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What changed in Waste Management's 10-K — 2024 vs 2025

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Paragraph-level year-over-year comparison of Waste Management's 2024 and 2025 10-K annual filings, covering the Business, Risk Factors, Legal Proceedings, Cybersecurity, MD&A and Market Risk sections. Every new, removed and edited paragraph is highlighted side-by-side so you can see exactly what management changed in the 2025 report.

+517 added−624 removedSource: 10-K (2026-02-09) vs 10-K (2025-02-19)

Top changes in Waste Management's 2025 10-K

517 paragraphs added · 624 removed · 427 edited across 7 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

128 edited+23 added−29 removed139 unchanged
Biggest changeThis includes the activities of our corporate office, including costs associated with our long-term incentive program, expanded service offerings and solutions (such as our investments in businesses and technologies that are designed to offer services and solutions ancillary or supplementary to our current operations) as well as our closed sites. 12 Table of Contents Included within our Corporate and Other businesses’ closed sites are (i) six third-party power generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) two third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes and (iii) two third-party RNG facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers in return for a royalty.
Biggest changeIncluded within our Corporate and Other businesses’ closed sites are (i) five third-party power generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) two third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes and (iii) two third-party RNG facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers in return for a royalty.
Solid waste landfills are constructed and operated on land with engineering safeguards that limit the possibility of water and air pollution and are operated under procedures prescribed by regulation. A landfill must meet federal, state or provincial and local regulations during its design, construction, operation and closure.
Solid waste landfills are constructed and operated on land with engineering safeguards that limit the possibility of water and air pollution and are operated under procedures prescribed by regulation. A landfill must meet federal, state and/or provincial and local regulations during its design, construction, operation and closure.
For example, in September 2024, the California Governor signed into law amendments to the 2023 California Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act, which among other things, requires the disclosure of Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG emissions and other climate-related risks consistent with the framework established by the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures.
For example, in September 2024, the California Governor signed into law amendments to the 2023 California Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act, which among other things, requires the disclosure of Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG emissions and other climate-related financial risks consistent with the framework established by the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures.
It enables us to manage costs associated with waste disposal because (i) transfer trucks, railcars or rail containers have larger capacities than collection trucks, allowing us to deliver more waste to the disposal facility in each trip; (ii) waste is accumulated and compacted at transfer stations that are strategically located to increase the efficiency of our network of operations and (iii) we can retain the volume by managing the transfer of the waste to one of our own disposal sites.
It enables us to manage costs associated with waste disposal because (i) transfer trucks, railcars, rail containers or barge containers have larger capacities than collection trucks, allowing us to deliver more waste to the disposal facility in each trip; (ii) waste is accumulated and compacted at transfer stations that are strategically located to increase the efficiency of our network of operations and (iii) we can retain the volume by managing the transfer of the waste to one of our own disposal sites.
Safety as a Core Value At the Company, safety is a core value, with no compromise. A large number of our employee population work as drivers, heavy equipment operators and sorters, which are essential jobs that carry inherent risks. For nearly 20 years, we have engaged employees on safety to continually improve our culture and performance.
Safety as a Core Value At the Company, safety is a core value, with no compromise. A large number of our employee population work as drivers, heavy equipment operators, technicians and sorters, which are essential jobs that carry inherent risks. For nearly 20 years, we have engaged employees on safety to continually improve our culture and performance.
Significant new restrictions and tariffs on foreign trade could have a negative impact on our recycling export business and our cross-border commerce, particularly with Canada, and could increase the cost of certain equipment and other materials used in our operations that we procure from outside the U.S., including our trucks and certain equipment used to implement our sustainability growth strategy.
Significant restrictions and tariffs on foreign trade could have a negative impact on our recycling export business and our cross-border commerce, particularly with Canada, and could increase the cost of certain equipment and other materials used in our operations that we procure from outside the U.S., including our trucks and certain equipment used to implement our sustainability growth strategy.
Operations General Our senior management evaluates, oversees and manages the financial performance of our business through five reportable segments, referred to as (i) Collection and Disposal - East Tier (“East Tier”); (ii) Collection and Disposal - West Tier (“West Tier”); (iii) Recycling Processing and Sales, (iv) WM Renewable Energy and (v) WM Healthcare Solutions.
Operations General Our senior management evaluates, oversees and manages the financial performance of our business through five reportable segments, referred to as (i) Collection and Disposal - East Tier (“East Tier”); (ii) Collection and Disposal - West Tier (“West Tier”); (iii) Recycling Processing and Sales; (iv) Renewable Energy and (v) Healthcare Solutions.
It is likely that some policies adopted by the new administration will benefit us and others will negatively affect us. In 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a number of decisions that will affect the future of federal regulation, including Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo .
It is likely that some policies adopted by the administration will benefit us and others will negatively affect us . In 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a number of decisions that will affect the future of federal regulation, including Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo .
RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand. The value of the RINs is set through a market established by the RFS program, which market has historically been very volatile.
RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand. The value of the RINs is set through a market established by the RFS program, which market has historically been volatile.
These contracts or franchises are typically for periods of three to ten years and typically mirror maximum terms as allowed by statutes by state. We also provide services under individual monthly subscriptions directly to households.
These contracts or franchises are typically for periods of three to ten years and typically mirror terms as allowed by statutes by state. We also provide services under individual monthly subscriptions directly to households.
Benefits of automation include enhanced worker safety, improved service delivery to the customer and an overall reduction in the cost to provide services. Landfill. Landfills are the main depositories for solid waste in North America.
Benefits of automation include enhanced worker safety, containerization of waste, improved service delivery to the customer and an overall reduction in the cost to provide services. Landfill. Landfills are the main depositories for solid waste in North America.
We are actively monitoring recent regulatory developments in this area, particularly with respect to permitting, as additional conditions imposed on permitting decisions could increase the time and cost involved to pursue and maintain necessary authorizations.
We are actively monitoring regulatory developments in this area, particularly with respect to permitting, as additional conditions imposed on permitting decisions could increase the time and cost involved to pursue and maintain necessary authorizations.
Such similar laws and regulations could also increase our litigation risks or may increase risks related to our reputation or goodwill, as we cannot predict how disclosures under these laws may be perceived or interpreted by our customers and stakeholders.
Such laws and regulations could also increase our litigation risks or may increase risks related to our reputation or goodwill, as we cannot predict how disclosures under these laws may be perceived or interpreted by our customers and stakeholders.
Further, while the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment has promulgated the Guidelines for the Management of Biomedical Waste in Canada , these are not enforceable unless adopted by provincial legislation or municipal by-laws, and local by-laws may be more stringent than such guidelines. ​ Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation Climate and Sustainability Jurisdictions are increasingly taking action to reduce greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions through a broad range of climate policies.
Further, while the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment has promulgated the Guidelines for the Management of Biomedical Waste in Canada , these are not enforceable unless adopted by provincial legislation or municipal by-laws, and local by-laws may be more stringent than such guidelines. ​ Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation Climate and Sustainability Certain jurisdictions are taking action to reduce greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions through a broad range of climate policies.
WM Healthcare Solutions Our WM Healthcare Solutions segment, through our subsidiary Stericycle, is primarily a business-to-business company providing RWCS and SID services that protect people and brands, promote health and well-being and safeguard the environment.
Healthcare Solutions Our Healthcare Solutions segment, through our subsidiary Stericycle, is primarily a business-to-business company providing RWCS and SID services that protect people and brands, promote health and well-being and safeguard the environment.
WM Healthcare Solutions serves customers in the U.S., Canada and Western Europe with solutions to safely manage materials that could otherwise spread disease, contaminate the environment, or compromise one’s identity.
Healthcare Solutions serves customers in the U.S., Canada and Western Europe with solutions to safely manage materials that could otherwise spread disease, contaminate the environment or compromise one’s identity.
Extended Producer Responsibility Regulations establishing extended producer responsibility (“EPR”) are being considered or implemented in many places around the world, including in certain states in the U.S. and provinces in Canada.
Extended Producer Responsibility Regulations establishing extended producer responsibility (“EPR”) are being considered or implemented in many places around the world, including in certain states in the U.S. and provinces and territories in Canada.
Our recycling operations provide communities and businesses with an alternative to traditional landfill disposal and support our strategic goals to extract more value from the materials we manage. We were the first major solid waste company to focus on residential single-stream recycling, which allows customers to mix clean bottles, cans, paper and cardboard in one bin.
Our recycling operations provide communities and businesses with an alternative to traditional landfill disposal and support our strategic goals to extract more value from the materials we manage. We were the first major solid waste company to focus on residential single-stream recycling, which allows customers to mix clean bottles, cans, paper, cups, tubs and cardboard in one bin.
Regulatory enforcement action concerning privacy and security is generally increasing, including significant fines imposed by regulators. Secure handling and disposal of waste that may contain sensitive information may be subject to heightened privacy requirements, and in the event of a breach, could result in regulatory penalties or wider enforcement action, reputational harm, and financial liabilities. ​ 24 Table of Contents
Regulatory enforcement action concerning privacy and security is generally increasing, including significant fines imposed by regulators. Secure handling and disposal of waste that may contain sensitive information may be subject to heightened privacy requirements, and in the event of a breach, could result in regulatory penalties or wider enforcement action, reputational harm, and financial liabilities. ​ 22 Table of Contents
The nature, scope, and complexity of matters that our Company must assess, quantify and disclose are expanding due to current, proposed, and recently enacted governmental reporting requirements pertaining to sustainability and climate-related risks and other topics. Such topics include water usage, waste production, labor, human capital, environmental justice, cybersecurity, privacy and risk oversight.
The nature, scope, and complexity of matters that our Company must assess, quantify and disclose are expanding due to current, proposed, and recently enacted governmental reporting requirements pertaining to sustainability and climate-related risks and other topics. Such topics include water usage, waste production, labor, human capital, cybersecurity, privacy and risk oversight.
Additionally, Corporate and Other benefits from a 15% royalty from our WM Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, RINs, electricity and capacity, RECs and related environmental attributes from the 15 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by WM Renewable Energy on our closed sites, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Additionally, Corporate and Other benefits from a 15% royalty from our Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, RINs, electricity and capacity, RECs and related environmental attributes from the 17 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by Renewable Energy on our closed sites, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Several states have recently passed minimum-recycled-content mandates, and many companies are responding to requirements for recycled content from their own customers and to meet sustainability targets. We are helping expand the availability of recycled materials by investing in infrastructure, increasing access to recycling services and educating customers through our Recycle Right ® program.
Several states have passed minimum-recycled-content mandates, and companies are responding to requirements for recycled content from their own customers and to meet sustainability targets. We are helping expand the availability of recycled materials by investing in infrastructure, increasing access to recycling services and educating customers through our Recycle Right ® program.
We are investing in enhanced recycling facility technology at new and existing facilities to benefit labor productivity, support increased recycling capacity and allow for dynamic adjustments to respond to evolving end-market demands. In 2023 and 2024, we opened eight and three new recycling facilities, respectively, within the U.S. and Canada equipped with advanced recycling technology.
We are investing in enhanced recycling facility technology at new and existing facilities to benefit labor productivity, support increased recycling capacity and allow for dynamic adjustments to respond to evolving end-market demands. In 2025 and 2024, we opened eight and three new recycling facilities, respectively, within the U.S. and Canada equipped with advanced recycling technology.
While we cannot predict what regulations will result 19 Table of Contents from these initiatives, these developments could result in increased compliance costs and adversely affect our operations. Specifically, these various regulatory actions could result in changes to how we have historically reported GHG emissions and may result in increases in such emissions reported for our operations.
While we cannot predict 17 Table of Contents what regulations will result from these initiatives, these developments could result in increased compliance costs and adversely affect our operations. Specifically, these various regulatory actions could result in changes to how we have historically reported GHG emissions and may result in increases in such emissions reported for our operations.
Organics processing and sales — We collect recyclable food and yard waste from commercial, residential, and industrial customers, and process these materials through a network of mulching, composting, CORe®, and anaerobic digestion facilities. As of December 31, 2024, we operated 49 organics recycling facilities and also partner with third-party processors.
Organics processing and sales — We collect recyclable food and yard waste from commercial, residential, and industrial customers, and process these materials through a network of mulching, composting, CORe®, and anaerobic digestion facilities. As of December 31, 2025, we operated 49 organics recycling facilities and also partner with third-party processors.
Our commitment to a culture of belonging is reflected in the diverse backgrounds of our Board of Directors and senior leadership team and in our overall workforce in the U.S., which is comprised of individuals of all ethnicities and genders. Additional information about our workforce can be found in our 2024 Sustainability Report at sustainability.wm.com.
Our commitment to a culture of belonging is reflected in the diverse backgrounds of our Board of Directors and senior leadership team and in our overall workforce in the U.S., which is comprised of individuals of all ethnicities and genders. Additional information about our workforce can be found in our 2025 Sustainability Report at sustainability.wm.com.
We do not expect the impact of any known casualty, property, environmental or other contingency to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Our estimated insurance liabilities as of December 31, 2024 are summarized in Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
We do not expect the impact of any known casualty, property, environmental or other contingency to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Our estimated insurance liabilities as of December 31, 2025 are summarized in Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additionally, Stericycle’s secure information destruction services are subject to additional laws and regulations regarding proper handling and protection of personal and confidential information. There are costs associated with siting, design, permitting, construction, operating, monitoring, site maintenance, corrective actions, financial assurance and closure and post-closure obligations at our facilities.
Additionally, our secure information destruction services are subject to laws and regulations regarding proper handling and protection of personal and confidential information. There are costs associated with siting, design, permitting, construction, operating, monitoring, site maintenance, corrective actions, financial assurance and closure and post-closure obligations at our facilities.
Our West Tier primarily includes geographic areas located in the Western U.S., including the upper Midwest region and British Columbia, Canada. We also provide additional services not managed through our five reportable segments, which are presented as Corporate and Other.
Our West Tier primarily includes geographic areas located in the Western, Southern and Central U.S., including the upper Midwest region, and British Columbia, Canada. We also provide additional services not managed through our five reportable segments, which are presented as Corporate and Other.
We will be required to begin making disclosures of our Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions in compliance with certain of these requirements in 2026, and Scope 3 GHG emissions disclosures will be required beginning in 2027. Additional U.S. states are in various stages of considering adoption of similar GHG-related disclosure requirements.
We potentially will be required to begin making disclosures of our Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions in compliance with certain of these requirements in 2026, and Scope 3 GHG emissions disclosures will be required beginning in 2027. Additional U.S. states are in various stages of considering adoption of similar climate-related disclosure requirements.
In return for providing our landfill gas, we receive royalties from each facility, including the benefit of a 15% royalty from our WM Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), electricity and capacity, Renewable Energy Credits (“RECs”) and related environmental attributes from the 84 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by WM Renewable Energy on our active landfills, which is eliminated in consolidation.
In return for providing our landfill gas, we receive royalties from each facility, including the benefit of a 15% royalty from our Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), electricity and capacity, Renewable Energy Credits (“RECs”) and related environmental attributes from the 86 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by Renewable Energy on our active landfills, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Our 2024 Sustainability Report does not constitute a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this report or any other report we file with (or furnish to) the SEC, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our 2025 Sustainability Report does not constitute a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this report or any other report we file with (or furnish to) the SEC, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In order to make disposal more practical for larger urban markets, where the distance to landfills is typically farther, we manage 339 transfer stations, excluding those acquired from Stericycle, that consolidate, compact and transport waste efficiently and economically.
In order to make disposal more practical for larger urban markets, where the distance to landfills is typically farther, we manage 342 transfer stations, excluding those acquired from Stericycle, that consolidate, compact and transport waste efficiently and economically.
We are furthering our strategy of focused differentiation and continuous improvement beyond our traditional waste operations through our sustainability growth strategy that includes significant planned investments in our WM Renewable Energy and Recycling Processing and Sales segments, while increasing automation and reducing labor dependency.
We are furthering our strategy of focused differentiation and continuous improvement beyond our traditional waste operations through our sustainability growth strategy that includes significant investments in our Renewable Energy and Recycling Processing and Sales segments, while increasing automation and reducing labor dependency.
For further discussion refer to Note 19 of our Consolidated Financial Statements. 7 Table of Contents Collection and Disposal Services provided through our Collection and Disposal businesses are described below: Collection. Our commitment to customers begins with a vast waste collection network.
For further discussion refer to Note 19 of our Consolidated Financial Statements. 5 Table of Contents Collection and Disposal Services provided through our Collection and Disposal businesses are described below: Collection. Our commitment to customers begins with a vast waste collection network.
Compliance with current regulations and future requirements could require us to make significant capital and operating expenditures. However, most of these expenditures are made in the normal course of business and do not place us at a competitive disadvantage. The regulatory environment in which we operate is influenced by changes in governmental administrations and leadership.
Compliance with current regulations and future requirements could require us to make significant capital and operating expenditures. However, most of these expenditures are made in the normal course of business and do not place us at a competitive disadvantage. 14 Table of Contents The regulatory environment in which we operate is influenced by changes in governmental administrations and leadership.
Additionally, 21 Table of Contents future regulation, tariffs, international trade policies or other initiatives, including extended producer responsibility regulations, minimum recycled content laws, container deposit laws, or regulations addressing climate change or GHG emissions, may impact supply and demand of material, or increase operating costs, which could impact the profitability of our recycling operations.
Additionally, regulation, tariffs, international trade policies or other initiatives, including extended producer responsibility regulations, minimum recycled 19 Table of Contents content laws, container deposit laws, or regulations addressing climate change or GHG emissions, may impact supply and demand of material, or increase operating costs, which could impact the profitability of our recycling operations.
Collection involves picking up and transporting waste and recyclable materials from where it was generated to a transfer station, recycling facility or disposal site. We generally provide collection services under one of two types of arrangements: ● For commercial and industrial collection services, typically we have three-year service agreements.
Collection involves picking up and transporting waste and recyclable, construction and demolition, and organic materials from where it was generated to a transfer station, recycling facility or disposal site. We generally provide collection services under one of two types of arrangements: ● For commercial and industrial collection services, typically we have three-year service agreements.
The breadth of these service offerings, combined with our large and expanding network of technology-enabled infrastructure in recycling, organics and renewable energy give us the ability to help customers reduce the amount of waste they generate, identify recycling opportunities and determine efficient and environmentally friendly means for waste collection and disposal.
The breadth of these service offerings, combined with our large and expanding network of technology-enabled infrastructure in recycling, organics and renewable energy give us the ability to help customers reduce the amount of waste they generate, identify recycling 7 Table of Contents opportunities and determine efficient and environmentally friendly means for waste collection and disposal.
WM Renewable Energy We develop, operate and promote projects for the beneficial use of landfill gas through our WM Renewable Energy segment. Landfill gas is produced naturally as waste decomposes in a landfill. The methane component of the landfill gas is a readily available, renewable energy source that can be gathered and used beneficially as an alternative to fossil fuel.
Renewable Energy We develop, operate and promote projects for the beneficial use of landfill gas through our Renewable Energy segment. Landfill gas is produced naturally as waste decomposes in a landfill. The methane component of the landfill gas is a readily available renewable energy source that can be gathered and used beneficially as an alternative to fossil fuel. The U.S.
