, we had total available liquidity of $2.6 billion.
We assess whether we are achieving our profitability and value creation objectives by measuring our 30 Table of Con tents Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”). We monitor our financial leverage by regularly reviewing our ratio of net debt to adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA”).
We assess whether we are achieving our profitability and value creation objectives by measuring our Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (“Adjusted ROIC”). We monitor our financial leverage by regularly reviewing our ratio of net debt to adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA”).
In December 2023, we paid in full without penalty the $200 million principal outstanding on our term loan that was due on December 16, 2024 (“Term Loan”). The weighted average interest rate on our total indebtedness was 4.5 percent for 2023 and 3.5 percent for 2022.
In 2023, we paid in full without penalty the $200 million principal outstanding on our term loan that was due on December 16, 2024. The weighted average interest rate on our total indebtedness was 4.02 percent for 2024 and 4.50 percent for 2023.
As of December 31, 2023, we had international liquidity of $1.0 billion, consisting of $369 million of cash and cash equivalents and $8 million of short-term investments held by our operations outside the U.S., as well as $652 million of unused operating lines of credit in foreign countries where we operate.
As of December 31, 2024, we had international liquidity of $1.1 billion, consisting of $449 million of cash and cash equivalents and $11 million of short-term investments held by our operations outside the U.S., as well as $622 million of unused operating lines of credit in foreign countries where we operate.
However, no assurance can be given that we will continue to meet our financial performance metric targets. See Item 1A. Risk Factors and
We cannot provide assurance, however, that we will continue to meet our financial performance metric targets. See Item 1A. Risk Factors and
We use and intend to continue using the note proceeds for general corporate purposes. During 2023, the average amount of commercial paper outstanding was $397 million with a weighted average interest rate of 5.30 percent over a weighted average maturity of 11 days.
We intend to continue using the note proceeds for general corporate purposes. During 2024, the average amount of commercial paper outstanding was $31 million with a weighted average interest rate of 5.51 percent over a weighted average maturity of eight days. As of December 31, 2024, no commercial paper was outstanding.
Domestic liquidity of $705 million consisted of $32 million in cash and cash equivalents and $673 million available through our $1.0 billion commercial paper program that had $327 million of outstanding borrowings. The commercial paper program is backed by $1.0 billion of borrowing availability under a five-year revolving credit agreement that we entered on June 30, 2021 as described below.
The commercial paper program is backed by $1.0 billion of borrowing availability under a five-year revolving credit agreement that we entered on June 30, 2021, as described below.
The increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily attributable to changes in working capital and current period net income, which excluded net assets and net liabilities we classified as held for sale for the February 1, 2024 sale of our South Korea business.
The increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to changes in working capital, which excluded net assets and net liabilities we classified as held for sale. Cash provided by working capital increased to $417 million in 2024, as compared to cash provided by working capital of $77 million in 2023.
Our operating income of $957 million for 2023 increased by 26 percent from operating income of $762 million for 2022. Net income attributable to Ingredion for 2023 was $643 million, or $9.60 diluted earnings per share, which represented an increase of 31 percent from $492 million, or $7.34 diluted earnings per share, for 2022.
Net income attributable to Ingredion for 2024 was $647 million, or $9.71 diluted earnings per share, which represented an increase of 1 percent from $643 million, or $9.60 diluted earnings per share, for 2023.
While we identify the impacts of acquisitions and investments on our results, our discussion below also addresses results of operations excluding those impacts, where appropriate, to provide a more comparable and meaningful analysis. Results of Operations We have operations in four reportable business segments: North America, South America, Asia-Pacific and EMEA.
While we identify the impacts of divestitures, acquisitions and investments, including investments in joint ventures that we account for as equity method investments, on our results, our discussion below also addresses results of operations excluding those impacts, where appropriate, to provide a more comparable and meaningful analysis.
Our cash used for investing activities increased to $329 million in 2023 from $320 million in 2022, primarily due to increased capital expenditures in 2023. In 2023, we used $316 million of cash for capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases to update, expand and improve our facilities, compared to $300 million we paid in 2022 for the same purposes.
In 2024, we used $301 million of cash for capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases to update, expand and improve our facilities, compared to $316 million we used in 2023 for the same purposes. Capital investment commitments for 2025 are anticipated to be approximately $450 million.
The increase in net sales was driven by price and customer mix, partially offset by lower volumes and unfavorable foreign exchange impacts. Cost of sales . Cost of sales decreased 1 percent to $6.4 billion for 2023 compared to $6.5 billion for 2022. The decrease in cost of sales primarily reflected lower volumes, partially offset by higher input costs.
Cost of sales decreased 12 percent to $5.6 billion for 2024 compared to $6.4 billion for 2023. The decrease in cost of sales primarily reflected lower corn input costs, reduced costs from the sale of our South Korea business, and were partially offset by input costs for higher volumes.
The decrease was driven by volume and unfavorable foreign exchange impacts, partially offset by price mix. Operating income . Asia-Pacific’s operating income increased 35 percent to $126 million for 2023 from $93 million for 2022. The increase was primarily driven by lower input costs, partially offset by lower volumes. EMEA Net sales .
T&HS net sales decreased 4 percent to $2,366 million for 2024 from $2,460 million for 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by unfavorable price mix and negative foreign exchange impacts, partially offset by increased volumes. Operating income . T&HS operating income decreased 11 percent to $350 million for 2024 from $394 million for 2023.
The difference was primarily attributable to increased payments on debt, including the $200 million principal payment on our unsecured Term Loan in December 2023, and a net $203 million reduction of our commercial paper borrowings during 2023. Also included in cash for financing activities are cash dividends we pay to our common stockholders of record on a quarterly basis.
We used $765 million of cash for financing activities in 2024 compared to cash used for financing activities of $569 million in 2023. The difference includes a net $264 million reduction of our commercial paper borrowings during 2024. Cash used for financing activities also includes cash dividends that we pay to our common stockholders of record on a quarterly basis.
Cash provided by working capital increased to $77 million in 2023, as compared to cash used for working capital of $664 million in 2022. This increase in cash provided by working capital was primarily due to decreases in inventory and trade accounts receivable, which was partially offset by decreases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities during 2023.
This increase in cash provided by working capital was primarily due to decreases in inventory and trade accounts receivable. Our cash used for investing activities decreased to $47 million in 2024 from $329 million in 2023, primarily due to the proceeds from the sale of our South Korea business of $255 million, partially offset by decreased capital expenditures in 2024.