WM Renewable Energy is charged a 15% royalty on net operating revenue from these facilities residing on our active and closed landfills from our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses, which is eliminated in consolidation. Additionally, WM Renewable Energy operates and maintains seven third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in return for service revenue.
Renewable Energy is charged a 15% royalty on net operating revenue from these facilities residing on our active and closed landfills from our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses, which is eliminated in consolidation. Additionally, Renewable Energy operates and maintains six third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in return for service revenue.
In our materials processing business, we have been transitioning our customer base over time from the traditional rebate model, where we paid suppliers for the inbound material, to a fee-for-service model that ensures the cost of processing the recyclable materials is covered along with an acceptable margin.
In our materials processing business, we have been transitioning our customer base over time from the traditional rebate model, where we paid suppliers for the inbound material, to a fee-for-service model that ensures the cost of processing the recyclable materials is covered along with an acceptable 8 Table of Contents margin.
Through these services, we aim to help customers increase circularity and accelerate their decarbonization goals. 9 Table of Contents Recycling Processing and Sales Recycling involves the separation of reusable materials from the waste stream for processing and resale or other disposition. We are North America’s leading recycler of post-consumer materials.
Through these services, we aim to help customers increase circularity and accelerate their decarbonization goals. Recycling Processing and Sales Recycling involves the separation of reusable materials from the waste stream for processing and resale or other disposition. We are North America’s leading recycler of post-consumer materials.
With the acquisition of Stericycle, we have increased our exposure to international jurisdictions, primarily Western Europe, and we are subject to additional laws and regulations in the U.S. and internationally concerning transportation, management and disposal or destruction of medical waste streams, including regulations that govern the definition, generation, segregation, handling, packaging, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal or destruction of medical waste and controlled substances waste, along with extensive recordkeeping and documentation requirements.
Our November 2024 acquisition of Stericycle increased our exposure to international jurisdictions, primarily Western Europe, and we are subject to laws and regulations in the U.S. and internationally concerning transportation, management and disposal or destruction of medical waste streams, including regulations that govern the definition, generation, segregation, handling, packaging, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal or destruction of medical waste and controlled substances waste, along with extensive recordkeeping and documentation requirements.
Natural gas fueling infrastructure is not yet broadly available in the U.S. and Canada; as a result, we have constructed 22 Table of Contents and operate natural gas fueling stations, some of which also serve the public or pre-approved third parties.
Natural gas fueling infrastructure is not yet broadly available in the U.S. and Canada; as a result, we have constructed and operate natural gas fueling stations, some of which also serve the public or pre-approved third parties.
With our current fee-for-service model, the pricing for these recyclable materials can either be a charge or “tip fee” when commodity pricing does not cover our cost to process the recyclable materials or a “rebate” when commodity pricing is higher than our processing costs and we are able to share this benefit with the customers generating recyclable 10 Table of Contents materials.
With our current fee-for-service model, the pricing for these recyclable materials can either be a charge or “tip fee” when commodity pricing does not cover our cost to process the recyclable materials or a “rebate” when commodity pricing is higher than our processing costs and we are able to share this benefit with the customers generating recyclable materials.
The fees under the agreements are influenced by factors such as collection frequency, type of collection equipment we furnish, type and volume or weight of the waste collected, distance to the disposal facility, labor costs, cost of disposal and general market factors.
The fees under the agreements are influenced by factors such as collection frequency, type of collection equipment we furnish, type and volume or weight of the waste collected, distance to the disposal facility, labor costs, fuel costs, truck types, cost of disposal and general market factors.
We have enabled a people-first, technology-led focus to drive our mission to maximize resource value, while minimizing environmental 6 Table of Contents impact, and sustainability and environmental stewardship is embedded in all that we do. Our strategy leverages and sustains the strongest asset network in the industry to drive best-in-class customer experience and growth.
We have enabled a people-first, technology-led focus to drive our mission to maximize resource value, while minimizing environmental impact, and sustainability and environmental stewardship is embedded in all that we do. Our strategy leverages and sustains the strongest asset network in the industry to drive best-in-class customer experience and growth.
Shredded paper is then sold as sorted office paper. Corporate and Other We also provide additional services that are not managed through our operating segments, which are presented in this report as Corporate and Other as they do not meet the criteria to be aggregated with other operating segments and do not meet the quantitative criteria to be separately reported.
Shredded paper is then sold as sorted office paper. 10 Table of Contents Corporate and Other We also provide additional services that are not managed through our operating segments, which are presented in this report as Corporate and Other as they do not meet the criteria to be aggregated with other operating segments and do not meet the quantitative criteria to be separately reported.
This is an indication of our ability to generate strong and consistent cash flows and marks the 22nd consecutive year of dividend increases.
This is an indication of our ability to generate strong and consistent cash flows and marks the 23rd consecutive year of dividend increases.
Privacy and Information Security Regulation Various U.S. and international laws and regulations related to data privacy, the protection of confidential information and secure information destruction services apply to our business. Applicable laws require businesses to provide notice under certain circumstances to individuals whose personal information has been disclosed in a data breach.
Privacy and Information Security Regulation Various U.S. and international laws and regulations related to data privacy, the protection of confidential information and secure information destruction services apply to our business. Applicable laws require businesses to provide notice under certain circumstances to individuals and/or regulators where personal information has been disclosed in a data breach.
For example, in August 2024, the EPA released revised emission factors for the reporting of methane emissions from landfills that would, amongst other matters, result in increased reported emissions from flares and other equipment and processes. Industry groups have filed legal challenges to the EPA’s updated emission factors.
For example, in August 2024, the EPA released revised emission factors for the reporting of methane emissions from landfills that would, amongst other matters, result in increased reported emissions from flares and other equipment and processes. Industry groups have filed legal challenges to the EPA’s updated emission factors, and the EPA granted the industry’s petition for reconsideration.
Letters of credit generally are 15 Table of Contents supported by our long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”) and other credit lines established for that purpose.
Letters of credit generally are supported by our long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”) and other credit lines established for that purpose.
The EPA also requires landfills and other waste-handling facilities to obtain storm water discharge permits, and if a landfill or other facility discharges wastewater through a sewage system to a publicly-owned treatment works, the facility must comply with discharge limits imposed by the treatment works.
The EPA also requires landfills and other waste-handling facilities to obtain storm water discharge permits, and 15 Table of Contents if a landfill or other facility discharges wastewater through a sewage system to a publicly-owned treatment works, the facility must comply with discharge limits imposed by the treatment works.
Further, before the development or expansion of a landfill can alter or affect certain “wetlands,” a permit may have to be obtained providing for 17 Table of Contents mitigation or replacement wetlands.
Further, before the development or expansion of a landfill can alter or affect certain “wetlands,” a permit may have to be obtained providing for mitigation or replacement wetlands.
Simultaneously, we believe that investing in automation to improve processes and drive operational efficiency combined with a focus on the cost to serve our customers will yield an attractive profit margin and enhanced service quality.
Simultaneously, we believe that investing in 4 Table of Contents automation to improve processes and drive operational efficiency combined with a focus on the cost to serve our customers will yield an attractive profit margin and enhanced service quality.
At the federal level, oil refiners and importers are required through the RFS program to blend specified volumes of various categories of renewable transportation fuels with gasoline or buy credits, referred to as Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”), from renewable fuel producers.
At the federal level, oil refiners and importers are required through the RFS program to blend specified volumes of various categories of renewable transportation fuels with gasoline or buy credits, referred to as RINs, from renewable fuel producers.
Transfer. As of December 31, 2024, we owned or operated 339 transfer stations in the U.S. and Canada. We deposit waste at these stations, as do other waste haulers. The solid waste is then consolidated and compacted to reduce the volume and increase the density of the waste and transported by transfer trucks or by rail to disposal sites.
Transfer. As of December 31, 2025, we owned or operated 342 transfer stations in the U.S. and Canada. We deposit waste at these stations, as do other waste haulers. The solid waste is then consolidated and compacted to reduce the volume and increase the density of the waste and transported by transfer trucks, rail or barge to disposal sites.
If wide-ranging EPR regulations were adopted, or other recycling-related regulations like container deposit laws were widely adopted, they could significantly impact the waste, recycling and other streams we manage, including with respect to quality and volume, and how we operate our business, including contract terms and pricing.
If wide-ranging EPR regulations or other recycling-related regulations like container deposit laws are widely adopted, they could significantly impact the waste, recycling and other streams we manage, including with respect to quality and volume, how we operate our business, including contract terms and pricing, and the profitability of our recycling facilities.
Our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses benefit from these projects as well as 52 additional third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in the form of royalties. WM Renewable Energy converts landfill gas into several sources of renewable energy, which include RNG, electricity and capacity, heat and/or steam.
Our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses benefit from these projects as well as 54 additional third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in the form of royalties. Renewable Energy converts landfill gas into several sources of renewable energy, which include RNG, electricity, heat and steam.
We use carbon lifecycle assessment tools in evaluating potential new services and in establishing the value proposition that makes us attractive as an environmental service provider. We are active in support of public policies that encourage development and use of lower carbon energy and waste services that can lower lifecycle carbon footprints.
We use estimated lifecycle emissions assessments in evaluating potential new services and in establishing the value proposition that makes us attractive as an environmental service provider. We are active in support of public policies that encourage development and use of lower carbon energy and waste services that can lower lifecycle carbon footprints.
As of December 31, 2024, we owned or controlled the management of 239 sites with remedial activities that are in closure or have received a certification of closure from the applicable regulatory agency.
As of December 31, 2025, we owned or controlled the management of 244 sites with remedial activities that are in closure or have received a certification of closure from the applicable regulatory agency.
We also recognize the value of learning beyond the workplace. Our education benefit, Your Tomorrow, pays benefits-eligible employees’ and dependents’ tuition for a broad range of four-year college degree programs, as well as programs such as high-school equivalency and, for employees, other certificate programs and graduate degrees.
We also recognize the value of learning beyond the workplace. Our education benefit, Your Tomorrow, makes a contribution toward benefits-eligible employees’ tuition for a broad range of four-year college degree programs, as well as programs such as high-school equivalency and other certificate programs and graduate degrees.
Continued dialogue, engagement and collaboration with these regulatory agencies will be important, as both the EPA and the ECCC are evaluating landfill emissions standards that may require the application of various emerging methane measurement technologies and plan to develop methods and standards for such measurement technologies.
Continued dialogue, engagement and collaboration with these regulatory agencies will be important, as the EPA, the ECCC and several states, including California and Colorado, are evaluating landfill emissions standards that may require the application of various emerging methane measurement technologies and plan to develop methods and standards for such measurement technologies.
Furthermore, we are also evaluating and pursuing emerging diversion technologies that may generate additional value. Our Company’s goals are targeted at putting our people first, positioning them to serve and care for our customers, the environment, the communities in which we work and our stockholders. Our brand promise is ALWAYS WORKING FOR A SUSTAINABLE TOMORROW ® .
Furthermore, we continue to evaluate and plan to pursue emerging diversion technologies that may generate additional value. Our Company’s goals are targeted at putting our people first, positioning them to serve and care for our customers, the environment, the communities in which we work and our stockholders. Our brand promise is ALWAYS WORKING FOR A SUSTAINABLE TOMORROW ® .
While weather-related and other event-driven special projects can boost revenues through additional work for a limited time, due to significant start-up costs and other factors, such revenue can generate earnings at comparatively lower margins. 13 Table of Contents Human Capital Resources Employees As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 61,700 full-time employees across the U.S., Canada, Western Europe, and India.
While weather-related and other event-driven special projects can boost revenues through additional work for a limited time, due to significant start-up costs and other factors, such revenue can generate earnings at comparatively lower margins. Human Capital Resources Employees As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 60,500 full-time employees across the U.S., Canada, Western Europe, and India.
WM Renewable Energy also generates RINs under the Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) program, other credits under a variety of state programs associated with the use of RNG in our compressed natural gas fleet, and RECs associated with the production of electricity.
Renewable Energy also generates RINs under the RFS program, other credits under a variety of state programs associated with the use of RNG in our compressed natural gas fleet and RECs associated with the production of electricity.
We have discussed our sustainability growth strategy that includes planned and ongoing investments in our recycling business to increase automation and reduce labor dependency. Such investments are also targeted at addressing increases in regulatory- and customer-driven quality requirements for commodities. These investments increase our exposure to commodity price fluctuations.
Prices and demand for recyclables fluctuate. We have discussed our sustainability growth strategy that includes significant investments in our recycling business to increase automation and reduce labor dependency. Such investments are also targeted at addressing increases in regulatory- and customer-driven quality requirements for commodities. These investments increase our exposure to commodity price fluctuations.
As of December 31, 2024, we operated 105 recycling facilities, of which 45 are single stream, where cardboard, paper, glass, metals, plastics, construction and demolition materials and other recycling commodities are recovered for resale or redirected for other purposes. Recycling commodities — We market and resell recycling commodities globally.
As of December 31, 2025, we operated 113 recycling facilities, of which 51 are single stream, where cardboard, paper, glass, metals, plastics, construction and demolition materials and other recycling commodities are recovered for resale or redirected for other purposes. Recycling commodities — We market and resell recycling commodities globally.
For 65 of these projects, the processed gas is used to fuel electricity generators. The electricity is then sold to public utilities, municipal utilities or power cooperatives. For 23 of these projects, the gas is used at the landfill or delivered by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
The electricity is then sold to public utilities, municipal utilities or power cooperatives. For 24 of these projects, the gas is used at the landfill or delivered by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
The Sustainability Report conveys the strong linkage between the Company’s sustainability goals and our growth strategy, inclusive of the planned and ongoing expansion of the Company’s Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments.
The annual Sustainability Report conveys the strong linkage between the Company’s sustainability goals and our growth strategy, inclusive of the expansion of the Company’s Recycling Processing and Sales and Renewable Energy segments.
The primary drivers of renewable fuel development at our landfills are tax policies, such as the federal tax credits for RNG production and renewable electricity generation under the IRA, and federal and state incentive programs, such as the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) program, California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and similar state programs that promote the production and use of renewable transportation fuels.
The primary drivers of renewable fuel development at our landfills are tax policies, such as federal tax credits for investments in RNG production under the IRA and OBBBA, and federal and state incentive programs, such as the federal RFS program, California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and similar state programs that promote the production and use of renewable transportation fuels.
Included within our Collection and Disposal businesses are landfills having (i) 20 third-party power generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) 16 third-party renewable natural gas (“RNG”) facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers and (iii) six third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
Included within our Collection and Disposal businesses are landfills having (i) 19 third-party power generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) 17 third-party RNG facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers and (iii) nine third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
Through our subsidiaries, including our Waste Management Renewable Energy (“WM Renewable Energy”) segment, we are also a leading developer, operator and owner of landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and renewable natural gas, which is a significant source of fuel that we allocate to our natural gas fleet.
Through our Waste Management Renewable Energy (“Renewable Energy”) segment, we are also a leading developer, operator and owner of landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and renewable natural gas (“RNG”), which is a significant source of fuel that we allocate to our natural gas fleet. Following our 2024 acquisition of Stericycle, Inc.
As of December 31, 2024, we owned or operated 257 solid waste landfills and five secure hazardous waste landfills, which represents the largest network of landfills throughout the U.S. and Canada.
As of December 31, 2025, we owned or operated 253 solid waste landfills and four hazardous waste landfills, which represents the largest network of landfills throughout the U.S. and Canada.
Public statements with respect to sustainability matters are becoming increasingly subject to heightened scrutiny from public and governmental authorities related to the risk of potential “greenwashing,” i.e. , misleading information or false claims overstating potential sustainability benefits.
Public statements with respect to sustainability matters are subject to heightened scrutiny related to the risk of potential “greenwashing,” i.e. , allegations of misleading information or false claims overstating potential sustainability benefits made by governmental authorities, non-governmental organizations and other private actors.
To assure regulatory compliance, we educate our customers and will not accept material from 11 Table of Contents customers unless it complies with our waste acceptance protocols and is properly stored or packaged in containers that we have either supplied or approved and is appropriately labeled.
To assure regulatory compliance, we educate our customers and will not accept material from customers unless it complies with our waste acceptance protocols and is properly stored or packaged in containers that we have either supplied or approved and is appropriately labeled. Our team members then collect containers at the customer location via our fleet of vehicles.
Supreme Court for waste directed to facilities owned by the local government. The U.S. Congress’ adoption of legislation allowing restrictions on interstate transportation of out-of-state or out-of-jurisdiction waste or certain types of flow control, or courts’ interpretations of interstate waste and flow control legislation, could adversely affect our solid waste, hazardous waste, medical waste and controlled substances management services.
Congress’ adoption of legislation allowing restrictions on interstate transportation of out-of-state or out-of-jurisdiction waste or certain types of flow control, or courts’ interpretations of interstate waste and flow control legislation, could adversely affect our solid waste, hazardous waste, medical waste and controlled substances management services.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) endorses landfill gas as a renewable energy resource, in the same category as wind, solar and geothermal resources. As of December 31, 2024, we had 102 landfill gas beneficial use projects producing commercial quantities of methane gas at owned or operated landfills.
Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) endorses landfill gas as a renewable energy resource, in the same category as wind, solar and geothermal resources. As of December 31, 2025, we had 103 landfill gas beneficial use projects producing commercial quantities of methane gas at owned or operated landfills. For 62 of these projects, the processed gas is used to fuel electricity generators.
At the state level, an increasing number of jurisdictions have enacted new drinking water, surface water and/or groundwater limits for various PFAS compounds, which has led to a patchwork of PFAS standards across the U.S.
We expect that there could be continued efforts to regulate or impose liability with respect to PFAS at the federal level. At the state level, an increasing number of jurisdictions have enacted new drinking water, surface water and/or groundwater limits for various PFAS compounds, which has led to a patchwork of PFAS standards across the U.S.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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Biggest changeAdditionally, we have in the past and may in the future face purported class action lawsuits related to our customer service agreements, prices, surcharges and other mandated fees. ● We may be unsuccessful in implementing our technology-led automation and optimization strategy and other improvements to operational efficiency and such efforts may not yield the intended result. ● We may not be able to maintain cost savings achieved, including through our automation and optimization efforts, due to inflationary cost pressures or otherwise. ● Strategic decisions with respect to our asset portfolio may result in impairments to our assets. ● Execution of our strategy, including growth through acquisitions, such as our recent Stericycle acquisition, and our planned and ongoing expansion of our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments, has caused, and may in the future, cause us to incur substantial additional indebtedness, which may divert capital away from our traditional business operations and other financial plans, and may introduce additional risks and volatility to our financial performance. ● Our ability to make strategic acquisitions depends on our ability to identify desirable acquisition targets, negotiate advantageous transactions despite competition for such opportunities, fund such acquisitions on favorable terms, obtain regulatory approvals and realize the benefits we expect from those transactions. ● Acquisitions, investments and/or new service offerings or lines of business may not increase our earnings in the timeframe anticipated, or at all, due to difficulties operating in new markets or providing new service offerings or lines of business, failure of technologies to perform as expected, failure to operate within budget, integration issues, or regulatory issues and compliance costs, among others, and we may experience issues successfully integrating acquisitions into our internal controls, operations, and/or accounting systems. ● Integration of acquisitions and/or new services offerings or lines of business, such as our expansion into medical waste, controlled substances waste and secure information destruction services, and additional expansion into markets outside of North America has and would result in our business being subject to new laws and regulatory regimes, resulting in greater exposure to risk of inadvertent noncompliance and additional compliance costs. ● Liabilities associated with acquisitions, including ones that may exist only because of past operations of an acquired business, may prove to be more difficult or costly to address than anticipated, and businesses or assets we acquire may have undisclosed liabilities, despite our efforts to minimize exposure to such risks through due diligence and other measures. 25 Table of Contents ● Supply chain, regulatory or permitting disruptions or delays could detrimentally impact the execution timeline for our planned and ongoing expansions of our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy businesses. ● We continue to seek to divest underperforming and non-strategic assets and operations if we cannot improve their profitability.