As of December 31, 2023, we had total debt outstanding of $2.2 billion, or $1.7 billion excluding the outstanding commercial paper and other short-term borrowings. Our outstanding debt consists of senior notes where repayment will occur commencing in 2026 through 2050.
The amount of commercial paper outstanding under this program in 2025 is expected to fluctuate. As of December 31, 2024, we had total debt outstanding of $1.8 billion. Our outstanding debt consists primarily of senior notes under which repayment will commence in 2026 through 2050.
Our gross profit margin increased to 21 percent in 2023 compared to 19 percent in 2022. The increase in gross profit margin was driven by higher net sales in addition to a decrease in cost of sales. Operating expenses . Operating expenses increased 10 percent to $789 million for 2023 compared to $715 million for 2022.
Our gross profit margin increased to 24 percent in 2024 compared to 21 percent in 2023. The increase in gross profit margin was driven by favorable raw material and lower input costs. 26 Table of Contents Operating expenses . Operating expenses decreased 1 percent to $782 million for 2024 compared to $789 million for 2023.
The increase in operating expenses during 2023 was primarily attributable to higher compensation costs and spending to build long-term capabilities. Operating expenses as a percentage of net sales was 10 percent in 2023 and 9 percent in 2022. Other operating (income) expense .
Operating expenses as a percentage of net sales was 11 percent in 2024 and 10 percent in 2023. Other operating (income) expense, net . Other operating (income) expense, net was $1 million of income for 2024 compared to $8 million of income for 2023.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the U.S. dollar amounts of our foreign subsidiaries’ revenues and expenses. For most of our foreign subsidiaries, the local foreign currency is the functional currency. Accordingly, revenues and expenses denominated in the functional currencies of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable average exchange rates for the period.
Accordingly, net sales and expenses denominated in the functional currencies of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable average exchange rates for the period. Our business performed well and remained resilient throughout fiscal year 2024. Our net income and diluted earnings per share increased in fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023.
The increase in our net sales and operating income was driven by price and customer mix, partially offset by lower volumes and impacts of foreign exchange rates.
The decrease in net sales was driven by lower price mix, including the pass through of lower corn costs, reduced net sales from the sale of our South Korea business, which closed on February 1, 2024, and foreign exchange impacts, partially offset by T&HS favorable volumes. Cost of sales .
The increase in net income was driven by these factors in addition to a more favorable effective tax rate. 27 Table of Con tents For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 With Comparatives for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 Net sales . Net sales increased 3 percent to $8.2 billion for 2023 compared to $7.9 billion for 2022.
The increase in net income and diluted earnings per share was primarily drive by the above in addition to lower financing costs, partially offset by a higher effective tax rate for 2024. For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 With Comparatives for the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Net sales .
The increase was primarily due to higher interest rates in 2023 as compared to 2022. Provision for income taxes . Our effective income tax rates for 2023 and 2022 were 22.4 percent and 24.9 percent, respectively.
Net gain on sale of business. Net gain on sale of business was $90 million for 2024 to reflect the sale of our South Korea business. There was no such gain recorded in 2023. Provision for income taxes . Our effective income tax rates were 29.8 percent for 2024 and 22.4 percent for 2023.
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests decreased to $8 million for 2023 from $10 million for 2022. Net Income attributable to Ingredion . Net income attributable to Ingredion for 2023 increased to $643 million from $492 million for 2022.
These impacts were partially offset by favorable tax treatment on the sale of our South Korea business. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests . Net income attributable to non-controlling interests decreased to $7 million for 2024 from $8 million for 2023. Net Income attributable to Ingredion .
The increase was primarily driven by price mix, partially offset by volume and unfavorable foreign exchange impacts. Operating income . North America’s operating income increased 27 percent to $718 million for 2023 from $565 million for 2022. The increase was driven by favorable price mix, partially offset by lower volumes and higher fixed costs. South America Net sales .
The decrease was driven by unfavorable price mix and the carry-forward of higher cost inventory from 2023, partially offset by improved volumes. Food & Industrial Ingredients - LATAM Net sales . F&II - LATAM net sales decreased 7 percent to $2,450 million for 2024 from $2,633 million for 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by lower price mix.
The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily driven by the value of the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar, IRS Notice 2023-55, which increased our ability to claim certain foreign tax credits against U.S. taxes, a favorable country earnings mix primarily due to Brazil tax law developments, and a related increase in our foreign-derived intangible income deduction.
The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily driven by the change in value of the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar, an unfavorable legal judgement and related reserve on transfer pricing matters, the elimination of certain tax incentives in Brazil, and a valuation allowance on investments.
Removed
Overview We are a major supplier of high-quality food and industrial ingredient solutions to customers around the world. As of December 31, 2023, we had 47 manufacturing facilities located in North America, South America, Asia-Pacific and EMEA, and we manage and operate our businesses at a regional level.
Added
Overview We are a leading global ingredient solutions provider who transforms grains, fruits, vegetables and other plant-based materials into value-added ingredient solutions for the food, beverage, animal nutrition, brewing and industrial markets. Our innovative ingredient solutions help customers stay on trend with simple ingredients and other in-demand ingredients.
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This approach provides us with a unique understanding of the cultures and product requirements in each of the geographic markets in which we operate, bringing added value to our customers. Our ingredients are used by customers in the food, beverage, brewing and animal feed industries, among others.
Added
Results of Operations We have operations in three reportable business segments: Texture & Healthful Solutions, Food & Industrial Ingredients - LATAM and Food & Industrial Ingredients - U.S./Canada.
Removed
We acquired a 65 percent controlling interest in Mannitab Pharma Specialties Private Limited (“Mannitab”), an Indian manufacturer of spray dried mannitol and fine grade mannitol, on December 1, 2022; 100 percent of Amishi Drugs and Chemicals Private Limited (“Amishi”), an Indian manufacturer of chemically modified starch-based pharmaceutical excipients, on August 1, 2022; and 100 percent of KaTech, a German-headquartered provider of advanced texture and stabilization solutions to the food and beverage industry, on April 1, 2021.
Added
In addition, we group operating segments that are not individually or collectively classified as a reportable segment as “All Other.” Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the U.S. dollar amounts of our foreign subsidiaries’ net sales and expenses. For most of our foreign subsidiaries, the local foreign currency is the functional currency.