Biggest changeOur unwillingness to pursue lower margin volumes may negatively affect our cash flows or results of operations. ● We may be unsuccessful in implementing our technology-led automation and optimization strategy and other improvements to operational efficiency and such efforts may not yield the intended result. ● We may not be able to maintain cost savings achieved, including through our automation and optimization or acquisition integration efforts, due to inflationary cost pressures or otherwise. ● Execution of our growth strategy, including acquisitions and expansion of operations, has caused, and may in the future cause, us to incur substantial additional indebtedness, which may divert capital away from our traditional business operations and other financial plans. ● Expansion of our Recycling Processing and Sales and Renewable Energy segments may introduce additional compliance and regulatory risks and additional volatility to our financial performance. ● Our ability to make strategic acquisitions depends on our ability to identify desirable acquisition targets, negotiate advantageous transactions despite competition for such opportunities, fund such acquisitions on favorable terms, obtain regulatory approvals and realize the benefits we expect from those transactions. ● Acquisitions, investments and/or new service offerings or lines of business may not increase our earnings to the extent or in the timeframe anticipated, or at all, due to complexities or difficulties operating in new markets or providing new service offerings or lines of business, failure of technologies to perform as expected, failure to achieve targeted revenue growth or market expansion, inability to manage costs within budget, integration issues, or regulatory issues and compliance costs, among others, and we may experience issues successfully integrating acquisitions into our internal controls, operations, and/or accounting systems. ● Integration of acquisitions and/or new services offerings or lines of business, such as our Healthcare Solutions segment, and additional expansion outside of North America, results in our business being subject to new regulations, greater exposure to risk of inadvertent noncompliance and additional compliance costs. ● Liabilities associated with acquisitions, including ones that may exist only because of past operations of an acquired business, may prove to be more difficult or costly to address than anticipated, and businesses or assets we acquire may have undisclosed liabilities, despite our efforts to minimize exposure to such risks through due diligence and other measures.
We are dependent on technology, and if our technology fails, our business would be adversely affected. Our Company, our customers, and the economy in general are increasingly dependent on continuous information technology systems and digital tools to conduct operations.
We are increasingly dependent on technology, and if our technology fails, our business would be adversely affected. Our Company, our customers, and the economy in general are increasingly dependent on continuous information technology systems and digital tools to conduct operations.
RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand. The value of the RINs is set through a market established by the RFS program, which market has historically been very volatile.
RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand. The value of the RINs is set through a market established by the RFS program, which market has historically been volatile.
Our business necessitates the processing, collection, use, storage and transmission of numerous classes of sensitive and/or confidential information and intellectual property, including individuals’ personal information, private and sensitive employment-related personal information, and financial and strategic information about the Company and other businesses.
Our business necessitates the processing, collection, use, storage and transmission of numerous classes of sensitive and/or confidential information and intellectual property, including individuals’ personal information, private and sensitive employment-related personal data, and financial and strategic information about the Company and other businesses.
Further, protecting our intellectual property rights and combating unlicensed copying and use of intellectual property is difficult, and an inability to obtain or protect new technologies could impact our services to customers and the development of new revenue sources.
Further, protecting our intellectual property rights and combating unlicensed copying and use of intellectual property is difficult and expensive, and an inability to obtain or protect new technologies could impact our services to customers and the development of new revenue sources.
The nature, scope, and complexity of matters that our Company must assess, quantify and disclose are expanding due to current, proposed, and recently enacted governmental reporting requirements pertaining to sustainability and climate-related risks and other topics, such as water usage, waste production, labor, human capital, environmental justice, cybersecurity, privacy, and risk oversight. For example, see Item 1.
The nature, scope, and complexity of matters that our Company must assess, quantify and disclose are expanding due to current, proposed, and recently enacted governmental reporting requirements pertaining to sustainability and climate-related risks and other topics, such as water usage, waste production, labor, human capital, environmental justice, cybersecurity, privacy, and risk oversight. See Item 1.
To mitigate these risks, we maintain a cybersecurity insurance policy; however, due to policy terms, limits and exclusions, such insurance may not apply in all cases, and it may not be adequate to cover all liabilities incurred. Regulatory enforcement action concerning privacy infringement and security incidents is generally increasing, including significant fines recently imposed by European regulators.
To mitigate these risks, we maintain a cybersecurity insurance policy; however, due to policy terms, limits and exclusions, such insurance may not apply in all cases, and it may not be adequate to cover all liabilities incurred. Regulatory enforcement action concerning privacy infringement and security incidents is generally increasing, including significant fines recently imposed by U.K. and European regulators.
Additionally, significant variations in the price of biogas, electricity and other energy-related products that are marketed and sold by our landfill gas recovery operations can result in a corresponding impact to our revenue from yield from such operations. Expansion of our WM Renewable Energy segment may introduce additional risks and volatility to our financial performance.
Additionally, significant variations in the price of biogas, electricity and other energy-related products that are marketed and sold by our landfill gas recovery operations can result in a corresponding impact to our revenue from yield from such operations. Recent expansion of our Renewable Energy segment may introduce additional risks and volatility to our financial performance.
Regulations requiring diversion of organic wastes away from landfills could have the effect of decreasing the amount of landfill gas produced over time in our landfills. Focus on, and regulation of, sustainability performance and disclosure can result in increased costs, risk of noncompliance, damage to our reputation and related adverse effects.
Regulations requiring diversion of organic waste away from landfills could have the effect of decreasing the amount of landfill gas produced over time in our landfills. Focus on, and regulation of, sustainability performance and disclosure can result in increased costs, risk of noncompliance, damage to our reputation and related adverse effects.
We may use our $3.5 billion long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”) to meet our cash needs, to the extent available, until maturity in May 2029. As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under this facility.
We may use our $3.5 billion long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”) to meet our cash needs, to the extent available, until maturity in May 2029. As of December 31, 2025, we had no outstanding borrowings under this facility.
Prices and demand for recyclables fluctuate and are particularly susceptible to volatility based on macroeconomic conditions and regulations. The fluctuations in the market prices or demand for these commodities can affect our operating income and cash flows positively, as we experienced in 2024, or negatively, as we experienced in 2023.
Prices and demand for recyclables fluctuate and are particularly susceptible to volatility based on macroeconomic conditions and regulations. The fluctuations in the market prices or demand for these commodities can affect our operating income and cash flows negatively, as we experienced in 2025, or positively, as we experienced in 2024.
We may not be able to meet such goals or implement such initiatives in the manner or on timelines contemplated due to challenges including, but not limited to, unforeseen costs or delays, changes in how GHG emissions are calculated or otherwise reported, supply chain disruptions, regulatory impacts, integration of acquired assets or businesses, technology limitations or technical difficulties associated with achieving such goals.
We may not be able to meet such goals or implement such initiatives in the manner or on timelines contemplated due to 27 Table of Contents challenges including, but not limited to, unforeseen costs or delays, changes in how GHG emissions are calculated or otherwise reported, supply chain disruptions, regulatory impacts, integration of acquired assets or businesses, technology limitations or technical difficulties associated with achieving such goals.
Future regulation, tariffs, international trade policies or other initiatives, including regulations addressing climate change or GHG emissions, may impact supply and demand of material, or increase operating costs, which could impact the profitability of our recycling operations.
Future regulation, tariffs, international trade policies or other initiatives, including regulations addressing climate change or GHG emissions, may impact supply and demand of material and availability of counterparties, or increase operating costs, which could impact the profitability of our recycling operations.
If we encounter issues with technology systems or difficulties integrating Stericycle’s operations and systems into our system of internal control over financial reporting, and if we are unable to correct any issues encountered in a timely manner, our ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial data may be adversely affected, which may impact the accuracy, quality and completeness of our financial statements.
If we encounter issues with technology systems, including issues related to Stericycle’s ERP system or difficulties integrating Stericycle’s operations and systems into our system of internal control over financial reporting, and if we are unable to correct any issues encountered in a timely manner, our ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial data may be adversely affected, which may impact the accuracy, quality and completeness of our financial statements.
The magnitude of future cyber intrusions that result in a theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of sensitive and/or confidential information (belonging to us or third parties) or intellectual property, or material interference with our information technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which we rely cannot be predicted, such incidents could result in material business disruption, direct financial loss, remediation costs, negative publicity, brand damage, alleged violation of privacy laws, loss of customers, potential regulatory investigations and enforcement or private litigation liability and competitive disadvantage.
The magnitude of future cyber intrusions that result in a theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of sensitive and/or confidential information (belonging to us or third parties) or intellectual property, or material interference with our information technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which we rely cannot be predicted, such incidents could result in material business disruption, direct financial loss, remediation costs, reputational harm, brand damage, alleged violation of privacy laws, loss of customers, potential regulatory investigations and enforcement or private litigation liability and competitive disadvantage.
Additional groups of employees may seek union representation in the future, and, if successful, would enhance organized labor’s leverage to obtain higher than expected wage and benefits costs and resist the introduction of new technology and other initiatives, which can result in increased operating expenses and lower net income.
Additional groups of employees may seek union representation in the future, and, if successful, would enhance organized labor’s leverage to obtain higher than expected wage and benefits costs and resist 26 Table of Contents the introduction of new technology and other initiatives, which can result in increased operating expenses and lower net income.
We may experience difficulties or delays in the research, development, production and/or marketing of new products and services or implementation of technologies in which we have invested or acquired, which may 35 Table of Contents negatively impact our operating results and prevent us from recouping or realizing a return on these investments and acquisitions.
We may experience difficulties or delays in the research, development, production and/or marketing of new products and services or implementation of technologies in which we have invested or acquired, which may negatively impact our operating results and prevent us from recouping or realizing a return on these investments and acquisitions.
As such, we must commit substantial resources to continuously monitor and further develop our networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, and address the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events. These protections and other systems designed to mitigate cybersecurity risks may not fully defend against an attack or future cybersecurity incident, which can be unpredictable in nature.
As such, we must commit substantial resources to continuously monitor and further enhance our networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, and address the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer malware and other events. These protections and other systems designed to mitigate cybersecurity risks may not fully defend against an attack or future cybersecurity incident, which can be unpredictable in nature.
If we are not able to develop new service offerings and protect intellectual property or if a competitor develops or obtains exclusive rights to a breakthrough technology, our financial results may suffer. Our existing and proposed service offerings to customers require that we invest in, develop, license, and protect new technologies.
Technology, Intellectual Property and Information Security Risks If we are not able to develop new service offerings and protect intellectual property, or if a competitor develops or obtains exclusive rights to a breakthrough technology, our financial results may suffer. Our existing and proposed service offerings to customers require that we invest in, develop, license, and protect new technologies.
Increasing regulatory focus on privacy and data protection issues and expanding laws could negatively impact our business, subject us to criticism and expose us to increased liability. The legislative and regulatory framework for security, privacy and data protection issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and becoming increasingly demanding and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future.
Increasing regulatory focus on privacy and data protection issues and expanding laws could negatively impact our business, subject us to criticism and expose us to increased liability. The legislative and regulatory framework for security, privacy and data protection issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future.
We have $2.7 billion of debt as of December 31, 2024 that is exposed to changes in market interest rates within the next 12 months, associated with our commercial paper borrowings and tax-exempt bonds. If interest rates increase, our interest expense would also increase, lowering our net income and decreasing our cash flow.
We have $2.9 billion of debt as of December 31, 2025 that is exposed to changes in market interest rates within the next 12 months, associated with our commercial paper borrowings and tax-exempt bonds. If interest rates increase, our interest expense would also increase, lowering our net income and decreasing our cash flow.
Our operations require us to attract, hire, develop and retain a high-quality workforce to provide a superior customer experience. This includes key individuals in leadership and specialty roles, as well as a very large number of drivers, technicians and other front-line and back-office team members necessary to provide our environmental services.
Our operations require us to attract, hire, develop and retain a high-quality workforce; this includes key individuals in leadership and specialty roles, as well as a very large number of skilled drivers, technicians and other front-line and back-office team members necessary to provide our environmental services.
The acquisition of Stericycle may not result in realization of the benefits and cost synergies that we currently expect, and we cannot guarantee that these benefits and cost synergies will be achieved within anticipated time frames or at all.
The acquisition of Stericycle may not result in realization of the benefits and cost synergies that we currently expect, and we cannot guarantee that these benefits and cost synergies will be achieved within anticipated time frames.
Business – Regulation – Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation – WM Renewable Energy for additional information. Changes and volatility in the RINs market, or changes in the structure of the RFS program or other clean fuel standard programs, can and has impacted the financial performance of our facilities.
Business – Regulation – 34 Table of Contents Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation – Renewable Energy for additional information. Changes and volatility in the RINs market, or changes in the structure of the RFS program or other clean fuel standard programs, can and has impacted the financial performance of our facilities.
We had $1.2 billion of outstanding borrowings (net of related discount on issuance) under our commercial paper program and $224 million of letters of credit issued, both supported by this facility, leaving unused and available credit capacity of $2.1 billion as of December 31, 2024.
We had $1.1 billion of outstanding borrowings (net of related discount on issuance) under our commercial paper program and $227 million of letters of credit issued, both supported by this facility, leaving unused and available credit capacity of $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2025.
Following our acquisition of Stericycle, we are subject to additional laws and regulations in the U.S. and internationally concerning transportation, management and disposal or destruction of medical waste streams, including regulations that govern the definition, generation, segregation, handling, packaging, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal or destruction of medical waste and controlled substances waste, along with extensive recordkeeping and documentation requirements.
We are also subject to additional laws and regulations in the U.S. and internationally concerning transportation, management and disposal or destruction of medical waste streams, including regulations that govern the definition, generation, segregation, handling, packaging, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal or destruction of medical waste and controlled substances waste, along with extensive recordkeeping and documentation requirements.
We continue to monitor these efforts and the potential impacts to our operations. Should comprehensive federal climate change legislation be enacted, we expect it could impose operational and compliance costs that might not be offset by the revenue increases associated with our lower-carbon service options, the materiality of which we cannot predict.
We continue to monitor these efforts and the potential impacts to our operations. Should comprehensive federal climate change legislation be enacted, we expect it could impose operational and compliance costs that might not be offset by the revenue increases associated with our lower-carbon service options.
For additional information, See Item 1. Business – Regulation – Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation – Extended Producer Responsibility . A significant reduction in the waste, recycling and other streams we manage, including with respect to quality and volume, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Business – Regulation – Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation – Extended Producer Responsibility . A significant reduction in the waste, recycling and other streams we manage, including with respect to quality and volume, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Operation of fueling stations and landfill gas collection and control systems, as well as operation of heavy machinery and management of flammable materials at our recycling facilities and transfer stations, involves additional risks of fire and explosion. The Stericycle business requires handling of medical waste and controlled substances waste.
Operation of fueling stations and landfill gas collection and control systems, as well as operation of heavy machinery and management of flammable materials at our recycling facilities and transfer stations, involves additional risks of fire and explosion. The Healthcare Solutions business requires handling of medical waste and controlled substances waste and operates incineration facilities.
It is possible that we could be required to deposit cash to collateralize certain obligations, which could negatively impact our liquidity. 41 Table of Contents We may record material charges against our earnings due to impairments to our assets.
It is possible that we could be required to deposit cash to collateralize certain obligations, which could negatively impact our liquidity. We may record material charges against our earnings due to impairments to our assets.
Increases in our labor costs as a result of labor unions organizing, changes in regulations related to labor unions or increases in employee minimum wages, could adversely affect our future results. Labor unions continually attempt to organize our employees, and these efforts will likely continue in the future.
Increases in our labor costs as a result of unions organizing, Multiemployer Pension Plan withdrawals, changes in regulations related to labor unions or increases in minimum wages, could adversely affect our future results. Labor unions continually attempt to organize our employees, and these efforts will likely continue in the future.
Many complex laws, rules, orders and interpretations govern environmental protection, health, safety, land use, zoning, transportation, ethical business conduct, 26 Table of Contents data privacy and security, and other related and similar subjects.
Many complex laws, rules, orders and interpretations govern environmental protection, health, safety, land use, zoning, transportation, ethical business conduct, data privacy and security, and other related and similar subjects.
Business – Regulation – Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation – Climate and Sustainability for additional information.
Business – Regulation – Recent Developments and Focus Areas in Policy and Regulation – Climate and Sustainability for more information.
Additionally, Stericycle’s secure information destruction services are subject to additional laws and regulations regarding proper handling and protection of personal and confidential information.
Our secure information destruction services are subject to additional laws and regulations regarding proper handling and protection of personal and confidential information.
While we have sophisticated systems to predict gas curves, they are inherently uncertain, and if we have less gas than predicted at a site where we have invested in RNG infrastructure, it may take longer to achieve our return on investment.
Gas curves are inherently uncertain, and if we have less gas than predicted at a site where we have invested in RNG infrastructure, it may take longer to achieve our return on investment.
Events that have in the past and may in the future lead to an impairment include, but are not limited to, shutting down a facility or operation, abandoning a development project, project cost overruns or the denial of an expansion permit.
Events that have in the past and may in the future lead to an impairment include, but are not limited to, shutting down or divesting an underperforming or non-strategic asset or operation, abandoning a development project, project cost overruns or the denial of an expansion permit.
Changes to our business or asset base that were not contemplated when we set our sustainability-related goals, including the acquisition and integration of Stericycle’s business, assets and operations, could adversely impact our progress towards these goals and require us to adjust them. These changes could negatively impact public perception of our Company and stakeholders may view these changes unfavorably.
Changes to our business or asset base that were not contemplated when we set our sustainability-related goals could adversely impact our progress towards these goals and require us to adjust them. These changes could negatively impact public perception of our Company and stakeholders may view these changes unfavorably.
Artificial intelligence technologies are subject to a variety of laws, including intellectual property, privacy, data protection and cybersecurity, consumer protection, competition, and equal opportunity laws, and are expected to be subject to increased regulation and new laws or new applications of existing laws. Such laws and regulations may present a variety of compliance risks.
Artificial intelligence technologies are subject to a variety of laws and compliance risk, including intellectual property, data protection and privacy, cybersecurity, consumer protection, competition, and equal opportunity laws, and are expected to be subject to increased regulation and new laws or new applications of existing laws.