Removed
The results of the acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial results beginning on the respective acquisition dates, which affects the comparability of results between years.
Added
For 2024, net sales decreased 9 percent to $7.4 billion from $8.2 billion for 2023.
Removed
In addition, our share of results in joint ventures are classified in our Consolidated Statements of Income in Other operating (income) expense, and comparability between years and between financial statement line items is affected by the timing of and consideration provided to the investments.
Added
The decrease in net sales was primarily due to unfavorable price mix, including the pass through of lower corn costs, reduced net sales from the sale of our South Korea business, which closed on February 1, 2024, and foreign exchange impacts, partially offset by T&HS favorable volumes.
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Our business performed well and remained resilient throughout fiscal year 2023. Our targeted pricing actions and proactive cost savings initiatives helped overcome inflation and raw material volatility, leading to growth in net sales, operating income, net income and diluted earnings per share in 2023.
Added
Our operating income of $883 million for 2024 decreased by 8 percent from operating income of $957 million for 2023. The decrease in operating income was primarily due to impairment charges for the cessation of operations at our Vanscoy, Canada; Goole, United Kingdom; and Alcantara, Brazil manufacturing facilities.
Removed
The increase in net income was driven by the above factors in addition to a more favorable effective tax rate primarily due to recent action by the Internal Revenue Service increasing our ability to claim certain foreign tax credits against U.S. taxes. For 2023, net sales increased 3 percent to $8.2 billion from $7.9 billion for 2022.
Added
Net sales decreased 9 percent to $7.4 billion for 2024 compared to $8.2 billion for 2023.
Removed
The increases in net sales and operating income were primarily due to favorable price mix, partially offset by volume declines and foreign exchange impacts.
Added
Both 2024 and 2023 income were primarily attributable to our share of income in our Argentina joint venture. Restructuring/impairment charges. Restructuring and impairment charges increased to $127 million for 2024 from $11 million for 2023, which primarily reflected impairment charges related to the cessation of operations at our Vanscoy, Canada, Goole, United Kingdom, and Alcantara, Brazil manufacturing facilities.
Removed
Other operating (income) expense was $8 million of income for 2023 compared to $13 million of expense for 2022. The 2023 income was primarily attributable to income in our Argentina joint venture. The 2022 expense was primarily attributable to charges resulting from a U.S.-based work stoppage. Restructuring/impairment charges.
Added
The 2023 charges were primarily related to impairments of our equity method investments. Financing costs . Financing costs decreased 66 percent to $39 million for 2024 compared to $114 million for 2023. The decrease was primarily due to the pay down of borrowings outstanding under our commercial paper program, as well as foreign exchange impacts.
Removed
Restructuring and impairment charges increased to $11 million for 2023 from $4 million for 2022, which primarily reflected an other-than-temporary-impairment to our equity method investments. The 2022 charges were the result of the completion of our Cost Smart restructuring program. Financing costs . Financing costs increased 15 percent to $114 million for 2023 compared to $99 million for 2022.
Added
Net income attributable to Ingredion for 2024 increased to $647 million from $643 million for 2023. The increase in net income was primarily due to reduced financing costs and gain from the sale of our South Korea business, partially offset by restructuring and impairment charges. Texture & Healthful Solutions Net sales .
Removed
The effects of these factors were partially offset by the impact of a change in Brazilian law that became effective in the fourth quarter of 2022 related to non-taxable Brazilian ICMS incentives granted during fiscal years 2018 to 2022. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests .
Added
Operating income . F&II - LATAM operating income increased 7 percent to $483 million for 2024 from $452 million for 2023. The increase was driven by lower input costs in Mexico and Brazil. Food & Industrial Ingredients - U.S./Canada Net sales . F&II - U.S./Canada net sales decreased 8 percent to $2,155 million for 2024 from $2,335 million for 2023.
Removed
The increase in net income was primarily due to price and customer mix and a more favorable effective tax rate, which was partially offset by lower volumes. North America Net sales . North America’s net sales increased 5 percent to $5,188 million for 2023 from $4,934 million for 2022.
Added
The decrease was primarily driven by lower price mix. Operating income . F&II - U.S./Canada operating income increased 25 percent to $373 million for 2024 from $298 million for 2023. The increase was primarily driven by favorable catch-up pricing under multi-year contracts.
Removed
South America’s net sales decreased 6 percent to $1,062 million for 2023 from $1,124 million for 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by volume and price mix, partially offset by favorable foreign exchange impacts. Operating income . South America’s operating income decreased 16 percent to $142 million for 2023 from $169 million for 2022.
Added
The increase also reflected lower raw material costs, partially offset by price mix attributable to pass through of lower corn costs. 27 Table of Contents All Other Net sales . All Other net sales decreased 37 percent to $459 million for 2024 from $732 million for 2023.
Removed
The decrease was driven by lower volumes and higher energy costs. On December 13, 2023, the new Argentine government allowed the Argentine peso to devalue from the exchange rate of approximately 366 pesos to one U.S. dollar, 28 Table of Con tents to 800 pesos to one U.S.dollar.
Added
The decrease was primarily due to the sale of our South Korea business on February 1, 2024. Operating income (loss) . All Other operating (loss) increased to $(22) million for 2024 compared to $(2) million for 2023. The increase was primarily driven by the sale of our South Korea business.
Removed
Because our accounting policy is to recognize our share of income from the Argentina joint venture one month in arrears, our 2023 results do not reflect the impact of this devaluation. Asia-Pacific Net sales . Asia-Pacific’s net sales decreased 2 percent to $1,089 million for 2023 from $1,107 million for 2022.
Added
Domestic liquidity of $1.5 billion consisted of $548 million in cash and cash equivalents and $1.0 billion available through our commercial paper program that had no outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2024.
Removed
EMEA’s net sales increased 5 percent to $821 million for 2023 from $781 million for 2022. The increase was driven by favorable price mix, partially offset by lower volumes and unfavorable foreign exchange impacts. Operating income . EMEA’s operating income increased 42 percent to $156 million for 2023 compared to $110 million for 2022.
Removed
The increase was primarily driven by favorable price mix, partially offset by lower volumes and foreign exchange impacts.