With the acquisition of Stericycle, these matters may result in adverse consequences, including permit revocations or denials and civil, criminal and administrative penalties. ​ 40 Table of Contents Financial Risks Our capital requirements and our business strategy could increase our expenses, cause us to change our growth and development plans, or result in an inability to maintain our desired credit profile.
Resolution of these matters may result in adverse consequences, including permit revocations or denials and civil, criminal and administrative penalties. Financial Risks Our capital requirements and our business strategy could increase our expenses, cause us to change our growth and development plans, or result in an inability to maintain our desired credit profile.
There are risks involved in pursuing our strategy, including the following: ● Our employees, customers or investors may not embrace and support our strategy. ● We may not be able to hire or retain the personnel necessary to manage our strategy effectively. ● A key element of our strategy is yield management through focus on price leadership, which has presented challenges to keep existing business and win new business at reasonable returns.
There are risks involved in pursuing our strategy, including the following: ● Our employees, customers or investors may not embrace and support our strategy. ● A key element of our strategy is yield management through focus on price leadership, which has presented challenges to keep existing business and win new business at reasonable returns.
If we are not able to attract, hire, develop and retain a high-quality workforce with the necessary skills and expertise, as well as key leaders, or if we experience significant employee turnover, it can result in business and strategic disruption, increased costs, and loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively impact our results of operations.
If we are not able to attract, hire, develop and retain a high-quality workforce with the necessary skills and expertise, if we experience significant employee turnover, or if we fail to comply with applicable employment regulations, it can result in business and strategic disruption, increased costs, and loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively impact our results of operations.
The extent and duration of the impact of these labor market, supply chain, transportation and commodity-price challenges are subject to numerous external factors beyond our control. If such impacts are prolonged and substantial, they could have a material negative effect on our results of operations.
The extent and duration of the impact of these challenges are subject to numerous external factors beyond our control. If such impacts are prolonged and substantial, they could have a material negative effect on our results of operations.
In addition to the risks set forth above, implementation of our business strategy could be affected by other factors beyond our control, such as increased competition, legal developments, government regulation, global geopolitical instability, general economic conditions, including slower growth or recession, increased operating costs or expenses, inflation, subcontractor costs and availability and changes in industry trends.
In addition to the risks set forth above, implementation of our business strategy could be affected by other factors beyond our control, such as increased competition, legal developments, government regulation, global geopolitical instability, general economic conditions, increased operating costs and changes in industry trends.
These risks could also result in a need to shut down or reduce operation of facilities, increased operating costs and exposure to liability for pollution, public nuisance, and other environmental damage, and property damage or destruction.
Any of these risks could potentially result in injury, illness or death of employees and others. These risks could also result in a need to shut down or reduce operation of facilities, increased operating costs and exposure to liability for pollution, public nuisance, and other environmental damage, and property damage or destruction.
Significant new restrictions and tariffs on foreign trade could have a negative impact on our recycling export business and our cross-border commerce, particularly with Canada, and could increase the cost of certain equipment and other materials used in our operations that we procure from outside the U.S., including our trucks and certain equipment used to implement our sustainability growth strategy.
Significant restrictions and tariffs on foreign trade have a negative impact on our recycling export business and our cross-border commerce, particularly with Canada, decrease paper mills’ demand for recycled corrugated cardboard used in packaging and increase the cost of certain equipment and other materials used in our operations that we procure from outside the U.S., including our trucks and certain equipment used to implement our sustainability growth strategy.
Should the Stericycle business be unsuccessful in achieving financial and operational targets and implementing the WM Healthcare Solutions business strategy, it could negatively impact our realization of benefits from the acquisition, as well as our stock price and our future business and financial results.
If we are unsuccessful in achieving financial and operational targets and implementing the Healthcare Solutions business strategy, it could negatively impact our realization of benefits from the acquisition, as well as our stock price and our future business and financial results.
With the acquisition of Stericycle, we may be subject to short notification deadlines in international jurisdictions in the event of a significant cybersecurity incident that impacts us globally; it may not be possible for us to comply with such notification deadlines due to the time required to conduct investigations and assess the impact of such incident.
Our Healthcare Solutions operations in Western Europe may subject us to short notification deadlines in international jurisdictions in the event of a significant cybersecurity incident that impacts us globally; it may not be possible for us to comply with such notification deadlines due to the time required to conduct investigations and assess the impact of such incident.
Methodology and timelines for mandatory reporting requirements may be inconsistent with requirements enacted by other governmental entities, including with respect to measuring emissions and requiring a determination of “materiality” that may differ from traditional disclosure requirements under U.S. federal securities laws. Such inconsistency could further increase costs and divert management time and attention.
Methodology and timelines for mandatory reporting requirements may be inconsistent with requirements enacted by other governmental entities, including with respect to measuring emissions and requiring a determination of “materiality” that may differ from traditional disclosure requirements under U.S. federal securities laws.
Incidents such as truck accidents, damaged or leaking containers, improper storage of medical waste and controlled substances waste, placement of prohibited materials into the waste stream, or malfunctioning plant equipment could result in exposure to contaminated or infectious waste or other hazardous materials. Any of these risks could potentially result in injury, illness or death of employees and others.
Incidents such as truck accidents, damaged or leaking containers, improper storage of medical waste and controlled substances waste, placement of prohibited materials into the waste stream, or malfunctioning plant or incineration equipment could result in exposure to contaminated or infectious waste or other hazardous materials.
Also, despite voluntarily announcing such sustainability goals, we may receive pressure from investors or other groups to adopt more aggressive sustainability-related goals that may not be technically, operationally, or financially feasible. 30 Table of Contents In addition, our sustainability-related growth strategy includes significant planned and ongoing investments in our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments.
Also, despite voluntarily announcing such sustainability goals, we may receive pressure from investors or other groups to adopt more aggressive sustainability-related goals that may not be technically, operationally, or financially feasible. In addition, we have made significant investments in our Recycling Processing and Sales and Renewable Energy segments.
Our landfills currently provide our highest income from operations margins. Reducing landfilled organic waste also reduces the amount of landfill gas produced from our landfills, adversely impacting our landfill gas-to-energy facilities.
Reducing landfilled organic waste also reduces the amount of landfill gas produced from our landfills, adversely impacting our landfill gas-to-energy facilities.
Establishing, testing and maintaining an effective system of internal control over financial reporting requires significant resources and time commitments on the part of our management and our finance staff, and the time and 39 Table of Contents expenditures needed may exceed our expectations.
It is critical that we maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting. Establishing, testing and maintaining an effective system of internal control over financial reporting requires significant resources and time commitments on the part of our management and our finance staff, and the time and expenditures needed may exceed our expectations.
The seasonal nature of our business, severe weather events resulting from climate change and event driven projects cause our results to fluctuate, and prior performance may not be indicative of our future results. Our financial and operating results may fluctuate for many reasons.
Any of these matters could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The seasonal nature of our business, severe weather events resulting from climate change and event driven projects cause our results to fluctuate, and prior performance may not be indicative of our future results. Our financial and operating results may fluctuate for many reasons.
However, there are currently no or limited viable end markets for recycling many of these materials, and inclusion of such materials in our recycling stream increases contamination and operating costs that can negatively affect the results of our recycling operations. General economic conditions can directly and adversely affect revenues for our services and our income from operations margins.
However, there are currently no or limited viable end markets for recycling many of these materials, and inclusion of such materials in our recycling stream increases contamination and operating costs that can negatively affect the results of our recycling operations.
We need diesel fuel to run a notable portion of our collection and transfer trucks and our equipment used in our landfill operations. We also recently acquired Stericycle’s fleet, including a substantial number of diesel vehicles. Fuel supply shortages and price increases could substantially increase our operating expenses.
We need diesel fuel to run a notable portion of our collection and transfer trucks and our equipment used in our landfill operations. Fuel supply shortages and price increases could substantially increase our operating expenses.
Following our acquisition of Stericycle, we provide compliance-based services that rely on the generation of medical waste, controlled substances waste and personal and confidential information by our customers.
Through our Healthcare Solutions segment, we provide compliance-based services that rely on the generation of medical waste, controlled substances waste and personal and confidential information by our customers.
Additionally, the investments we have made in an industry-leading natural gas fleet and infrastructure could be impaired. Tax incentives and grants that advance the adoption of zero-emissions vehicles and lead to a shift away from natural gas trucks and RNG infrastructure would likely also negatively impact our investments in landfill gas-to-energy facilities.
Tax incentives and grants that advance the adoption of zero-emissions vehicles and lead to a shift away from natural gas trucks and RNG infrastructure would likely also negatively impact our investments in landfill gas-to-energy facilities.
If we are not able to effectively manage the risks of artificial intelligence, we may suffer harm to our results of operations and reputation. Significant cybersecurity incidents may negatively impact our business and our relationships with customers, vendors and employees and expose us to increased liability. Substantially all aspects of our business operations rely on digital technology.
If we are not able to effectively govern the use and manage the risks of artificial intelligence, we may suffer harm to our results of operations and reputation. ​ 32 Table of Contents Significant cybersecurity incidents may negatively impact our business and our relationships with customers, vendors and employees and expose us to increased liability.
These laws and regulations are inconsistent across jurisdictions and are subject to evolving interpretations. Government officials, regulators, customers, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share, transmit and destroy personal data. The continued emphasis on personal privacy and information security may result in customers requesting that we implement additional safeguards or controls.
Government officials, regulators, customers, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share, transmit and destroy personal data. The 33 Table of Contents continued emphasis on personal privacy and information security may result in customers requesting that we implement additional safeguards or controls.
Additionally, if we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective in any future period (or if our auditors are unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls or conclude that our internal controls are ineffective), we could lose investor confidence and suffer an adverse effect on our stock price.
Additionally, if we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective in any future period (or if our auditors are unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls or conclude that our internal controls are ineffective), we could lose investor confidence and suffer an adverse effect on our stock price. 35 Table of Contents Currently pending or future litigation or governmental proceedings could result in material adverse consequences, including judgments or settlements.
We have in the past and may in the future be required to incur charges against earnings if such impairment tests indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. Any such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We could face significant liabilities for withdrawal from Multiemployer Pension Plans.
We have in the past and may in the future be required to incur charges against earnings if such impairment tests indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. Any such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. ​ ​ ​ 37 Table of Contents Item 1B.
We are regularly the target of attempted cyber intrusions, have experienced cyber intrusions, and we anticipate continuing to be subject to such attempts as cyber intrusions become increasingly sophisticated and more difficult to predict and protect against. Geopolitical conflicts and developments and technological advancements also 36 Table of Contents increase the risk and likelihood of cyber incidents.
We are regularly the target of attempted cyber intrusions, have experienced cyber intrusions, and anticipate continuing to be subject to such attempts as cyber intrusions become increasingly sophisticated and more difficult to predict and protect against. Technological advancements, including the progression of the capabilities of artificial intelligence, also increase the risk, likelihood and precision of cyber incidents.
The increase in market prices in 2024 for recyclable commodities resulted in a year-over-year increase in revenue of $245 million, and the decline in market prices in 2023 for recyclable commodities resulted in a year-over-year decrease in revenue of $308 million.
The decline in market prices in 2025 for recyclable commodities resulted in a year-over-year decrease in revenue of $166 million, and 29 Table of Contents the increase in market prices in 2024 for recyclable commodities resulted in a year-over-year increase in revenue of $245 million.
Public statements with respect to sustainability matters are becoming increasingly subject to heightened scrutiny from public and governmental authorities related to the risk of potential “greenwashing,” i.e. , misleading information or false claims overstating potential sustainability benefits.
Public statements with respect to sustainability matters are subject to heightened scrutiny related to the risk of potential “greenwashing,” i.e. , allegations of misleading information or false claims overstating potential sustainability benefits made by governmental authorities, non-governmental organizations and other private actors.
We also may need to incur indebtedness to refinance scheduled debt maturities, and it is possible that the cost of financing could increase significantly, thereby increasing our expenses and decreasing our net income. Macroeconomic pressures, including inflation and rising interest rates, and market disruption are continuing.
We also may need to incur indebtedness to refinance scheduled debt maturities, and it is possible that the cost of financing could increase significantly, thereby increasing our expenses and decreasing our net income.
If we are not successful, the adverse outcome of one or more of these proceedings could result in, among other things, material increases in our costs or liabilities as well as material charges for asset impairments.
We generally seek to work with the authorities or other persons involved in these proceedings to resolve any issues raised. If we are not successful, the adverse outcome of one or more of these proceedings could result in, among other things, material increases in our costs or liabilities as well as material charges for asset impairments.
Inflation can and has increased costs for the goods and services we purchase, particularly for labor, repair and maintenance, and subcontractor costs. Supply chain activity has largely normalized, but disruption can reduce availability of certain assets used in our business. Aspects of our business rely on third-party transportation providers, and such services have become more limited and expensive.
Inflation can and has increased costs for the goods and services we purchase, particularly for labor, repair and maintenance, and subcontractor costs. Aspects of our business rely on third-party transportation providers, and such services have become more limited and expensive.
Market disruption resulting from labor shortages, external labor disputes and strikes (such as the recent port strike) and supply chain and transportation constraints, and macroeconomic pressures, including inflation and rising interest rates, have recently had, and may in the future have, an adverse impact our results and can create risk and uncertainty in financial outlook.
Market disruption resulting from labor shortages, external labor disputes and strikes, supply chain and transportation constraints, major external events, including pandemic conditions, and macroeconomic pressures have recently had, and may in the future have, an adverse impact on our results and can create risk and uncertainty in financial outlook.
The primary drivers of renewable fuel development at our landfills are tax policies, such as the federal tax credits for RNG production and renewable electricity generation under the IRA, and federal and state incentive programs, such as the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) program, the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and similar state programs that promote the production and use of renewable transportation fuels.
The primary drivers of value for renewable fuel produced at our landfills are tax policies, such as the federal tax credits for investments in RNG production under the IRA and OBBBA, and federal and state incentive programs, such as the federal RFS program, the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and similar state programs that promote the production and use of renewable transportation fuels, which are all subject to change.
The most common materials banned include plastic bags and straws, polystyrene plastic and some types of single use packaging. These bans have increased pressure by manufacturers on our recycling facilities to accept a broader array of materials in curbside recycling and composting programs to alleviate public pressures to ban the sale of those materials.
These bans have increased pressure by manufacturers on our recycling facilities to accept a broader array of materials in curbside recycling and composting programs to alleviate public pressures to ban the sale of those materials.
Accelerated and pronounced economic pressures, such as rising interest rates and inflationary cost pressures, have impacted and continue to impact our cost structure and capital expenditures.
Accelerated and pronounced economic pressures, such as rising interest rates and inflationary cost pressures, have in the past and may in the future impact our cost structure and capital expenditures.
If we were unable to maintain our investment grade credit ratings in the future, our interest expense would increase and our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms could be adversely affected.
If we do not achieve our projected reduction in leverage following our acquisition of Stericycle, it could negatively impact our credit ratings. If we were unable to maintain our investment grade credit ratings in the future, our interest expense would increase and our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms could be adversely affected.
Also, such governmental units may attempt to impose flow control or other restrictions that would give them a competitive advantage. In addition, some of our competitors may have lower financial expectations, allowing them to reduce their prices to expand sales volume or to win competitively-bid contracts, including large national accounts and exclusive franchise arrangements with municipalities.
In addition, some of our competitors may have lower financial expectations, allowing them to reduce their prices to expand sales volume or to win competitively-bid contracts, including large national accounts and exclusive franchise arrangements with municipalities.
Should these systems be compromised or cease to function effectively, we may face substantial costs to repair or replace them, as well as potential liability, loss of crucial data, reputational harm, and interruptions to our services or operations. Challenges in implementing new systems can also affect our ability to realize projected cost savings or other benefits.
Should our systems be compromised or cease to function effectively, we may face substantial costs to repair or replace them, as well as potential liability, loss of crucial data, reputational harm and interruptions to our services or operations.
Additionally, we may incur substantial expenses in connection with the integration of the Stericycle business, which may exceed expectations and offset certain benefits. ​ Our operations must comply with extensive existing regulations, and changes in regulations, including with respect to emerging contaminants and extended producer responsibility, can restrict or alter our operations, increase our operating costs, increase our tax liabilities, reduce revenues, or require us to make additional capital expenditures.
Our operations must comply with extensive existing regulations, and changes in regulations, including with respect to emerging contaminants and extended producer responsibility, can restrict or alter our operations, increase our operating costs, increase our tax liabilities, reduce revenues, or require us to make additional capital expenditures.
Stericycle is, and has been, involved in government investigations, enforcement proceedings, private lawsuits and other disputes alleging noncompliance with applicable regulations, including alleged noncompliance with the Controlled Substances Act and other statutes involving its now-divested Domestic Environmental Solutions business of collecting, transporting, and destroying controlled substances from retail customers.
At the time of our acquisition of Stericycle, it was, and had been, involved in certain government investigations, enforcement proceedings, lawsuits and other disputes alleging noncompliance with applicable regulations, including alleged noncompliance with the Controlled Substances Act and other statutes involving its now-divested Domestic Environmental Solutions business, which collected, transported and destroyed controlled substances from retail customers.
Our future financial performance and success are dependent in large part upon our ability to implement our business strategy successfully. Implementation of our strategy will require effective management of our operational, financial and human resources and will place significant demands on those resources. See Item 1. Business for more information on our business strategy.
Implementation of our strategy will require effective management of our operational, financial and human resources and will place significant demands on those resources. See Item 1. Business for more information on our business strategy.
This increased focus on minimizing climate impacts may require the Company to invest in higher-cost technologies for more efficient waste collection and processing. Although such mandates and initiatives help to protect our environment, these developments reduce the volume of waste going to our landfills, which may affect the prices that we can charge for landfill disposal.
This increased focus on minimizing climate impacts may require the Company to invest in higher-cost technologies. These developments reduce the volume of waste going to our landfills, which may affect the prices that we can charge for landfill disposal. Our landfills currently provide our highest income from operations margins.
We may not be able to achieve our sustainability-related goals, including reduction of our greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, or execute on our sustainability-related growth strategy and initiatives, within planned timelines or anticipated budget, which could damage our reputation and negatively impact the benefits anticipated from our investments.
We may not be able to achieve our sustainability-related goals, including reduction of our greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, or achieve the results and benefits anticipated from our sustainability-related investments and initiatives within planned timelines or anticipated budget. We have set goals to reduce our GHG emissions and announced other sustainability-related goals and initiatives.
Our sustainability growth strategy includes increased investment in landfill gas-to-energy facilities and expansion of our WM Renewable Energy segment, which generates and sells credits referred to as Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”). RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand, and have historically been very volatile.
Our Renewable Energy segment generates and sells credits referred to as RINs. RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand, and have historically been very volatile.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

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Biggest changeThe Audit Committee receives reports on these matters from our most senior executives in the digital organization, including 43 Table of Contents our Chief Information Officer and CISO, and the Company’s executive officers, at least twice a year.