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As of December 31, 2023, we had $327 million of 29 Table of Con tents commercial paper outstanding with a weighted average interest rate of 5.50 percent over a weighted average maturity of 11 days. The amount of commercial paper outstanding under this program in 2024 is expected to fluctuate.
Removed
Capital investment commitments for 2024 are anticipated to be approximately $340 million. We used $569 million of cash for financing activities in 2023 compared to cash provided by financing activities of $103 million in 2022.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk — interest-rate, FX, commodity exposure

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At expiration, we settle the derivative contracts at a net amount equal to the difference between the then-current price of corn and the futures contract price. Although these hedging instruments are subject to fluctuations in value, changes in the value of the underlying exposures we are hedging generally offset such fluctuations.
At expiration of the derivative hedging contract, we settle the derivative contracts at a net amount equal to the difference between the then-current price of corn and the futures contract price. Although these hedging instruments are subject to fluctuations in value, changes in the value of the underlying exposures we are hedging generally offset such fluctuations.
The effects of modifications are recognized immediately on the Consolidated Balance Sheets but are generally amortized into operating earnings over future periods, with the deferred amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”). We believe the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans, which are based on our experience, market conditions and input from our actuaries, are reasonable.
The effects of modifications are recognized immediately on the Consolidated Balance Sheets but are generally amortized into non-operating earnings over future periods, with the deferred amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”). We believe the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans, which are based on our experience, market conditions and input from our actuaries, are reasonable.
We may change these objectives from time to time to address new opportunities or changing circumstances as appropriate to meet our long-term needs and those of our stockholders. A reconciliation of non-GAAP historical financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measure is below.
We may change these objectives from time to time to address new opportunities or changing circumstances as appropriate to meet our long-term needs and those of our stockholders. A reconciliation of non-GAAP historical financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measure is presented below.
Retirement Benefits We and our subsidiaries sponsor noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (qualified and non-qualified) covering a substantial portion of employees in the U.S. and Canada, and certain employees in other countries. We also provide healthcare and life insurance benefits for retired employees in the U.S., Canada and Brazil.
Retirement Benefits We and our subsidiaries sponsor noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (qualified and non-qualified) covering a portion of employees in the U.S. and Canada, and certain employees in other countries. We also provide healthcare and life insurance benefits for retired employees in the U.S., Canada and Brazil.
The approach seeks to protect the current funded status of the plans from market volatility with a greater asset allocation to interest-rate sensitive assets. The greater allocation to interest-rate sensitive assets is expected to reduce volatility in plan-funded status by more closely matching movements in asset values to changes in liabilities.
The approach seeks to protect the current funded status of the plans from market volatility with a greater asset allocation to interest-rate sensitive assets, which is expected to reduce volatility in plan-funded status by more closely matching movements in asset values to changes in liabilities.
In the normal course of business, we actively manage our exposure to these market risks by entering various hedging transactions, authorized under established policies that place controls on these activities. These transactions utilize exchange-traded derivatives or over-the-counter derivatives with investment grade counterparties.
In the normal course of business, we actively manage our exposure to these market risks by entering various hedging transactions which are authorized under established policies that place controls on these activities. These transactions utilize exchange-traded derivatives or over-the-counter derivatives with investment grade counterparties.
A hypothetical 25 basis point decrease in the expected long-term rate of return assumption would increase 2024 net periodic pension cost for the U.S. and Canadian plans by approximately $1 million each.
A hypothetical 25 basis point decrease in the expected long-term rate of return assumption would increase 2025 net periodic pension cost for the U.S. and Canadian plans by approximately $1 million each.
We assess market risk based on changes in interest rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis that measures the potential change in earnings, fair values and cash flows based on a hypothetical 1 percentage point change in interest rates at December 31, 2023.
We assess market risk based on changes in interest rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis that measures the potential change in earnings, fair values and cash flows based on a hypothetical 1 percentage point change in interest rates at December 31, 2024.
This review may result in closing or sale of certain manufacturing facilities, which could have a significant negative impact on our results of operations in the period we decide to close or sell the facility.
This review may result in the closure or sale of certain manufacturing facilities, which could have a significant negative impact on our results of operations in the period in which we decide to close or sell the facility.
While the corn futures contracts or other hedging positions are intended to minimize the volatility of corn costs on operating profits, occasionally the hedging contracts can incur losses, some of which may be material. Energy costs represent approximately 8 percent of our cost of sales.
While the corn futures contracts or other hedging positions are intended to minimize the volatility of corn costs on operating profits, occasionally the hedging contracts can incur losses, some of which may be material. 35 Table of Contents Energy costs represent approximately 8 percent of our cost of sales.
Based on our assessment's results, we concluded that as of July 1, 2023, there were no impairments in our indefinite-lived intangible assets. In testing goodwill for impairment, we first assess qualitative factors in determining whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.
Based on our assessment’s results, we concluded that as of January 1, 2024 and July 1, 2024 there were no impairments in our indefinite-lived intangible assets. In testing goodwill for impairment, we first assess qualitative factors in determining whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for a discussion of factors that could affect our ability to meet those targets. The objectives reflect our current aspirations in light of our present plans and existing circumstances.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for a 29 Table of Contents discussion of factors that could affect our ability to meet those targets. The objectives reflect our current aspirations in light of our present plans and existing circumstances.
We plan to continue to use derivative instruments to hedge such price risk and, accordingly, we will be required to make cash deposits to or be entitled to receive cash from our margin accounts depending on the movement in the market price of the underlying commodities. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
We plan to continue to use derivative instruments to hedge this price risk and, accordingly, we will be required to make cash deposits to or be entitled to receive cash from our margin accounts depending on the movement in the market price of the underlying commodities. See Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Adjusted ROIC Adjusted ROIC is a financial performance ratio not defined under GAAP, and it should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, GAAP financial measures. Ingredion defines Adjusted ROIC as Adjusted operating income, net of tax, divided by average end-of-year balances for current year and prior year Total net debt and equity.
Adjusted ROIC Adjusted ROIC is a financial performance ratio not defined under GAAP, and it should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, GAAP financial measures. We define Adjusted ROIC as Adjusted operating income, net of tax, divided by average end-of-year balances for current year and prior year Total net debt and equity.
Goodwill is either assigned to a specific reporting unit or allocated between reporting units based on the relative excess fair value of each reporting unit. The carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill at December 31, 2023 was $143 million and $918 million, respectively, compared to $143 million and $900 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022.