Biggest changeThe Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors has responsibility for oversight of information and cybersecurity risks and assessment of cyber threats and defenses. The Audit Committee receives reports on these matters from our most senior executives in the digital organization, including our Chief Information Officer and CISO, and the Company’s executive officers, at least twice a year.
While we have experienced cybersecurity threats and breaches targeting our information technology systems and networks and those of our third-party providers, including within the last three years, these incidents have not had a material impact on our Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.
While we have experienced cybersecurity threats and breaches targeting our information and operations technology systems and networks and those of our third-party providers, including within the last three years, these incidents have not had a material impact on our Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.
Although we have implemented and maintain commercially reasonable security measures and safeguards, including to protect against and identify potential threats, these protections and other systems designed to mitigate cybersecurity risks may not fully defend against an attack or future cybersecurity incident, which can be unpredictable in nature.
Although we have implemented and maintain commercially reasonable security measures, safeguards, policies and procedures, including to protect against and identify potential threats, these protections and other systems designed to mitigate cybersecurity risks may not fully defend against an attack or future cybersecurity incident, which can be unpredictable in nature.
Topics historically covered in such reports, and for which our Board exercises oversight, include third-party evaluation of our technology infrastructure and information security against the NIST cybersecurity framework; management of emerging cyber threats such as merger and acquisition activity and the adoption and governance of artificial intelligence; risk mitigation through the Company’s enterprise-wide cybersecurity training, including our Board of Directors, conducted at least annually; regular simulated phishing tests and third-party penetration testing; review of the Company’s cyber incident insurance coverage and external cyber incident resources; review of the Company’s Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan; review of readouts from cyber incident table top exercises; and consideration of applicable laws and regulations, including those related to privacy.
Topics historically covered in such reports, and for which our Board exercises oversight, include third-party evaluation of our technology infrastructure and information security against the NIST cybersecurity framework; management of emerging cyber threats such as merger and acquisition activity; use and governance of artificial intelligence, including oversight of our artificial intelligence policies and procedures; risk mitigation through the Company’s enterprise-wide cybersecurity training, including our Board of Directors, conducted at least annually; regular simulated phishing tests and third-party penetration testing; review of the Company’s cyber incident insurance coverage and external cyber incident resources; review of the Company’s Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan; review of readouts from cyber incident table top exercises and consideration of applicable laws and regulations, including those related to privacy.
Risk Factors — Significant cybersecurity incidents negatively impact our business and our relationships with customers, vendors and employees and expose us to increased liability for additional discussion . Board Oversight Management has primary responsibility for risk management within our Company .
Risk Factors — Significant cybersecurity incidents may negatively impact our business and our relationships with customers, vendors and employees and expose us to increased liability for additional discussion . ​ 38 Table of Contents Board Oversight Management has primary responsibility for risk management within our Company .
We are regularly the target of attempted cyber intrusions, have experienced cyber intrusions, and we anticipate continuing to be subject to such attempts as cyber intrusions become increasingly sophisticated and more difficult to predict and protect against. Geopolitical conflicts and developments and technological advancements also increase the risk and likelihood of cyber incidents.
We are regularly the target of attempted cyber intrusions, have experienced cyber intrusions, and we anticipate continuing to be subject to such attempts as cyber intrusions become increasingly sophisticated and more difficult to predict and protect against.
The Technology Risk Oversight Committee chaired by our CISO, with members representing leadership throughout our Company, provides oversight and guidance to technology risks, including cybersecurity.
The Technology Risk Oversight Committee chaired by our CISO, with members representing leadership throughout our Company, provides oversight and guidance to technology risks, including cybersecurity, and our policies and procedures related to our development, deployment and monitoring of artificial intelligence.
As such, we must commit substantial resources to continuously monitor and further develop our networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, and address the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events.
Geopolitical conflicts and developments and technological advancements, including the progression of the capabilities of artificial intelligence, also increase the risk, likelihood and precision of cyber incidents. As such, we must commit substantial resources to continuously monitor and further develop our networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, and address the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer malware and other events.
Removed
The Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors has responsibility for oversight of information and cybersecurity risks and assessment of cyber threats and defenses.

Item 2. Properties

Properties — owned and leased real estate

3 edited+0 added−3 removed3 unchanged
Biggest changeThe following table summarizes our various operations as of December 31: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024(a) 2023 Landfills owned or operated 262 263 Transfer stations (a)(b) 506 332 Recycling facilities ​ 105 ​ 102 Autoclave or alternative medical waste treatment facilities (b) ​ 69 ​ — Medical waste incinerator facilities (b) ​ 18 ​ — Secure information destruction processing facilities (b) ​ 107 ​ — (a) Includes 167 transfer stations in 2024 that are related to our WM Healthcare Solutions segment.
Biggest changeThe following table summarizes our various operations as of December 31: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ 2024(c) Landfills owned or operated (a) 257 262 Transfer stations (b) 482 506 Recycling and organics facilities ​ 162 ​ 154 Autoclave or alternative medical waste treatment facilities ​ 51 ​ 69 Medical waste incinerator facilities ​ 17 ​ 18 Secure information destruction processing facilities ​ 99 ​ 107 39 Table of Contents (a) Includes 103 landfill gas beneficial use projects producing commercial quantities of methane gas in 2025 and 2024.
(b) Includes 35 Spain and Portugal locations consisting of 19 transfer stations, 12 autoclave or alternative medical waste treatment facilities, 1 medical waste incinerator facility and 3 secure information destruction processing facilities which were classified as assets held for sale as of December 31, 2024.
(b) Includes 140 and 167 transfer stations in 2025 and 2024, respectively, that are related to our Healthcare Solutions segment. (c) Includes 35 Spain and Portugal locations consisting of 19 transfer stations, 12 autoclave or alternative medical waste treatment facilities, one medical waste incinerator facility and three secure information destruction processing facilities which were sold on January 2, 2025. ​
For 11 of these projects, the landfill gas is processed to pipeline quality RNG and then sold to natural gas suppliers. Additionally, three of these projects are on third-party landfills. For more information, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included within this report.
In addition, we continue to make progress on our investments to expand our Recycling Processing and Sales and Renewable Energy segments. For more information, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included within this report.
Removed
In addition, we continue to make progress on our planned investments to expand our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments. As of December 31, 2024, we had 102 landfill gas beneficial use projects producing commercial quantities of methane gas at owned or operated landfills.
Removed
For 65 of these projects, the processed gas is used to fuel electricity generators. The electricity is then sold to public utilities, municipal utilities or power cooperatives. For 23 of these projects, the gas is used at the landfill or delivered by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
Removed
See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. ​ ​ 44 Table of Contents

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

3 edited+3 added−3 removed1 unchanged
Biggest changeThe graph is presented pursuant to SEC rules and is not meant to be an indication of our future performance. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21 12/31/22 12/31/23 12/31/24 Waste Management, Inc. ​ $ 100 ​ $ 105 ​ $ 152 ​ $ 145 ​ $ 168 ​ $ 192 S&P 500 Index ​ $ 100 ​ $ 118 ​ $ 152 ​ $ 125 ​ $ 158 ​ $ 197 Dow Jones Waste & Disposal Services Index ​ $ 100 ​ $ 107 ​ $ 149 ​ $ 141 ​ $ 166 ​ $ 198 ​ 45 Table of Contents The Company repurchases shares of its common stock as part of capital allocation programs authorized by our Board of Directors.
Biggest changeThe graph is presented pursuant to SEC rules and is not meant to be an indication of our future performance. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 12/31/20 ​ ​ ​ 12/31/21 ​ ​ ​ 12/31/22 ​ ​ ​ 12/31/23 ​ ​ ​ 12/31/24 ​ ​ ​ 12/31/25 Waste Management, Inc. ​ $ 100 ​ $ 144 ​ $ 137 ​ $ 160 ​ $ 182 ​ $ 202 S&P 500 Index ​ $ 100 ​ $ 129 ​ $ 105 ​ $ 133 ​ $ 166 ​ $ 196 Dow Jones Waste & Disposal Services Index ​ $ 100 ​ $ 140 ​ $ 132 ​ $ 156 ​ $ 186 ​ $ 196 ​ The Company repurchases shares of its common stock as part of capital allocation programs authorized by our Board of Directors.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “WM.” The number of holders of record of our common stock on February 14, 2025 was 7,046.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “WM.” The number of holders of record of our common stock on February 5, 2026 was 6,682.
Share repurchases are a part of our long-term strategy and incorporated into our overall capital allocation plan to enhance our Company’s performance, in conjunction with our other uses of capital, and to return value to stockholders in a tax-efficient manner.
Share repurchases are a part of our long-term strategy and incorporated into our overall capital allocation plan to enhance our Company’s performance, in conjunction with our other uses of capital, and to return value to stockholders in a tax-efficient manner. There were no common stock repurchases during 2025.
Removed
During 2024, we allocated an aggregate of $262 million to repurchase our common stock under accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreements and open market transactions. As of December 31, 2024, we had received 1.5 million shares with a weighted average price per share of $196.95, exclusive of per-share commissions.
Added
We announced in December 2025 that our Board of Directors has authorized up to $3.0 billion in future share repurchases, exclusive of fees, commissions and taxes. This new authorization supersedes and replaces remaining authority under the prior Board of Directors’ authorization for share repurchases announced in December 2023.
Removed
As a result of the Stericycle acquisition, the Company has temporarily suspended share repurchases. We expect to resume share repurchases once the Company’s leverage returns to targeted levels, which is currently projected to be about 18 months after the November 2024 acquisition of Stericycle. See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Added
The amount of future share repurchases executed under our Board of Directors’ authorization is determined in management’s discretion, based on various factors, including our leverage level, net earnings, financial condition and cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions. ​ Additionally, in December 2025, we announced that our Board of Directors expects to increase the quarterly dividend from $0.825 to $0.945 per share for dividends declared in 2026.
Removed
There were no common stock repurchases during the fourth quarter of 2024. ​ Item 6. [Reserved] None.
Added
However, all future dividend declarations are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depend on various factors, including our leverage level, net earnings, financial condition, cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. ​ 41 Table of Contents ​ Item 6. [Reserved] None.

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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Biggest changeRefer to Free Cash Flow below for our definition of free cash flow, additional information about our use of this measure, and a reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities, which is the most comparable GAAP measure. 51 Table of Contents Results of Operations Operating Revenues The mix of operating revenues for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ Intercompany ​ Gross ​ Operating ​ Operating ​ Operating ​ ​ Revenues Revenues(a)(b) Revenues(b) Year Ended December 31: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial $ 5,371 ​ $ 798 ​ $ 6,169 Industrial ​ 3,089 ​ ​ 794 ​ 3,883 Residential ​ ​ 3,466 ​ ​ 89 ​ ​ 3,555 Other collection ​ 2,964 ​ 230 ​ 3,194 Total collection ​ 14,890 ​ 1,911 ​ 16,801 Landfill ​ ​ 3,445 ​ ​ 1,513 ​ ​ 4,958 Transfer ​ ​ 1,381 ​ ​ 1,067 ​ ​ 2,448 Total Collection and Disposal ​ 19,716 ​ 4,491 ​ 24,207 Recycling Processing and Sales ​ 1,603 ​ 287 ​ 1,890 WM Renewable Energy ​ 318 ​ 3 ​ 321 WM Healthcare Solutions ​ ​ 403 ​ ​ 10 ​ ​ 413 Corporate and Other ​ ​ 23 ​ ​ 25 ​ ​ 48 Total ​ $ 22,063 ​ $ 4,816 ​ $ 26,879 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial $ 5,109 ​ $ 692 ​ $ 5,801 Industrial ​ 3,083 ​ ​ 753 ​ 3,836 Residential ​ ​ 3,378 ​ ​ 96 ​ ​ 3,474 Other collection ​ 2,786 ​ 220 ​ 3,006 Total collection ​ 14,356 ​ 1,761 ​ 16,117 Landfill ​ ​ 3,252 ​ ​ 1,479 ​ ​ 4,731 Transfer ​ ​ 1,257 ​ ​ 1,036 ​ ​ 2,293 Total Collection and Disposal ​ 18,865 ​ 4,276 ​ 23,141 Recycling Processing and Sales ​ 1,264 ​ 312 ​ 1,576 WM Renewable Energy ​ 273 ​ 3 ​ 276 Corporate and Other ​ ​ 24 ​ ​ 22 ​ ​ 46 Total ​ $ 20,426 ​ $ 4,613 ​ $ 25,039 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial $ 4,860 ​ $ 590 ​ $ 5,450 Industrial ​ 3,025 ​ ​ 656 ​ 3,681 Residential ​ ​ 3,264 ​ ​ 75 ​ ​ 3,339 Other collection ​ 2,466 ​ 217 ​ 2,683 Total collection ​ 13,615 ​ 1,538 ​ 15,153 Landfill ​ ​ 3,062 ​ ​ 1,454 ​ ​ 4,516 Transfer ​ ​ 1,166 ​ ​ 977 ​ ​ 2,143 Total Collection and Disposal ​ 17,843 ​ 3,969 ​ 21,812 Recycling Processing and Sales ​ 1,516 ​ 244 ​ 1,760 WM Renewable Energy ​ 312 ​ 3 ​ 315 Corporate and Other ​ ​ 27 ​ ​ 22 ​ ​ 49 Total ​ $ 19,698 ​ $ 4,238 ​ $ 23,936 52 Table of Contents (a) Intercompany operating revenues reflect each segment’s total intercompany sales, including intercompany sales within a segment and between segments.
Biggest changeRefer to Free Cash Flow below for our definition of free cash flow, additional information about our use of this measure, and a reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities, which is the most comparable GAAP measure. 47 Table of Contents Results of Operations Operating Revenues The mix of operating revenues for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net ​ Intercompany ​ Gross ​ ​ ​ ​ Operating ​ Operating ​ Operating ​ ​ Revenues ​ ​ ​ Revenues(a) ​ ​ ​ Revenues Year Ended December 31: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial $ 5,630 ​ $ 890 ​ $ 6,520 Industrial ​ 3,106 ​ ​ 883 ​ 3,989 Residential ​ ​ 3,510 ​ ​ 87 ​ ​ 3,597 Other collection ​ 3,175 ​ 288 ​ 3,463 Total collection ​ 15,421 ​ 2,148 ​ 17,569 Landfill ​ ​ 3,781 ​ ​ 1,566 ​ ​ 5,347 Transfer ​ ​ 1,502 ​ ​ 1,127 ​ ​ 2,629 Total Collection and Disposal ​ 20,704 ​ 4,841 ​ 25,545 Recycling Processing and Sales ​ 1,492 ​ 374 ​ 1,866 Renewable Energy ​ 478 ​ 3 ​ 481 Healthcare Solutions(b) ​ ​ 2,508 ​ ​ 443 ​ ​ 2,951 Corporate and Other ​ ​ 22 ​ ​ 30 ​ ​ 52 Total ​ $ 25,204 ​ $ 5,691 ​ $ 30,895 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial $ 5,371 ​ $ 798 ​ $ 6,169 Industrial ​ 3,089 ​ ​ 794 ​ 3,883 Residential ​ ​ 3,466 ​ ​ 89 ​ ​ 3,555 Other collection ​ 2,964 ​ 230 ​ 3,194 Total collection ​ 14,890 ​ 1,911 ​ 16,801 Landfill ​ ​ 3,445 ​ ​ 1,513 ​ ​ 4,958 Transfer ​ ​ 1,381 ​ ​ 1,067 ​ ​ 2,448 Total Collection and Disposal ​ 19,716 ​ 4,491 ​ 24,207 Recycling Processing and Sales ​ 1,603 ​ 287 ​ 1,890 Renewable Energy ​ 318 ​ 3 ​ 321 Healthcare Solutions(b) ​ ​ 403 ​ 68 ​ 471 Corporate and Other ​ ​ 23 ​ ​ 25 ​ ​ 48 Total ​ $ 22,063 ​ $ 4,874 ​ $ 26,937 (a) Includes each segment’s intercompany activity, including transactions within a segment and between segments.
Acquisitions — In accordance with the purchase method of accounting, the purchase price paid for an acquisition is allocated to the assets and liabilities acquired based upon their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, with the excess of the purchase price over the net assets acquired recorded as goodwill.
Acquisitions — In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price paid for an acquisition is allocated to the assets and liabilities acquired based upon their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, with the excess of the purchase price over the net assets acquired recorded as goodwill.
Operating Expenses Our operating expenses are comprised of (i) labor and related benefits costs (excluding labor costs associated with maintenance and repairs discussed below), which include salaries and wages, bonuses, related payroll taxes, insurance and benefits costs and the costs associated with contract labor; (ii) transfer and disposal costs, which include tipping fees paid to third-party disposal facilities and transfer stations; (iii) maintenance and repairs costs relating to equipment, vehicles and facilities and related labor costs; (iv) subcontractor costs, which include the costs of independent haulers who transport waste collected by us to disposal facilities and are affected by variables such as volumes, distance and fuel prices; (v) costs of goods sold, which includes the cost to purchase recycling materials for our Recycling Processing and Sales segment, including certain rebates paid to suppliers; (vi) fuel costs, net of tax credits for alternative fuel, which represent the costs of fuel to operate our truck fleet and landfill operating equipment; (vii) disposal and franchise fees and taxes, which include landfill taxes, municipal franchise fees, host community fees, contingent landfill lease payments and royalties; (viii) landfill operating costs, which include interest accretion on landfill liabilities, interest accretion on and discount rate adjustments to environmental remediation liabilities, leachate and methane collection and treatment, landfill remediation costs and other landfill site costs; (ix) risk management costs, which include general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs costs and (x) other operating costs, which include gains and losses on sale of assets, telecommunications, equipment and facility lease expenses, property taxes, utilities and supplies.
Operating Expenses Our operating expenses are comprised of (i) labor and related benefits costs (excluding labor costs associated with maintenance and repairs discussed below), which include salaries and wages, bonuses, related payroll taxes, insurance and benefits costs and the costs associated with contract labor; (ii) transfer and disposal costs, which include tipping fees paid to third-party disposal facilities and transfer stations; (iii) maintenance and repairs costs relating to equipment, vehicles 50 Table of Contents and facilities and related labor costs; (iv) subcontractor costs, which include the costs of independent haulers who transport waste collected by us to disposal facilities and are affected by variables such as volumes, distance and fuel prices; (v) cost of goods sold, which includes the cost to purchase recycling materials for our Recycling Processing and Sales segment, including certain rebates paid to suppliers; (vi) fuel costs, net of tax credits for alternative fuel, which represent the costs of fuel to operate our truck fleet and landfill operating equipment; (vii) disposal and franchise fees and taxes, which include landfill taxes, municipal franchise fees, host community fees, contingent landfill lease payments and royalties; (viii) landfill operating costs, which include interest accretion on landfill liabilities, interest accretion on and discount rate adjustments to environmental remediation liabilities, leachate and methane collection and treatment, landfill remediation costs and other landfill site costs; (ix) risk management costs, which include general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs costs and (x) other operating costs, which include gains and losses on sale of assets, telecommunications, equipment and facility lease expenses, property taxes, utilities and supplies.
Second, we must generally expect the initial expansion permit application to be submitted within one year and the final expansion permit to be received within five years, in addition to meeting the following criteria: ● Personnel are actively working on the expansion of an existing landfill, including efforts to obtain land use and local, state or provincial approvals; 72 Table of Contents ● We have a legal right to use or obtain land to be included in the expansion plan; ● There are no significant known technical, legal, community, business, or political restrictions or similar issues that could negatively affect the success of such expansion; and ● Financial analysis has been completed based on conceptual design, and the results demonstrate that the expansion meets Company criteria for investment.
Second, we must generally expect the initial expansion permit application to be submitted within one year and the final expansion permit to be received within five years, in addition to meeting the following criteria: ● Personnel are actively working on the expansion of an existing landfill, including efforts to obtain land use and local, state or provincial approvals; ● We have a legal right to use or obtain land to be included in the expansion plan; ● There are no significant known technical, legal, community, business, or political restrictions or similar issues that could negatively affect the success of such expansion; and 65 Table of Contents ● Financial analysis has been completed based on conceptual design, and the results demonstrate that the expansion meets Company criteria for investment.
Risk Factors ” and elsewhere in this report and may also be described from time to time in our future reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The following discussion should be read considering those disclosures and together with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto.
Risk Factors and elsewhere in this report and may also be described from time to time in our future reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The following discussion should be read considering those disclosures and together with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto.
Our senior management evaluates, oversees and manages the financial performance of our business through five reportable segments, referred to as (i) Collection and Disposal - East Tier (“East Tier”); (ii) Collection and Disposal - West Tier (“West Tier”); (iii) Recycling Processing and Sales; (iv) WM Renewable Energy and (v) WM Healthcare Solutions.
Our senior management evaluates, oversees and manages the financial performance of our business through five reportable segments, referred to as (i) Collection and Disposal - East Tier (“East Tier”); (ii) Collection and Disposal - West Tier (“West Tier”); (iii) Recycling Processing and Sales; (iv) Renewable Energy and (v) Healthcare Solutions.
When we are in the process of valuing all of the assets and liabilities acquired in an acquisition, there can be subsequent adjustments to our estimates of fair value and resulting preliminary purchase price allocation. Generally, the valuation of our acquired asset and liabilities rely on complex estimates and assumptions.
When we are in the process of valuing all of the assets and liabilities acquired in an acquisition, there can be subsequent adjustments to our estimates of fair value and resulting preliminary purchase price allocation. Generally, the valuation of our acquired assets and liabilities rely on complex estimates and assumptions.
Under the contract terms, the WM Healthcare Solutions businesses receive fees based on a monthly, quarterly or annual rate and/or fees based on contractual rates depending upon measures including the volume, weight, and type of waste.
Under the contract terms, the Healthcare Solutions businesses receive fees based on a monthly, quarterly or annual rate and/or fees based on contractual rates depending upon measures including the type and volume or weight of waste.
As a result, our tests of recoverability, which generally make use of a probability-weighted cash flow estimation approach, may indicate that no impairment loss should be recorded. 74 Table of Contents Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets, Including Goodwill — At least annually using a measurement date of October 1, and more frequently if warranted, we assess the indefinite-lived intangible assets including the goodwill of our reporting units for impairment using Level 3 inputs.
As a result, our tests of recoverability, which generally make use of a probability-weighted cash flow estimation approach, may indicate that no impairment loss should be recorded. 67 Table of Contents Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets, Including Goodwill — At least annually using a measurement date of October 1, and more frequently if warranted, we assess the indefinite-lived intangible assets including the goodwill of our reporting units for impairment using Level 3 inputs.
Our West Tier primarily includes geographic areas located in the Western U.S., including the upper Midwest region, and British Columbia, Canada. Additionally, we provide Other Ancillary services that are not managed through the Tier segments but that support our collection and disposal operations. Other Ancillary includes specialized services performed for customers that have differentiated needs.
Our West Tier primarily includes geographic areas located in the Western, Southern and Central U.S., including the upper Midwest region, and British Columbia, Canada. Additionally, we provide Other Ancillary services that are not managed through the Tier segments but that support our collection and disposal operations. Other Ancillary includes specialized services performed for customers that have differentiated needs.
Additionally, Corporate and Other benefits from a 15% royalty from our WM Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, RINs, electricity and capacity, RECs and related environmental attributes from the 15 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by WM Renewable Energy on our closed sites, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Additionally, Corporate and Other benefits from a 15% royalty from our Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, RINs, electricity and capacity, RECs and related environmental attributes from the 17 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by Renewable Energy on our closed sites, which is eliminated in consolidation.
Based on remaining permitted airspace as of December 31, 2024 and projected annual disposal volume, the weighted average remaining landfill life for all of our owned or operated landfills is approximately 38 years. Many of our landfills have the potential for expanded airspace beyond what is currently permitted.
Based on remaining permitted airspace as of December 31, 2025 and projected annual disposal volume, the weighted average remaining landfill life for all of our owned or operated landfills is approximately 38 years. Many of our landfills have the potential for expanded airspace beyond what is currently permitted.
Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or anticipated results. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, “Item 1A.
Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or anticipated results. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, Item 1A.
In return for providing our landfill gas, we receive royalties from each facility, including the benefit of a 15% royalty from our WM Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), electricity and capacity, Renewable Energy Credits (“RECs”) and related environmental attributes from the 84 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by WM Renewable Energy on our active landfills, which is eliminated in consolidation.
In return for providing our landfill gas, we receive royalties from each facility, including the benefit of a 15% royalty from our Renewable Energy segment based on net operating revenue generated through the sale of RNG, renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), electricity and capacity, Renewable Energy Credits (“RECs”) and related environmental attributes from the 86 landfill beneficial use renewable energy projects owned by Renewable Energy on our active landfills, which is eliminated in consolidation.
WM Renewable Energy also generates and sells (i) RINs under the Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) program; (ii) other credits under a variety of state programs associated with the use of RNG in our compressed natural gas fleet and (iii) RECs associated with the production of electricity.
Renewable Energy also generates (i) RINs under the Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) program; (ii) other credits under a variety of state programs associated with the use of RNG in our compressed natural gas fleet and (iii) RECs associated with the production of electricity.
Total enterprise value of the acquisition was $7.2 billion (net of cash acquired) when including the assumption of $0.5 billion of debt and the repayment of approximately $0.8 billion of net debt. The acquisition expands our offerings in the U.S., Canada and parts of Western Europe.
Total enterprise value of the acquisition was $7.2 billion (net of cash acquired) when including the assumption of $0.5 billion of debt and the repayment of approximately $0.8 billion of net debt. The acquisition expanded our offerings in the U.S., Canada and parts of Western Europe.
Refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our debt obligations. (c) Interest on our fixed-rate debt was calculated based on contractual rates and interest on our variable-rate debt was calculated based on interest rates as of December 31, 2024.
Refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our debt obligations. (c) Interest on our fixed-rate debt was calculated based on contractual rates and interest on our variable-rate debt was calculated based on interest rates as of December 31, 2025.
(b) We received expansion permits at 11 of our landfills during 2024 and 13 of our landfills during 2023, demonstrating our continued success in working with municipalities and regulatory agencies to expand the disposal airspace of our existing landfills.
(b) We received expansion permits at 13 of our landfills during 2025 and 11 of our landfills during 2024, demonstrating our continued success in working with municipalities and regulatory agencies to expand the disposal airspace of our existing landfills.
WM Renewable Energy is charged a 15% royalty on net operating revenue from these facilities residing on our active and closed landfills from our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses, which is eliminated in consolidation. Additionally, WM Renewable Energy operates and maintains seven third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in return for service revenue.
Renewable Energy is charged a 15% royalty on net operating revenue from these facilities residing on our active and closed landfills from our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses, which is eliminated in consolidation. Additionally, Renewable Energy operates and maintains six third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in return for service revenue.
Consistent with our Company’s long-standing commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship, we have published our 2024 Sustainability Report, providing details on our sustainability-related performance and outlining progress towards our 2030 sustainability goals.
Consistent with our Company’s long-standing commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship, we have published our 2025 Sustainability Report, providing details on our sustainability-related performance and outlining progress towards our 2030 sustainability goals.
Refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to our debt borrowings and repayments. ● Common Stock Repurchase Program — For the periods presented, all share repurchases have been made in accordance with financial plans approved by our Board of Directors.
Refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to our debt borrowings and repayments. ● Common Stock Repurchase Program — For the periods presented, all share repurchases have been made in accordance with financial plans approved by our Board of Directors. No share repurchases were made in 2025.
In preparing our financial statements, the most difficult, subjective and complex estimates and the assumptions that present the greatest amount of uncertainty relate to our accounting for landfills, environmental remediation liabilities, long-lived asset impairments, intangible asset impairments and the fair value of assets and liabilities 71 Table of Contents acquired in business combinations.
In preparing our financial statements, the most difficult, subjective and complex estimates and the assumptions that present the greatest amount of uncertainty relate to our accounting for landfills, environmental remediation liabilities, long-lived asset impairments, intangible asset impairments and the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations.
Our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses benefit from these projects as well as 52 additional third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in the form of royalties.
Our Collection and Disposal and Corporate and Other businesses benefit from these projects as well as 54 additional third-party landfill beneficial gas use projects in the form of royalties.
These efforts may not be successful for various reasons including the pace of inflation, operating cost inefficiencies, market responses, and contractual limitations, such as the timing lag in our ability to recover increased costs under certain contracts that are tied to a price escalation index with a lookback provision. Refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion.
These efforts may not be successful for various reasons including the pace of inflation, operating cost inefficiencies, market responses, and contractual limitations, such as the timing lag in our ability to recover increased costs under certain contracts that are tied to a price escalation index with a lookback provision. Refer to Item 1A.
See Notes 2, 8, and 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to these unconsolidated variable interest entities; ● Tax Implications of Impairments — During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized additional income tax expense of $14 million and $50 million, respectively, due to non-cash impairment charges that were not deductible for tax purposes in the year of impairment.
See Notes 2, 8, and 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to these unconsolidated variable interest entities; ● Tax Implications of Impairments — During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized additional income tax expense of $14 million due to non-cash impairment charges that were not deductible for tax purposes in the year of impairment.
We routinely review and evaluate sites that require remediation and determine our estimated cost for the likely remedy based on a number of estimates and assumptions. Next, we review the same type of information with respect to other named and unnamed PRPs.
We routinely review and evaluate sites that require remediation and determine our estimated cost for the likely remedy based on a number of estimates and assumptions. Next, we review the same type of 66 Table of Contents information with respect to other named and unnamed PRPs.
The costs associated with these liabilities can include settlements, certain legal and consultant fees, as well as incremental internal and external costs directly associated with site investigation and clean up. 73 Table of Contents Where it is probable that a liability has been incurred, we estimate costs required to remediate sites based on site-specific facts and circumstances.
The costs associated with these liabilities can include settlements, certain legal and consultant fees, as well as incremental internal and external costs directly associated with site investigation and clean up. Where it is probable that a liability has been incurred, we estimate costs required to remediate sites based on site-specific facts and circumstances.
RINs and RECs prices generally fluctuate in response to regulations enacted by the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) or other regulatory bodies, as well as changes in supply and demand. As of December 31, 2024, we had 102 landfill gas beneficial use projects producing commercial quantities of methane gas at owned or operated landfills.
RINs and RECs prices generally fluctuate in response to regulations enacted by the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) or other regulatory bodies, as well as changes in supply and demand. As of December 31, 2025, we had 103 landfill gas beneficial use projects producing commercial quantities of methane gas at owned or operated landfills.
We are seeking expansion permits at 18 of our landfills that meet the expansion criteria outlined in the Critical Accounting Estimates and Assumptions — Landfills section below.
We are seeking expansion permits at 15 of our landfills that meet the expansion criteria outlined in the Critical Accounting Estimates and Assumptions — Landfills section below.
(b) Calculated by dividing the increase or decrease for the current year by the prior year’s total Company revenue adjusted to exclude the impacts of divestitures for the current year.
(b) Calculated by dividing the increase or decrease for the current year by the prior year’s total Company revenues adjusted to exclude the impacts of divestitures for the current year.
(c) Includes combined impact of commodity price variability in both our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments, as well as changes in certain recycling fees charged by our collection and disposal operations. (d) The amounts reported herein represent the changes in our revenue attributable to average yield for the total Company.
(c) Includes combined impact of commodity price variability in both our Recycling Processing and Sales and Renewable Energy segments, as well as changes in certain recycling fees charged by our collection and disposal operations. (d) The amounts reported herein represent the change in our revenues attributable to average yield for the total Company.
The specific timing 64 Table of Contents of landfill capital spending is dependent on future events and spending estimates are subject to change due to fluctuations in landfill waste volumes, changes in environmental requirements and other factors impacting landfill operations.
The specific timing of landfill capital spending is dependent on future events and spending estimates are subject to change due to fluctuations in landfill waste volumes, changes in environmental requirements and other factors impacting landfill operations.
Volume changes 49 Table of Contents can fluctuate significantly by line of business and volume changes in higher margin businesses can impact key financial metrics. We must dynamically manage our cost structure in response to volume changes and cost inflation.
Volume changes can fluctuate significantly by line of business and volume changes in higher margin businesses can impact key financial metrics. We must dynamically manage our cost structure in response to volume changes and cost inflation.
For 65 of these projects, the processed gas is used to fuel electricity generators. The electricity is then sold to public utilities, municipal utilities or power cooperatives. For 23 of these projects, the gas is used at the landfill or delivered by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
For 62 of these projects, the processed gas is used to fuel electricity generators. The electricity is then sold to public utilities, municipal utilities or power cooperatives. For 24 of these projects, the gas is used at the landfill or delivered by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
As of December 31, 2024, we have classified $2.6 billion of debt maturing in the next 12 months as long term because we have the intent and ability to refinance these borrowings on a long-term basis as supported by the forecasted available capacity under our $3.5 billion long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”).
As of December 31, 2025, we have classified $3.0 billion of debt maturing in the next 12 months as long-term because we have the intent and ability to refinance these borrowings on a long-term basis as supported by the forecasted available capacity under our $3.5 billion long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”).
Finally, we expect that the production tax credit incentives for investments in renewable energy and carbon capture, as expanded by the IRA, will likely result in an incremental benefit to the Company, although at this time, the anticipated amount of such benefit has not been quantified due, in part, to the lack of regulatory guidance.
Finally, we believe that the production tax credit incentives for investments in renewable energy and carbon capture, as expanded by the IRA, may result in an incremental benefit to the Company, although at this time, the anticipated amount of such benefit has not been quantified due, in part, to the lack of regulatory guidance.
The components of our borrowings as of December 31, 2024 are described in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The components of our borrowings as of December 31, 2025 are described in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. This section includes a discussion of our results of operations for the three years ended December 31, 2024. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Statement about Forward-Looking Statements” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. This section includes a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Statement about Forward-Looking Statements” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
Also included within our Corporate and Other businesses closed sites are (i) six third-party power generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) two third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes and (iii) two third-party RNG facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers in return for a royalty.
Also included within our Corporate and Other businesses closed sites are (i) five third-party power 44 Table of Contents generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) two third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes and (iii) two third-party RNG facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers in return for a royalty.
We expect our new RNG facilities to qualify for federal tax credits and to realize those credits through 2027 under Sections 48 and 45Z of the Internal Revenue Code.
We expect our new RNG facilities to qualify for federal tax credits and to realize those credits through 2027 under Section 48 of the Internal Revenue Code.
The provisions of the IRA related to alternative fuel tax credits secure approximately $60 million of annual pre-tax benefit (recorded as a reduction in our operating expense) from tax credits in 2023 and 2024. The alternative fuel credit expired at the end of 2024 and will not provide any future benefit to the Company absent further legislative action.
The provisions of the IRA related to alternative fuel tax credits secured approximately $60 million of annual pre-tax benefit (recorded as a reduction in our operating expense) from tax credits in 2024. The alternative fuel credit expired at the end of 2024 and will not provide any future benefit to the Company without further legislative action.
The Sustainability Report conveys the strong linkage between the Company’s sustainability goals and our growth strategy, inclusive of the planned and ongoing expansion of the Company’s Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments.
The Sustainability Report conveys the strong linkage between the Company’s sustainability goals and our growth strategy, inclusive of the expansion of the Company’s Recycling Processing and Sales and Renewable Energy segments.
WM Healthcare Solutions Our WM Healthcare Solutions segment includes (i) Regulated Waste and Compliance Services (“RWCS”) which provide compliance programs and collection, processing, and disposal of regulated and specialized waste, including medical, pharmaceutical and hazardous waste and (ii) Secure Information Destruction (“SID”) services, which provide for the collection of personal and confidential information for secure destruction and recycling of sorted office paper.
Healthcare Solutions Our Healthcare Solutions segment includes (i) RWCS which provide compliance programs and collection, processing, and disposal of regulated and specialized waste, including medical, pharmaceutical and hazardous waste and (ii) SID services, which provide for the collection of personal and confidential information for secure destruction and recycling of sorted office paper.
The comparability of our income tax expense for the reported periods has been primarily affected by the following: 61 Table of Contents ● Renewable Natural Gas — Through our subsidiaries, including our WM Renewable Energy segment, we have invested in building landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and RNG.
The comparability of our income tax expense for the reported periods has been primarily affected by the following: ● Renewable Natural Gas — Through our Renewable Energy segment, we have invested in building landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and RNG.
(e) Includes activities from our Corporate and Other businesses. The following provides further details about our period-to-period change in revenues: Average Yield Collection and Disposal Average Yield — This measure reflects the effect on our revenue from the pricing activities of our collection, transfer and landfill operations, exclusive of volume changes.
The following provides further details about our period-to-period change in revenues: Average Yield Collection and Disposal Average Yield — This measure reflects the effect on our revenues from the pricing activities of our collection, transfer and landfill operations, exclusive of volume changes.
As companies, individuals and communities look for ways to be more sustainable, we promote our comprehensive services that go beyond our core business of collecting and disposing of waste in order to meet their needs.
We monitor these developments to adapt our service offerings. As companies, individuals and communities look for ways to be more sustainable, we promote our comprehensive services that go beyond our core business of collecting and disposing of waste in order to meet their needs.
Included within our Collection and Disposal businesses are landfills having (i) 20 third-party power generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) 16 third-party renewable natural gas (“RNG”) facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers and (iii) six third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
Included within our Collection and Disposal businesses are landfills having (i) 19 third-party power generating facilities converting our landfill gas to fuel electricity generators; (ii) 17 third-party RNG facilities processing landfill gas to be sold to natural gas suppliers and (iii) nine third-party projects delivering our landfill gas by pipeline to industrial customers as a direct substitute for fossil fuels in industrial processes.
While there may be short-term fluctuations in our commodity-driven businesses as prices change, we believe that our business models and processes appropriately mitigate the downside risk of changes in commodity prices. Energy Surcharge and Mandated Fees — These fees decreased $97 million and $104 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods.
While there may be short-term fluctuations in our commodity-driven businesses as prices change, we believe that our business models and processes appropriately mitigate the downside risk of changes in commodity prices. Energy Surcharge and Mandated Fees — These fees increased $44 million as compared to prior year.