Goodwill is either assigned to a specific reporting unit or allocated between reporting units based on the relative excess fair value of each reporting unit. The carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill at December 31, 2024 was $143 million and $906 million, respectively, compared to $143 million and $918 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023.
Similarly named measures may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. Ingredion believes Adjusted ROIC is meaningful to investors as it focuses on profitability and value-creating potential, taking into account the amount of capital invested.
Similarly named measures may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. We believe Adjusted ROIC is meaningful to investors as it focuses on profitability and value-creating potential, taking into account the amount of capital invested.
If the qualitative assessment leads us to conclude otherwise, then we are required to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets and perform a quantitative impairment test 35 Table of Con tents in accordance with ASC subtopic 350-30, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other .
If the qualitative assessment leads us to conclude otherwise, then we are required to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets and perform a quantitative impairment test in accordance with ASC subtopic 350-30, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other .
For 2023, net periodic pension cost, we assumed an expected long-term rate of return on assets, which is based on the fair value of plan assets, of 5.50 percent for U.S. plans and approximately 4.66 percent for Canadian plans.
For 2024 net periodic pension cost, we assumed an expected long-term rate of return on assets, which is based on the fair value of plan assets, of 5.50 percent for U.S. plans and approximately 4.58 percent for Canadian plans.
Our long-term objective is to target a ratio of Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA of 2.5 or less. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the ratio was 1.5 and 2.2, respectively. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Our long-term objective is to target a ratio of Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA of 2.5 or less. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the ratio was 0.7 and 1.5. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.
The primary use of energy is to create steam in the production process and to dry product. We consume natural gas, electricity, coal, fuel oil, wood and other biomass sources to generate energy. The market prices for these commodities vary depending on supply and demand, world economies and other factors.
The primary use of energy is to create steam in the production process and to dry product. We consume natural gas, electricity, coal, fuel oil, wood and other biomass sources to generate energy. The market prices for these commodities vary depending on supply and demand, global economic conditions and other factors.
Ingredion defines this measure as Short-term and Long-term debt less Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments, divided by Adjusted EBITDA. Similarly named measures may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner.
We define this measure as Short-term and Long-term debt less Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments, divided by Adjusted EBITDA. Similarly named measures may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner.
At December 31, 2023, our AOCL account included in the equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets includes a cumulative translation loss of approximately $1.0 billion. The aggregate net assets of our foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency approximated $2.2 billion at December 31, 2023.
At December 31, 2024, our AOCL account included in the equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets includes a cumulative translation loss of approximately $1.1 billion. The aggregate net assets of our foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency approximated $1.9 billion at December 31, 2024.
Based on our overall commodity hedge position at December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 10 percent decline in market prices applied to the fair value of the instruments would result in a charge to other comprehensive loss (“OCL”) of approximately $48 million, net of income tax benefit of $18 million.
Based on our overall commodity hedge position at December 31, 2024, a hypothetical 10 percent decline in market prices applied to the fair value of the instruments would result in a charge to other comprehensive loss (“OCL”) of approximately $40 million, net of income tax benefit of $15 million.
Changes in assumptions concerning projected results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the reporting units in the future. Based on the results of the annual assessment, we concluded that as of July 1, 2023, there were no impairments in our reporting units.
Changes in assumptions concerning projected results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the reporting units in the future. Based on the results of both the resegmentation and the annual assessment, we concluded that as of January 1, 2024 and July 1, 2024 there were no impairments in our reporting units.
For 2023, we achieved an Adjusted ROIC of 13.3 percent as compared to 11.0 percent for 2022. Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA is a financial performance ratio that is not defined under GAAP, and should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, GAAP financial measures.
For 2024, we achieved an Adjusted ROIC of 14.8 percent as compared to 13.3 percent for 2023. Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA is a financial performance ratio that is not defined under GAAP, and should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, GAAP financial measures.
(iii) In 2023, we recorded pre-tax charges of $5 million primarily related to the impacts of a U.S.-based work stoppage. This was partially offset by $4 million of insurance recoveries. In 2022, we recorded pre-tax charges of $20 million primarily related to the impacts of a U.S.-based work stoppage.
In 2023, we recorded pre-tax charges of $5 million primarily related to the impacts of a U.S.-based work stoppage, which was partially offset by $4 million of insurance recoveries.
The carrying values of PP&E and definite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2023 were $2.4 billion and $242 million, respectively. In assessing the recoverability of the carrying value of PP&E and definite-lived intangible assets, we may have to make projections regarding future cash flows.
The carrying values of PP&E and definite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2024 were $2.3 billion and $215 million, respectively. In assessing the recoverability of the carrying value of PP&E and definite-lived intangible assets, we may have to make projections regarding future cash flows.
Based on our overall foreign currency transactional exposure at December 31, 2023, we estimate that a hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a transactional foreign exchange loss of approximately $21 million.
Based on our overall foreign currency transactional exposure at December 31, 2024, we estimate that a hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a transactional foreign exchange gain of approximately $33 million.
The effect of changes in exchange rates on its local currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities is reflected in earnings in financing costs in the Consolidated Statements of Income. 39 Table of Con tents
The effect of changes in exchange rates on its local currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities is reflected in earnings in financing costs in the Consolidated Statements of Income. 37 Table of Contents
The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under our postretirement plans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, was 7.37 percent and 7.30 percent, respectively. 36 Table of Con tents A one percentage point decrease in the discount rates at 2023, would have increased the accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation by the following amounts (millions): U.S.
The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under our postretirement plans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 7.75 percent and 7.37 percent. A one percentage point decrease in the discount rates at December 31, 2024, would have increased the accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation by the following amounts (in millions): U.S.
Pension Plans Accumulated benefit obligation $ 19 Projected benefit obligation 22 Postretirement Plans Accumulated benefit obligation $ 9 Our investment approach and related asset allocation for the U.S. and Canadian plans is a liability-driven investment approach by which a higher proportion of investments will be in interest-rate sensitive investments (fixed income) under an active-management approach.
Pension Plans Accumulated benefit obligation $ 18 Projected benefit obligation 20 Postretirement Plans Accumulated benefit obligation $ 6 34 Table of Contents Our investment approach and related asset allocation for the U.S. and Canadian plans is a liability-driven investment approach by which a higher proportion of investments will be in interest-rate sensitive investments (fixed income) under an active-management approach.