Final capping asset retirement costs are related to a specific final capping event and are, therefore, depleted on a per-ton basis using each discrete final capping event’s estimated permitted and expansion airspace.
Final capping asset retirement costs are related to a specific final capping event and are, therefore, depleted on a per-ton basis using each discrete final capping event’s estimated permitted and expansion airspace. Accordingly, each landfill has multiple per-ton depletion rates.
The following table summarizes our outstanding letters of credit, categorized by type of facility as of December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 Revolving credit facility (a) ​ $ 224 ​ $ 180 Other letter of credit lines (b) ​ 862 ​ 834 ​ ​ $ 1,086 ​ $ 1,014 (a) As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had an unused and available credit capacity of $2.1 billion and $2.5 billion, respectively.
The following table summarizes our outstanding letters of credit, categorized by type of facility as of December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ 2024 Revolving credit facility (a) ​ $ 227 ​ $ 224 Other letter of credit lines (b) ​ 920 ​ 862 ​ ​ $ 1,147 ​ $ 1,086 (a) As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had an unused and available credit capacity of $2.2 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities — The most significant items affecting the comparison of our investing cash flows for the periods presented are summarized below: ● Acquisitions — Our spending on acquisitions was $7,503 million, $173 million and $377 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which $7,488 million, $170 million and $377 million, respectively, are considered cash used in investing activities.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities — The most significant items affecting the comparison of our investing cash flows for the periods presented are summarized below: ● Acquisitions — Our spending on acquisitions was $404 million and $7,503 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, of which $395 million and $7,488 million, respectively, are considered cash used in investing activities.
Accordingly, each landfill has multiple per-ton depletion rates. 65 Table of Contents The following table presents our landfill airspace depletion expense on a per-ton basis for the year ended December 31: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 Depletion of landfill airspace (in millions) ​ $ 795 ​ $ 745 ​ $ 754 Tons received, net of redirected waste (in millions) ​ 125 ​ 123 ​ 125 Average landfill airspace depletion expense per ton ​ $ 6.36 ​ $ 6.07 ​ $ 6.05 ​ Different per-ton depletion rates are applied at each of our 262 landfills, and per-ton depletion rates vary significantly from one landfill to another due to (i) inconsistencies that often exist in construction costs and provincial, state and local regulatory requirements for landfill development and landfill final capping, closure and post-closure activities and (ii) differences in the cost basis of landfills that we develop versus those that we acquire.
The following table presents our landfill airspace depletion expense on a per-ton basis for the year ended December 31: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ 2024 Depletion of landfill airspace (in millions) ​ $ 898 ​ $ 795 Tons received, net of redirected waste (in millions) ​ 129 ​ 125 Average landfill airspace depletion expense per ton ​ $ 6.96 ​ $ 6.36 ​ Different per-ton depletion rates are applied at each of our 257 landfills, and per-ton depletion rates vary significantly from one landfill to another due to (i) inconsistencies that often exist in construction costs and provincial, state and local regulatory requirements for landfill development and landfill final capping, closure and post-closure activities and (ii) differences in the cost basis of landfills that we develop versus those that we acquire.
For these landfills, the following table reflects changes in capacity, as measured in tons of waste, for the year ended December 31 and remaining airspace, measured in cubic yards of waste, as of December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2023 ​ ​ Remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Permitted ​ Expansion ​ Total ​ Permitted ​ Expansion ​ Total ​ ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity Balance as of beginning of year (in tons) ​ 5,211 ​ 161 ​ 5,372 ​ 5,165 ​ 190 ​ 5,355 Acquisitions, divestitures, newly permitted landfills and closures — 8 8 — — — Changes in expansions pursued (a) — 58 58 — 138 138 Expansion permits granted (b) 64 (64) — 168 (168) — Depletable tons received (125) — (125) (123) — (123) Changes in engineering estimates and other (c) 24 2 26 1 1 2 Balance as of end of year (in tons) (d) 5,174 165 5,339 5,211 161 5,372 Balance as of end of year (in cubic yards) (d) 5,049 165 5,214 5,079 180 5,259 (a) Amounts reflected here relate to the combined impacts of (i) new expansions pursued; (ii) increases or decreases in the airspace being pursued for ongoing expansion efforts; (iii) adjustments for differences between the airspace being pursued and airspace granted and (iv) decreases due to decisions to no longer pursue expansion permits, if any.
For these landfills, the following table reflects changes in capacity, as measured in tons of waste, for the year ended December 31 and remaining airspace, measured in cubic yards of waste, as of December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ 2024 ​ ​ Remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Permitted ​ Expansion ​ Total ​ Permitted ​ Expansion ​ Total ​ ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity ​ Capacity Balance as of beginning of year (in tons) ​ 5,174 ​ 165 ​ 5,339 ​ 5,211 ​ 161 ​ 5,372 Acquisitions, divestitures, newly permitted landfills and closures 3 — 3 — 8 8 Changes in expansions pursued (a) — 40 40 — 58 58 Expansion permits granted (b) 66 (66) — 64 (64) — Depletable tons received (129) — (129) (125) — (125) Changes in engineering estimates and other (c) (12) 1 (11) 24 2 26 Balance as of end of year (in tons) (d) 5,102 140 5,242 5,174 165 5,339 Balance as of end of year (in cubic yards) (d) 4,982 144 5,126 5,049 165 5,214 (a) Amounts reflected here relate to the combined impacts of (i) new expansions pursued; (ii) increases or decreases in the airspace being pursued for ongoing expansion efforts; (iii) adjustments for differences between the airspace being pursued and airspace granted and (iv) decreases due to decisions to no longer pursue expansion permits, if any.
None of WMI’s other subsidiaries have guaranteed any of WMI’s or WM Holdings’ debt.
None of WMI’s 61 Table of Contents other subsidiaries have guaranteed any of WMI’s or WM Holdings’ debt.
See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to income taxes. 62 Table of Contents Landfill and Environmental Remediation Discussion and Analysis We owned or operated 257 solid waste landfills and five secure hazardous waste landfills as of December 31, 2024 and 258 solid waste landfills and five secure hazardous waste landfills as of December 31, 2023.
See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to income taxes. Landfill and Environmental Remediation Discussion and Analysis We owned or operated 253 solid waste landfills and four hazardous waste landfills as of December 31, 2025 and 257 solid waste landfills and five hazardous waste landfills as of December 31, 2024.
Through our subsidiaries, including our Waste Management Renewable Energy (“WM Renewable Energy”) segment, we are also a leading developer, operator and owner of landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and renewable natural gas, which is a significant source of fuel that we allocate to our natural gas fleet.
Through our Waste Management Renewable Energy (“Renewable Energy”) segment, we are also a leading developer, operator and owner of landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and renewable natural gas (“RNG”), which is a significant source of fuel that we allocate to our natural gas fleet. Following our 2024 acquisition of Stericycle, Inc.
Collection and Disposal Our Collection and Disposal businesses provide integrated environmental services, including collection, transfer, disposal and resource recovery services. We evaluate our Collection and Disposal businesses primarily through two geographic segments, East Tier and West Tier. Our East Tier primarily consists of geographic areas located in the Eastern U.S., the Great Lakes region and substantially all of Canada.
We evaluate our Collection and Disposal businesses primarily through two geographic segments, East Tier and West Tier. Our East Tier primarily consists of geographic areas located in the Eastern U.S., the Great Lakes region and substantially all of Canada.
Revenues from our collection operations are influenced by factors such as collection frequency, type of collection equipment furnished, type and volume or weight of the waste collected, distance to the disposal facility or recycling facility and our disposal costs.
Our Collection and Disposal businesses’ operating revenues are primarily generated from fees charged for our collection, transfer and disposal. Revenues from our collection operations are influenced by factors such as collection frequency, type of collection equipment furnished, type and volume or weight of the waste collected, distance to the disposal facility or recycling facility and our disposal costs.
However, all future dividend declarations are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depend on various factors, including our net earnings, financial condition, cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. ● Exercise of Common Stock Options — The exercise of common stock options generated financing cash inflows of $53 million, $44 million and $44 million from the exercise of 693,000, 597,000 and 675,000 of employee stock options during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. ● Other, Net — In 2022, we acquired a controlling interest in a business engaged in accelerating film and plastic wrap recycling capabilities, and in the fourth quarter of 2024, we acquired the remaining minority interests in this business for $41 million.
However, all future dividend declarations are at the 63 Table of Contents discretion of the Board of Directors and depend on various factors, including our leverage level, net earnings, financial condition, cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. ● Exercise of Common Stock Options — The exercise of common stock options generated financing cash inflows of $61 million and $53 million from the exercise of 676,000 and 693,000 of employee stock options during 2025 and 2024, respectively. ● Other, Net — During 2024, we acquired the remaining minority interests in a business engaged in accelerating film and plastic wrap recycling capabilities for $41 million.
Our calculation of free cash flow and reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities is shown in the table below for the year ended December 31 (in millions), and may not be calculated the same as similarly-titled measures presented by other companies: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 Net cash provided by operating activities ​ $ 5,390 ​ $ 4,719 ​ $ 4,536 Capital expenditures to support the business ​ ​ (2,281) ​ ​ (2,131) ​ ​ (2,026) Capital expenditures - sustainability growth investments (a) ​ ​ (950) ​ ​ (764) ​ ​ (561) Total capital expenditures ​ (3,231) ​ (2,895) ​ (2,587) Proceeds from divestitures of businesses and other assets, net of cash divested ​ 158 ​ 78 ​ 27 Free cash flow ​ $ 2,317 ​ $ 1,902 ​ $ 1,976 (a) These growth investments are intended to further our sustainability leadership position by increasing recycling volumes and growing renewable natural gas generation and we expect they will deliver circular solutions for our customers and drive environmental value to the communities we serve.
Our calculation of free cash flow and reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities is shown in the table below for the year ended December 31 (in millions), and may not be calculated the same as similarly-titled measures presented by other companies: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ 2024 Net cash provided by operating activities ​ $ 6,043 ​ $ 5,390 Capital expenditures to support the business ​ ​ (2,594) ​ ​ (2,281) Capital expenditures - sustainability growth investments (a) ​ ​ (633) ​ ​ (950) Total capital expenditures ​ (3,227) ​ (3,231) Proceeds from divestitures of businesses and other assets, net of cash divested ​ 121 ​ 158 Free cash flow ​ $ 2,937 ​ $ 2,317 (a) These growth investments are intended to further our sustainability leadership position by increasing recycling volumes and growing RNG generation and we expect they will deliver circular solutions for our customers and drive environmental value to the communities we serve.
(b) As of December 31, 2024, these other letter of credit lines are uncommitted with terms extending through December 2028. Guarantor Financial Information WM Holdings has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WMI’s senior indebtedness. WMI has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WM Holdings’ senior indebtedness.
(b) As of December 31, 2025, these other letter of credit lines are uncommitted with terms extending through December 2029. Guarantor Financial Information WM Holdings has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of Waste Management, Inc.’s (“WMI’s”) senior indebtedness. WMI has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WM Holdings’ senior indebtedness.
Current Year Financial Results During 2024, we continued to focus on our priorities to advance our strategy—enhancing employee engagement, reducing our cost to serve through the use of technology and automation, and investing in growth through acquisitions and our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments.
Financial Results During 2025, we continued to focus on our priorities to advance our strategy – enhancing employee engagement, permanently reducing our cost to serve our customers through the use of technology and automation, investing in growth through our Recycling Processing and Sales and Renewable Energy segments and integrating the Stericycle business.
Revenue growth from Collection and Disposal average yield includes not only base rate changes and environmental and service fee fluctuations, but also (i) certain average price changes related to the overall mix of services, which are due to the types of services provided; (ii) changes in average price from new and lost business and (iii) price decreases to retain customers. 53 Table of Contents The details of our revenue growth from Collection and Disposal average yield for the year ended December 31 are as follows (dollars in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 vs. 2023 2023 vs. 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As a % of ​ ​ ​ As a % of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Related ​ ​ ​ Related ​ ​ ​ Amount Business Amount Business Commercial ​ ​ $ 327 ​ 6.2 % $ 321 ​ 6.5 % Industrial ​ ​ 176 ​ 5.0 ​ 240 ​ 7.2 ​ Residential ​ ​ 200 ​ 6.2 ​ 191 ​ 6.1 ​ Total collection ​ ​ 703 ​ 5.6 ​ 752 ​ 6.3 ​ Landfill ​ ​ 54 ​ 1.8 ​ 76 ​ 2.7 ​ Transfer ​ ​ 54 ​ 4.5 ​ 83 ​ 7.5 ​ Total Collection and Disposal ​ ​ $ 811 ​ 4.5 % $ 911 ​ 5.4 % ​ Our overall pricing efforts are focused on keeping pace with the increasing costs and capital intensity of our business.
Revenue growth from Collection and Disposal average yield includes not only base rate changes and environmental and service fee fluctuations, but also (i) certain average price changes related to the overall mix of services, which are due to the types of services provided; (ii) changes in average price from new and lost business and (iii) price decreases to retain customers. 49 Table of Contents The details of our revenue growth from Collection and Disposal average yield for the year ended December 31 are as follows (dollars in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 vs. 2024 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As a % of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Related ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Amount ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Business Commercial ​ ​ $ 290 ​ 5.1 % Industrial ​ ​ 99 ​ 2.8 ​ Residential ​ ​ 181 ​ 5.4 ​ Total collection ​ ​ 570 ​ 4.3 ​ Landfill ​ ​ 84 ​ 2.6 ​ Transfer ​ ​ 65 ​ 4.9 ​ Total Collection and Disposal ​ ​ $ 719 ​ 3.8 % ​ Our overall pricing efforts are focused on keeping pace with the increasing costs and capital intensity of our business.
Landfills Accounting for landfills requires that significant estimates and assumptions be made regarding (i) the cost to construct and develop each landfill asset; (ii) the estimated fair value of final capping, closure and post-closure asset retirement obligations, which must consider both the expected cost and timing of these activities and (iii) the determination of each landfill’s remaining permitted and expansion airspace.
Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our financial statements. ​ 64 Table of Contents Landfills Accounting for landfills requires that significant estimates and assumptions be made regarding (i) the cost to construct and develop each landfill asset; (ii) the estimated fair value of final capping, closure and post-closure asset retirement obligations, which must consider both the expected cost and timing of these activities and (iii) the determination of each landfill’s remaining permitted and expansion airspace.
As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $4.0 billion of debt maturing within the next 12 months, including (i) $1.4 billion of tax-exempt bonds with term interest rate periods that expire within the next 12 months, which is prior to their scheduled maturities; (ii) $1.2 billion of short-term borrowings under our commercial paper program (net of related discount on issuance); (iii) $422 million of 3.125% senior notes that mature in March 2025; (iv) $500 million of 0.750% senior notes that mature in November 2025 and (v) $438 million of other debt with scheduled maturities within the next 12 months, including $298 million of tax-exempt bonds.
As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $3.7 billion of debt maturing within the next 12 months, including (i) $1.8 billion of tax-exempt bonds with term interest rate periods that expire within the next 12 months, which is prior to their scheduled maturities; (ii) $1.1 billion of short-term borrowings under our commercial paper program (net of related discount on issuance); (iii) $223 million of 7.1% senior notes that mature in August 2026; (iv) $364 million of 2.6% Canadian senior notes that mature in September 2026 and (v) $200 million of other debt with scheduled maturities within the next 12 months.
The number of landfills owned or operated as of December 31, 2024, segregated by their estimated operating lives based on remaining permitted and expansion airspace and projected annual disposal volume, was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ # of Landfills ​ 0 to 5 years 28 ​ 6 to 10 years 22 ​ 11 to 20 years 53 ​ 21 to 40 years 62 ​ 41+ years 97 ​ Total 262 (a) (a) Of the 262 landfills, 221 are owned, 29 are operated under lease agreements and 12 are operated under other contractual agreements.
The number of landfills owned or operated as of December 31, 2025, segregated by their estimated operating lives based on remaining permitted and expansion airspace and projected annual disposal volume, was as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ # of Landfills ​ 0 to 5 years 24 ​ 6 to 10 years 23 ​ 11 to 20 years 55 ​ 21 to 40 years 61 ​ 41+ years 94 ​ Total 257 (a) (a) Of the 257 landfills, 219 are owned, 26 are operated under lease agreements and 12 are operated under other contractual agreements.
See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our impairment charges; and ● Tax Legislation — The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) contains several tax-related provisions, including with respect to (i) alternative fuel tax credits; (ii) tax incentives for investments in renewable energy production, carbon capture, and other climate actions and (iii) the overall measurement of corporate income taxes.
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) contains several tax-related provisions, including with respect to (i) alternative fuel tax credits; (ii) tax incentives for investments in renewable energy production, carbon capture, 55 Table of Contents and other climate actions and (iii) the overall measurement of corporate income taxes.
During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we used $4 million, $61 million and $23 million, respectively, of cash from restricted cash and cash equivalents to invest in available-for-sale securities. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we used $33 million, $20 million and $28 million, respectively, to make initial cash payments associated with low-income housing investments.
During 2025 and 2024, we used $56 million and $4 million, respectively, of cash from restricted cash and cash equivalents to invest in available-for-sale securities. During 2024, we used $33 million to make initial cash payments associated with a low-income housing investment.
We discount the estimated cash flows to present value using a weighted average cost of capital that considers factors such as market assumptions, the timing of the cash flows and the risks inherent in those cash flows.
The income approach is based on the long-term projected future cash flows of the reporting units. We discount the estimated cash flows to present value using a weighted average cost of capital that considers factors such as market assumptions, the timing of the cash flows and the risks inherent in those cash flows.
The changes to landfill and environmental remediation liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2024 are reflected in the table below (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Environmental ​ Landfill Remediation December 31, 2023 ​ $ 2,853 ​ $ 209 Obligations incurred and capitalized ​ 91 — Obligations settled ​ (136) (23) Interest accretion ​ 133 — Revisions in estimates and interest rate assumptions ​ 121 36 Acquisitions, divestitures and other adjustments ​ (5) — December 31, 2024 ​ $ 3,057 ​ $ 222 ​ Landfill Operating Costs — The following table summarizes our landfill operating costs for the year ended December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 Interest accretion on landfill and environmental remediation liabilities ​ $ 133 ​ $ 130 ​ $ 112 Leachate and methane collection and treatment ​ 230 ​ 196 ​ 193 Landfill remediation costs and discount rate adjustments to environmental remediation liabilities and recovery assets ​ 18 ​ 7 ​ (2) Other landfill site costs ​ 143 ​ 120 ​ 118 Total landfill operating costs ​ $ 524 ​ $ 453 ​ $ 421 ​ Depletion of Landfill Airspace — Depletion of landfill airspace, which is included as a component of depreciation, depletion and amortization expenses, includes the following: ● the depletion of landfill capital costs, including (i) costs that have been incurred and capitalized and (ii) estimated future costs for landfill development and construction required to develop our landfills to their remaining permitted and expansion airspace; and ● the depletion of asset retirement costs arising from landfill final capping, closure and post-closure obligations, including (i) costs that have been incurred and capitalized and (ii) projected asset retirement costs.