Ingredion believes Total net debt to Adjusted EBITDA is meaningful to investors as it focuses on Ingredion’s leverage on a comparable Adjusted EBITDA basis and helps investors better understand the time required to pay back Ingredion’s outstanding debt.
We believe Total net debt to Adjusted EBITDA is meaningful to investors as it focuses on our leverage on a comparable Adjusted EBITDA basis and helps investors better understand the time required to pay back our outstanding debt.
At December 31, 2023, we had outstanding futures and option contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 109 million bushels of corn, as well as outstanding swap contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 28 million mmbtus of natural gas.
At December 31, 2024, we had outstanding futures and option contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 105 million bushels of corn, as well as outstanding swap contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 24 million mmbtus of natural gas.
As of December 31, 2023, we had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $694 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $182 million not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes.
As of December 31, 2024, we had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $408 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $113 million not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes.
As of December 31, 2023, we also had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $449 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $621 million that are classified as cash flow hedges.
As of December 31, 2024, we also had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $447 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $448 million that are classified as cash flow hedges.
Net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost for all of our plans was $12 million in 2023 and $6 million in 2022.
Net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost for all of our plans was $9 million in 2024 and $12 million in 2023.
As of December 31, 2023, approximately 80 percent, or $1.7 billion principal amount, of our total debt is fixed rate debt and 20 percent, or approximately $450 million principal amount, of our total debt is variable rate debt subject to changes in short-term rates, which could affect our interest costs.
As of December 31, 2024, approximately 95 percent, or $1.7 billion principal amount, of our total debt is fixed rate debt and 5 percent, or approximately $91 million principal amount, of our total debt is variable rate debt subject to changes in short-term rates, which could affect our interest costs.
The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under U.S. pension plans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, was 5.00 percent and 5.19 percent, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under non-U.S. pension plans as of 2023 and 2022, was 5.24 percent and 5.66 percent, respectively.
The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under U.S. pension plans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 5.64 percent and 5.00 percent. The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under non-U.S. pension plans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 5.42 percent and 5.24 percent.
When we test goodwill for impairment, we make certain estimates and judgments, which include identifying reporting units and determining the reporting units' fair values based on both discounted cash flow analyses and an analysis of market multiples.
This difference may not exceed the goodwill recorded at the reporting unit. 33 Table of Contents When we test goodwill for impairment, we make certain estimates and judgments, which include identifying reporting units and determining the reporting units’ fair values based on both discounted cash flow analyses and an analysis of market multiples.
As of December 31, 2023, our Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) balance included $46 million of net losses (net of income tax benefit of $17 million) related to these derivative instruments. We anticipate that $45 million of net losses (net of income tax benefit of $16 million) will be reclassified into earnings over the next 12 months.
As of December 31, 2024, our Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) balance included $1 million of net losses (net of insignificant amount income tax benefit) related to these derivative instruments. We anticipate that $1 million of net losses (net of an insignificant amount income tax benefit) will be reclassified into earnings over the next twelve months.
Our hedging transactions may include, but are not limited to, a variety of derivative financial instruments such as commodity-related futures, options and swap contracts, forward currency-related contracts and options, interest rate swap agreements and Treasury lock agreements (“T-Locks”).
Our hedging transactions may include, but are not limited to, a variety of derivative financial instruments such as forward, futures, options, and swap contracts and agreements.
We assess indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill for impairment as of July 1 each year (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise). We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, which include net sales derived from these intangibles and certain market and industry conditions.
We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, which include net sales derived from these intangibles and certain market and industry conditions.
If the carrying value of the net assets exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then an impairment exists for the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the reporting unit. This difference may not exceed the goodwill recorded at the reporting unit.
If the carrying value of the net assets exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then an impairment exists for the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the reporting unit.
A hypothetical increase of 1 percentage point in the weighted average floating interest rate would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $4 million and would change the fair value of our fixed rate debt at December 31, 2023 by approximately $105 million.
A hypothetical increase of 1 percentage point in the weighted average floating interest rate would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $1 million and would change the fair value of our fixed rate debt at December 31, 2024 by approximately $93 million. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
We use derivative financial instruments, such as over-the-counter natural gas swaps, to hedge portions of our natural gas costs generally over the following 12 to 24 months, primarily in our North America operations.
We use derivative financial instruments, such as over-the-counter natural gas swaps, to hedge portions of our natural gas costs generally over the following twelve to twenty-four months, primarily in F&II - U.S./Canada.
These deferred losses are being amortized to financing costs over the term of the senior notes with which they are associated. The net losses reclassified into earnings over the next 12 months are not anticipated to be material. Foreign Currencies: Due to our global operations, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
The net losses reclassified into earnings over the next twelve months are not anticipated to be material. Foreign Currencies: Due to our global operations, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
Year Ended Year Ended December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions) Income before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Effective Income Tax Rate Income before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Effective Income Tax Rate As reported $ 839 $ 188 22.4 % $ 668 $ 166 24.9 % Add back: Acquisition/integration costs — — 5 — Restructuring/impairment charges 11 3 4 1 Other matters 1 — 20 5 Other tax matters — 6 — 12 Tax item-Mexico — 15 — 4 Adjusted non-GAAP $ 851 $ 212 24.9 % $ 697 $ 188 27.0 % Our long-term objective is to maintain an Adjusted ROIC in excess of 10.0 percent.
Year Ended Year Ended December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Income before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Effective Income Tax Rate Income before Income Taxes Provision for Income Taxes Effective Income Tax Rate As reported $ 931 $ 277 29.8% $ 839 $ 188 22.4% Adjustments: Restructuring and resegmentation charges 18 5 1 — Net gain on sale of business (90) (4) — — Other matters 6 1 1 — Impairment charges 109 — 10 3 Other tax matters — (4) — 6 Tax item-Mexico — (18) — 15 Adjusted non-GAAP $ 974 $ 257 26.4% $ 851 $ 212 24.9% Our long-term objective is to maintain an Adjusted ROIC in excess of 10.0 percent.
See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 38 Table of Con tents Since we have no current plans to repurchase our outstanding fixed rate instruments before their maturities, the impact of market interest rate fluctuations on our long-term debt is not expected to have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Since we have no current plans to repurchase our outstanding fixed rate instruments before their maturities, the impact of market interest rate fluctuations on our long-term debt is not expected to have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements. We occasionally use T-Locks to hedge our exposure to interest rate changes based on current and projected market conditions.
The amount included in AOCL relating to these hedges at December 31, 2023 was an insignificant amount (net of $1 million income tax expense). We expect $1 million of net losses (net of an insignificant amount of income tax benefit) will be reclassified to earnings over the next 12 months.
The amount included in AOCL relating to these hedges at December 31, 2024 was a $7 million of net gains (net of $4 million income tax provision). We expect $4 million of net gains (net of $2 million income tax provision) will be reclassified into earnings over the next twelve months.
The most comparable ratio calculated using components determined in accordance with GAAP is Total net debt to Income before income taxes, calculated as Short-term and Long-term debt less Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments, divided by Income before income taxes, as shown in the table below. 33 Table of Con tents As of December 31, Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (dollars in millions) 2023 2022 Short-term debt $ 448 $ 543 Long-term debt 1,740 1,940 Less: Cash and cash equivalents (401) (236) Short-term investments (8) (3) Total net debt (a) 1,779 2,244 Income before income taxes (b) 839 668 Adjusted for: Depreciation and amortization 219 215 Financing costs 114 99 Other non-operating expense (income) 4 (5) Restructuring/impairment charges (i) 12 4 Acquisition/integration costs (ii) — 1 Other matters (iii) 1 20 Adjusted EBITDA (c) $ 1,189 $ 1,002 Net Debt to Income before income tax ratio (a ÷ b) 2.1 3.4 Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (a ÷ c) 1.5 2.2 _____________________ (i) During 2023, we recorded $11 million of pre-tax net restructuring/impairment charges primarily related to an other-than-temporary impairment on our equity method investments.
The most comparable ratio calculated using components determined in accordance with GAAP is Total net debt to Income before income taxes, calculated as Short-term and Long-term debt less Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments, divided by Income before income taxes, as shown in the following table. 31 Table of Contents As of December 31, Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (dollars in millions) 2024 2023 Short-term debt $ 44 $ 448 Long-term debt 1,787 1,740 Less: Cash and cash equivalents (997) (401) Short-term investments (11) (8) Total net debt (a) 823 1,779 Income before income taxes (b) 931 839 Adjusted for: Depreciation and amortization 214 219 Financing costs 39 114 Other non-operating expense 3 4 Restructuring and resegmentation costs (i) 18 2 Net gain on sale of business (ii) (90) — Other matters (iii) 6 1 Impairment charges (iv) 109 10 Adjusted EBITDA (c) $ 1,230 $ 1,189 Net Debt to Income before income tax ratio (a ÷ b) 0.9 2.1 Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (a ÷ c) 0.7 1.5 _____________________ (i) In 2024, we recorded $18 million of pre-tax net restructuring and resegmentation charges primarily related to restructuring activities that occurred during the year and the resegmentation of the business that was effective January 1, 2024.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Hedging: We are exposed to market risk stemming from changes in commodity prices (primarily corn and natural gas), foreign-currency exchange rates and interest rates.
New Accounting Standards For information related to our new accounting standards, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Hedging: We are exposed to market risk stemming from changes in commodity prices (primarily corn and natural gas), foreign-currency exchange rates and interest rates.
This was partially offset by $4 million of insurance recoveries. In 2022, we recorded pre-tax charges of $20 million primarily related to the impacts of a U.S.-based work stoppage. 32 Table of Con tents (iv) The effective income tax rate was 24.9 percent for 2023 and 27.0 percent for 2022.
In 2023, we recorded pre-tax charges of $5 million primarily related to the impacts of a U.S.-based work stoppage, which was partially offset by $4 million of insurance recoveries.
In order to minimize the volatility in the cost of corn related to these firm-priced supply contracts, we enter into corn futures contracts or take other hedging positions in the corn futures market. These contracts typically mature within one year.
In order to minimize the volatility in the cost of anticipated purchases of underlying commodity inputs related to these firm-priced customer contracts, such as corn and natural gas used in our manufacturing process, we enter into hedging contracts or take other hedging positions that also typically mature within one year.
A hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies would have resulted in a reduction to our cumulative translation loss and a credit to OCL of approximately $250 million We primarily use derivative financial instruments such as foreign-currency forward contracts, swaps and options to manage our foreign currency transactional exchange risk.
A hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies would have resulted in a reduction to our cumulative translation loss and a credit to OCL of approximately $200 million. 36 Table of Contents We enter foreign-currency derivative instruments that are designated as both cash flow hedging instruments and instruments not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes.
The most comparable measure calculated using components determined in accordance with GAAP is Return on Invested Capital, which Ingredion defines as Net income, divided by average end-of-year balances for current year and prior year Total net debt and equity, as shown in the table below. 31 Table of Con tents Year Ended December 31, Return on Invested Capital ratio (dollars in millions) 2023 2022 Net income (a) $ 651 $ 502 Adjusted for: Provision for income taxes 188 166 Other non-operating expense (income) 4 (5) Financing costs 114 99 Restructuring/impairment charges (i) 11 4 Acquisition/integration costs (ii) — 1 Other matters (iii) 1 20 Income taxes (at effective rates of 24.9% and 27.0%, respectively) (iv) (241) (212) Adjusted operating income, net of tax (b) 728 575 Short-term debt 448 543 Long-term debt 1,740 1,940 Less: Cash and cash equivalents (401) (236) Short-term investments (8) (3) Total net debt 1,779 2,244 Share-based payments subject to redemption 55 48 Total redeemable non-controlling interests 43 51 Total equity 3,552 3,163 Total net debt and equity $ 5,429 $ 5,506 Average current and prior year Total net debt and equity (c) $ 5,468 $ 5,223 Return on Invested Capital (a ÷ c) 11.9 % 9.6 % Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (b ÷ c) 13.3 % 11.0 % _____________________ (i) In 2023, we recorded $11 million of pre-tax restructuring/impairment charges primarily related to an other-than-temporary impairment on our equity method investments.
Year Ended December 31, Return on Invested Capital ratio (dollars in millions) 2024 2023 Net income (a) $ 654 $ 651 Adjusted for: Provision for income taxes 277 188 Other non-operating expense 3 4 Financing costs 39 114 Restructuring and resegmentation charges (i) 18 1 Net gain on sale of business (ii) (90) — Other matters (iii) 6 1 Impairment charges (iv) 109 10 Income taxes (at effective rates of 26.4% and 24.9%) (iv) (268) (241) Adjusted operating income, net of tax (b) 748 728 Short-term debt 44 448 Long-term debt 1,787 1,740 Less: Cash and cash equivalents (997) (401) Short-term investments (11) (8) Total net debt 823 1,779 Share-based payments subject to redemption 60 55 Total redeemable non-controlling interests 7 43 Total equity 3,823 3,552 Total net debt and equity $ 4,713 $ 5,429 Average current and prior year Total net debt and equity (c) $ 5,071 $ 5,468 Return on Invested Capital (a ÷ c) 12.9 % 11.9 % Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (b ÷ c) 14.8 % 13.3 % _____________________ (i) In 2024, we recorded $18 million of pre-tax restructuring and resegmentation charges primarily related to restructuring activities that occurred during the year and the resegmentation of the business that was effective January 1, 2024.
Healthcare cost trend rates are used in valuing our postretirement benefit obligations and are established based on actual health care cost trends and consultation with actuaries and benefit providers. At December 31, 2023, the health care cost trend rate assumptions for the next year for the U.S., Canadian and Brazilian plans were 7.80 percent, 5.04 percent and 8.94 percent, respectively.
Healthcare cost trend rates are used in valuing our postretirement benefit obligations and are established based on actual health care cost trends and consultation with actuaries and benefit providers.
Primarily in North America, we sell a large portion of finished products at firm prices established in supply contracts typically lasting for periods of up to one year.
Raw Material, Energy and Other Commodity Exposure: We sell a significant portion of finished products, made primarily from corn, at firm prices established in customer contracts that typically last up to one year.
We occasionally use T-Locks to hedge our exposure to interest rate changes based on current and projected market conditions. We did not have any T-Locks outstanding as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, our AOCL account included $2 million of net losses (net of $1 million tax benefit) related to settled T-Locks.
We did not have any T-Locks outstanding as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, our AOCL account included $2 million of net losses (net of income tax benefit of $1 million) related to settled T-Locks. These deferred losses are being amortized to financing costs over the term of the senior notes with which they are associated.
The discussion that follows should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. 34 Table of Con tents Business Combinations Our acquisitions of Amishi in 2022, the majority of shares of Mannitab in 2022, and KaTech in 2021 were accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations .
The discussion that follows should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. 32 Table of Contents Property, Plant and Equipment and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets We have substantial investments in property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) and definite-lived intangible assets.
Removed
In 2022, we recorded $4 million of pre-tax restructuring charges primarily related to the Cost Smart programs. (ii) In 2022, acquisition/integration costs were reduced by $4 million as they were included in financing costs. (iii) In 2023, we recorded pre-tax charges of $5 million primarily related to the impacts of a U.S.-based work stoppage.
Added
The most comparable measure calculated using components determined in accordance with GAAP is ROIC, which we define as Net income, divided by average end-of-year balances for current year and prior year Total net debt and equity, as shown in the following table.
Removed
This was increased by $1 million as it included a depreciation benefit that was already included in depreciation and amortization line. In 2022, we recorded $4 million of pre-tax restructuring charges primarily related to the Cost Smart programs. (ii) In 2022, acquisition/integration costs were reduced by $4 million as they were included in financing costs.
Added
In 2023, we recorded $1 million of pre-tax restructuring charges primarily related to the sale of our South Korea business. (ii) In 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $90 million on the sale of our South Korea business. 30 Table of Contents (iii) This amount primarily related to tornado damage incurred at a U.S. warehouse in 2024.
Removed
In purchase accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at their estimated fair values on the date of acquisition and any remaining purchase price is recorded as goodwill. In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we make significant estimates and assumptions, particularly for long-lived tangible and intangible assets.
Added
(iv) In 2024, we recorded $109 million of pre-tax impairment charges that primarily related to our plans to cease operations at our Vanscoy, Canada, Alcantara, Brazil, and Goole, United Kingdom manufacturing facilities, and impairment charges on our equity method investments. In 2023, we recorded pre-tax charges of $10 million primarily related to impairment charges on our equity method investments.
Removed
Critical estimates used in valuing tangible and intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives. Although our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, actual results may differ. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Added
(v) The effective income tax rate was 26.4 percent for 2024 and 24.9 percent for 2023.
Removed
Property, Plant and Equipment and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets We have substantial investments in property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) and definite-lived intangible assets.
Added
In 2023, we recorded $1 million of pre-tax restructuring and resegmentation charges primarily related to the resegmentation of the business. (ii) In 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $90 million on the sale of our South Korea business. (iii) This amount primarily relates to tornado damage incurred at a U.S. warehouse in 2024.
Removed
For information related to our benefit plans, see Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements New Accounting Standards For information related to our new accounting standards, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 37 Table of Con tents ITEM 7A.
Added
(iv) In 2024, we recorded $109 million of pre-tax impairment charges that primarily related to our plans to cease operations at our Vanscoy, Canada, Alcantara, Brazil and Goole, United Kingdom manufacturing facilities, and impairment charges on our equity method investments. In 2023, we recorded pre-tax charges of $10 million primarily related to impairment charges on our equity method investments.
Removed
Raw Material, Energy and Other Commodity Exposure: Our principal use of derivative financial instruments is to manage commodity price risk primarily in North America relating to anticipated purchases of corn and natural gas to be used in our manufacturing process. Our finished products are made primarily from corn.
Added
We assess indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill for impairment as of July 1 each year (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise such as the resegmentation that occurred on January 1, 2024).
Removed
We enter foreign-currency derivative instruments that are designated as both cash flow hedging instruments and instruments not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes.
Added
At December 31, 2024, the health care cost trend rate assumptions for the next year were 8.40 percent for the U.S. plans, 5.25 percent for the Canadian plans, and 8.42 percent for the Brazilian plans. For information related to our benefit plans, see Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Added
Most of our derivative hedging contracts are for the purchase of corn, primarily for our Food and Industrial Ingredient segments.
Added
Our pricing is determined through reference to the Chicago Board of Trade, a U.S. futures exchange, for corn we purchase from suppliers in the U.S., and through reference to B3 S.A., a Brazilian stock exchange and over-the-counter market, for corn we purchase from suppliers in Brazil.

Other INGR 10-K year-over-year comparisons