The changes to landfill and environmental remediation liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2025 are reflected in the table below (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Environmental ​ ​ ​ ​ Landfill ​ ​ ​ Remediation December 31, 2024 ​ $ 3,057 ​ $ 222 Obligations incurred and capitalized ​ 86 ​ — Obligations settled ​ (181) ​ (29) Interest accretion ​ 142 ​ — Revisions in estimates ​ 217 ​ 38 Acquisitions, divestitures and other adjustments ​ (16) ​ — December 31, 2025 ​ $ 3,305 ​ $ 231 ​ Landfill Operating Costs — The following table summarizes our landfill operating costs for the year ended December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ 2024 Interest accretion on landfill and environmental remediation liabilities ​ $ 142 ​ $ 133 Leachate and methane collection and treatment ​ 235 ​ 230 Landfill remediation costs and discount rate adjustments to environmental remediation liabilities and recovery assets ​ 24 ​ 18 Other landfill site costs ​ 148 ​ 143 Total landfill operating costs ​ $ 549 ​ $ 524 ​ 58 Table of Contents Depletion of Landfill Airspace — Depletion of landfill airspace, which is included as a component of depreciation, depletion and amortization expenses, includes the following: ● the depletion of landfill capital costs, including (i) costs that have been incurred and capitalized and (ii) estimated future costs for landfill development and construction required to develop our landfills to their remaining permitted and expansion airspace; and ● the depletion of asset retirement costs arising from landfill final capping, closure and post-closure obligations, including (i) costs that have been incurred and capitalized and (ii) projected asset retirement costs.
Disposal and Franchise Fees and Taxes — The increase in disposal and franchise fees and taxes in 2024, as compared with 2023, was primarily driven by an increase in landfill volumes and an overall rate increase in fees and taxes paid to municipalities on our disposal volumes.
Disposal and Franchise Fees and Taxes — The increase in disposal and franchise fees and taxes was primarily due to an increase in landfill volumes and an overall rate increase in fees and taxes paid to municipalities on our disposal volumes.
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities — The most significant items affecting the comparison of our financing cash flows for the periods presented are summarized below: ● Debt Borrowings (Repayments) — The following summarizes our cash borrowings and repayments of debt for the year ended December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 Borrowings : ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial paper program $ 12,678 ​ $ 17,799 ​ $ 6,596 Term loan (a) ​ ​ 5,200 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,000 Senior notes ​ ​ 6,650 ​ ​ 3,207 ​ ​ 992 Tax-exempt bonds ​ ​ 50 ​ ​ 300 ​ ​ 100 ​ $ 24,578 ​ $ 21,306 ​ $ 8,688 Repayments : ​ ​ Commercial paper program $ (12,319) ​ $ (18,709) ​ $ (6,664) Term loan (a) ​ ​ (5,200) ​ ​ (1,000) ​ ​ — Senior notes ​ ​ (156) ​ ​ (500) ​ ​ (500) Tax-exempt bonds (60) ​ (65) ​ (71) Other debt (135) ​ (120) ​ (93) ​ $ (17,870) ​ $ (20,394) ​ $ (7,328) Net cash borrowings (repayments) ​ $ 6,708 ​ $ 912 ​ $ 1,360 ​ (a) In October 2024, we drew $5.2 billion of borrowings under the Term Credit Agreement that were applied to funding our acquisition of Stericycle.
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities — The most significant items affecting the comparison of our financing cash flows for the periods presented are summarized below: ● Debt Borrowings (Repayments) — The following summarizes our cash borrowings and repayments of debt for the year ended December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ 2024 Borrowings : ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Commercial paper program $ 20,162 ​ $ 12,678 Term loan (a) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 5,200 Senior notes ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,650 Tax-exempt bonds ​ ​ 252 ​ ​ 50 ​ $ 20,414 ​ $ 24,578 Repayments : ​ ​ ​ Commercial paper program $ (20,374) ​ $ (12,319) Term loan (a) ​ ​ — ​ ​ (5,200) Senior notes ​ ​ (922) ​ ​ (156) Tax-exempt bonds (298) ​ (60) Other debt (153) ​ (135) ​ $ (21,747) ​ $ (17,870) Net cash borrowings (repayments) ​ $ (1,333) ​ $ 6,708 ​ (a) In October 2024, we drew $5.2 billion of borrowings under a term credit agreement that were applied to funding our acquisition of Stericycle.
Income Tax Expense We recorded income tax expense of $713 million, $745 million and $678 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, resulting in effective income tax rates of 20.6%, 24.7% and 23.2% for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Income Tax Expense We recorded income tax expense of $717 million and $713 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, resulting in effective income tax rates of 20.9% and 20.6% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Revenues from our landfill operations consist of tipping fees, which are generally based on the type and weight or volume of waste being disposed of at our disposal facilities.
Revenues from our landfill operations consist of tipping fees, which are generally based on the type and weight or volume of waste deposited, considering our cost of loading, transporting and disposing of the solid waste at a disposal site.
An impairment charge is recognized if the asset’s estimated fair value was less than its carrying amount. Fair value is typically estimated using an income approach using Level 3 inputs. However, when appropriate, we may also use a market approach. The income approach is based on the long-term projected future cash flows of the reporting units.
The quantitative assessment compares the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. An impairment charge is recognized if the reporting unit’s estimated fair value was less than its carrying amount. Fair value is typically estimated using an income approach using Level 3 inputs. However, when appropriate, we may also use a market approach.
Excluding our acquisition of Stericycle in 2024, substantially all of the remaining acquisitions are related to our solid waste and recycling businesses. ● Capital Expenditures — We used $3,231 million, $2,895 million and $2,587 million for capital expenditures in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The remaining spend is cash used in financing activity related to the timing of contingent consideration paid. Excluding our acquisition of Stericycle in 2024, substantially all of the remaining acquisitions are related to our solid waste and recycling businesses. ● Capital Expenditures — We used $3,227 million and $3,231 million for capital expenditures in 2025 and 2024, respectively.
In lieu of providing separate financial statements for the subsidiary issuer and guarantor (WMI and WM Holdings), we have presented the accompanying supplemental summarized combined balance sheet and income statement information for WMI and WM Holdings on a combined basis after elimination of intercompany transactions between WMI and WM Holdings and amounts related to investments in any subsidiary that is a non-guarantor (in millions): ​ 68 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2024 Balance Sheet Information: ​ ​ ​ Current assets $ 15 Noncurrent assets ​ ​ 14 Current liabilities ​ 1,367 Noncurrent liabilities: ​ ​ ​ Advances due to affiliates ​ ​ 15,328 Other noncurrent liabilities ​ 20,140 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ ​ December 31, 2024 Income Statement Information: ​ ​ ​ Revenue $ — Operating income ​ ​ (547) Net loss ​ ​ (405) ​ ​ Summary of Cash Flow Activity The following is a summary of our cash flows for the year ended December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 Net cash provided by operating activities ​ $ 5,390 ​ $ 4,719 ​ $ 4,536 Net cash used in investing activities ​ $ (10,601) ​ $ (3,091) ​ $ (3,063) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ​ $ 5,155 ​ $ (1,524) ​ $ (1,216) ​ Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities — Our operating cash flows increased in 2024, as compared with 2023, by $671 million primarily driven by (i) higher earnings in our Collection and Disposal businesses; (ii) favorable changes in working capital, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures and (iii) lower annual incentive compensation payments.
In lieu of providing separate financial statements for the subsidiary issuer and guarantor (WMI and WM Holdings), we have presented the accompanying supplemental summarized combined balance sheet and income statement information for WMI and WM Holdings on a combined basis after elimination of intercompany transactions between WMI and WM Holdings and amounts related to investments in any subsidiary that is a non-guarantor (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2025 Balance Sheet Information: ​ ​ ​ Current assets $ 44 Noncurrent assets ​ ​ 13 Current liabilities ​ 738 Noncurrent liabilities: ​ ​ ​ Advances due to affiliates ​ ​ 18,160 Other noncurrent liabilities ​ 19,733 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ ​ December 31, 2025 Income Statement Information: ​ ​ ​ Revenue $ — Operating income ​ ​ — Net loss ​ ​ (674) ​ ​ Summary of Cash Flow Activity The following is a summary of our cash flows for the year ended December 31 (in millions): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ ​ 2024 Net cash provided by operating activities ​ $ 6,043 ​ $ 5,390 Net cash used in investing activities ​ $ (3,566) ​ $ (10,601) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ​ $ (2,673) ​ $ 5,155 ​ Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities — Our operating cash flows increased $653 million in 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to (i) higher earnings in our Collection and Disposal businesses; (ii) contributions from our recent acquisitions and (iii) lower cash tax payments.
These cost increases were offset, in part, by decreases in industrial and residential collection volumes. The increase in transfer and disposal costs in 2023, as compared with 2022, was primarily due to inflationary cost increases, which includes increased disposal fees at third-party sites and higher rates from our third-party haulers, offset, in part, by a decrease in collection volumes.
Transfer and Disposal Costs — The increase in transfer and disposal costs was primarily due to our recent acquisitions and inflationary cost pressures, which includes increased disposal fees at third-party sites and higher rates from our third-party haulers. These increases were offset, in part, by lower residential volumes attributable to intentional shedding of lower margin contracts.
Additionally, we are a leading recycler in the U.S. and Canada, handling materials that include paper, cardboard, glass, plastic and metal. Stericycle Acquisition On November 4, 2024, we completed our acquisition of all outstanding shares of Stericycle for $62.00 per share in cash, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated June 3, 2024.
Stericycle Acquisition On November 4, 2024, we completed our acquisition of all outstanding shares of Stericycle for $62.00 per share in cash, pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated June 3, 2024.
In December 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors expects to increase the quarterly dividend from $0.75 to $0.825 per share for dividends declared in 2025.
Cash dividends declared and paid were $1.3 billion in 2025, or $3.30 per common share and $1.2 billion in 2024, or $3.00 per common share. In December 2025, we announced that our Board of Directors expects to increase the quarterly dividend from $0.825 to $0.945 per share for dividends declared in 2026.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk — interest-rate, FX, commodity exposure

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Biggest changeRecycling revenues attributable to yield increased $245 million and decreased $308 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, as compared with the prior year periods. While recycling commodity prices have recovered in 2024 from the low levels experienced in 2023, commodity values are still below prices seen at the beginning of 2022.
Biggest changeRecycling revenues attributable to yield decreased $166 million and increased $245 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, as compared to prior year periods.
In recent years, we have discussed our sustainability growth strategy that includes significant planned and ongoing investments in our WM Renewable Energy segment. We have invested, and continue to invest, in facilities to capture methane produced from the Company’s landfills and process it into RNG and electricity.
In recent years, we have discussed our sustainability growth strategy that includes significant planned and ongoing investments in our Renewable Energy segment. We have invested, and continue to invest, in facilities to capture methane produced from the Company’s landfills and process it into RNG and electricity.
Commodity Price Exposure — In the normal course of our business, we are subject to operating agreements that expose us to market risks arising from changes in the prices for commodities such as diesel fuel, electricity (and related renewable energy credits) and recycled materials, including old corrugated cardboard and plastics.
Commodity Price Exposure — In the normal course of our business, we are subject to operating agreements that expose us to market risks arising from changes in the prices for commodities such as diesel fuel, natural gas, electricity (and related renewable energy credits) and recycled materials, including old corrugated cardboard and plastics.
Where significant, we have quantified and described the impact of foreign currency translation on components of income, including operating revenues and operating expenses. However, the impact of foreign currency has not materially affected our results of operations. ​ 77 Table of Contents
Where significant, we have quantified and described the impact of foreign currency translation on components of income, including operating revenues and operating expenses. However, the impact of foreign currency has not materially affected our results of operations. ​ 70 Table of Contents
Average market prices for single-stream recycled commodities were up 50% and down 40% in 2024 and 2023, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. Variability in commodity prices can also impact the margins of our business as certain components of our revenue are structured as a pass through of costs, including recycling brokerage and fuel surcharges.
Average market prices for single-stream recycled commodities were down 20% and up 50% in 2025 and 2024, respectively, as compared to prior year periods. Variability in commodity prices can also impact the margins of our business as certain components of our revenue are structured as a pass through of costs, including recycling brokerage and fuel surcharges.
An instantaneous, 100-basis point increase in interest rates across all maturities attributable to these instruments would have decreased the fair value of our debt by approximately $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2024. We are also exposed to interest rate market risk from our cash and cash equivalent balances, as well as assets held in restricted trust fund accounts.
An instantaneous, 100-basis point increase in interest rates across all maturities attributable to these instruments would have decreased the fair value of our debt by approximately $0.8 billion as of December 31, 2025. We are also exposed to interest rate market risk from our cash and cash equivalent balances, as well as assets held in restricted trust fund accounts.
At the federal level, oil refiners and importers are required through the RFS program to blend specified volumes of various categories of renewable transportation fuels with gasoline or buy credits, referred to as Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”), from renewable fuel producers.
At the federal level, oil refiners and importers are required through the RFS program to blend specified volumes of various categories of renewable transportation fuels with gasoline or buy credits, referred to as RINs, from renewable fuel producers.
Such changes could impact or alter our projected future investments, and such investments may not yield the results anticipated. Revenue in our WM Renewable Energy segment attributable to yield increased $26 million and decreased $73 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods, primarily driven by the fluctuations in energy and RIN market prices.
Such changes could impact or alter our projected future investments, and such investments may not yield the results anticipated. Revenue in our Renewable Energy segment attributable to yield increased $11 million and $26 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively, as compared to prior year periods, primarily driven by the fluctuations in energy and RIN market prices.
We currently estimate that a 100-basis point increase in the interest rates of our outstanding variable-rate debt obligations would increase our 2024 interest expense by $19 million.
We currently estimate that a 100-basis point increase in the interest rates of our outstanding variable-rate debt obligations would increase our 2025 interest expense by $35 million.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risks, including changes in interest rates, certain commodity prices and currency rates. From time to time, we use derivatives to manage some portion of these risks.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risks, including changes in interest rates, certain commodity prices and currency rates. From time to time, we use derivatives to manage some portion of these risks. As of December 31, 2025 our outstanding derivatives were immaterial.
We have $2.7 billion of debt that is exposed to changes in market interest rates within the next 12 months comprised primarily of (i) $1.3 billion of short-term borrowings under our commercial paper program and (ii) $1.4 billion of tax-exempt bonds with term interest rate periods that expire within the next 12 months.
As of December 31, 2025, we have $2.9 billion of debt that is exposed to changes in market interest rates within the next 12 months, compared to $2.7 million as of December 31, 2024, comprised primarily of (i) $1.1 billion of short-term borrowings under our commercial paper program and (ii) $1.8 billion of tax-exempt bonds with term interest rate periods that expire within the next 12 months.
The primary drivers of renewable fuel development at our landfills are tax policies, such as the federal tax credits for RNG production and renewable electricity generation under the IRA, and federal and state incentive programs, such as the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) program, California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and similar state programs that promote the production and use of renewable transportation fuels.
The primary drivers of renewable fuel development at our landfills are tax policies, such as federal tax credits for investments in RNG under the IRA and OBBBA, and federal and state incentive programs, such as the federal RFS program, California’s Low Carbon Fuel 69 Table of Contents Standard and similar state programs that promote the production and use of renewable transportation fuels.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $24.1 billion of long-term debt, excluding the impacts of accounting for debt issuance costs, discounts and fair value adjustments attributable to terminated interest rate derivatives.
Interest Rate Exposure — Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our financing activities. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $22.9 billion and $24.1 billion, respectively, of long-term debt, excluding the impacts of accounting for debt issuance costs, discounts and fair value adjustments attributable to terminated interest rate derivatives.
The Company has invested, and continues to invest, in facilities that capture and process landfill gas into RNG so that we can participate in the RFS program, and the Company has grown and stated its intention to continue to grow its asset base to increase its RNG production. 76 Table of Contents RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand.
The Company has invested, and continues to invest, in facilities that capture and process landfill gas into RNG so that we can participate in the RFS program, and the Company has grown and stated its intention to continue to grow its asset base to increase its RNG production.
Like RINs, clean fuel standard program credit values can fluctuate with policy and market dynamics. As such, we are advocating for existing programs to adopt measures to promote stability in credit pricing and for other states to adopt similar programs that incentivize the growth in RNG.
As such, we are advocating for existing programs to adopt measures to promote stability in credit pricing and for other states to adopt similar programs that incentivize the growth in RNG.
In an effort to mitigate against such risk and stabilize our RNG portfolio, we are pursuing long-term sales transactions in the voluntary market.
We do not yet know how these changes may impact the demand for renewable fuels and the value of RINs. In an effort to mitigate against such risk and stabilize our RNG portfolio, we are pursuing long-term sales transactions in the voluntary market.
Clean fuel standard programs, originally developed in California and subsequently adopted in Oregon, Washington, and New Mexico, establish annual carbon intensity benchmarks for transportation fuels that decrease over time. These programs operate similar to the RFS program in that certain regulated parties purchase credits from fuel producers, including RNG producers, to meet their carbon intensity obligations.
Clean fuel standard programs, originally developed in California and subsequently adopted in Oregon, Washington, and New Mexico, establish annual carbon intensity benchmarks for transportation fuels that decrease over time. A similar program has been adopted in Canada under the Clean Fuel Regulations.
The value of the RINs is set through a market established by the RFS program, which market has historically been very volatile.
RINs prices generally respond to regulations enacted by the EPA, as well as fluctuations in supply and demand. The value of the RINs is set through a market established by the RFS program, which market has historically been volatile.
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As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding derivatives were immaterial. 75 Table of Contents Interest Rate Exposure — Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our financing activities.
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During 2025, we experienced decreases in market prices for recycled commodities when compared to prior year caused by a number of factors, including the closure of domestic paper mills, a decrease in demand for recycled content by certain consumer goods producers, focused reduction in cardboard packaging and overall market conditions.
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However, we cannot be certain that these changes, or the outcome of pending litigation challenging various aspects of the rule, will ultimately reduce volatility in the RINs market or that future rulemakings will be similarly favorable to our business.
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The current U.S. presidential administration, meanwhile, revisited and retroactively lowered the 2024 blending volumes, has proposed to revisit and lower the 2025 standards, has proposed low volumes for compliance years 2026 and 2027 and departed from the previous administration in granting small refinery exemptions from RFS program requirements.
Removed
The new U.S. presidential administration could seek to reduce existing renewable fuel targets in a new rulemaking or otherwise set reduced targets for renewable fuels under the RFS program in future rulemakings. Moreover, consistent with its prior approach, the new administration may also increase the frequency with which it grants small refinery exemptions from RFS program requirements.
Added
These programs operate similar to the RFS program in that certain regulated parties purchase credits from fuel producers, including RNG producers, to meet their carbon intensity obligations. Like RINs, clean fuel standard program credit values can fluctuate with policy and market dynamics.
Removed
While we cannot predict what actions the new administration may take with respect to the RFS program, any changes to existing or future renewable fuel targets or more frequent approval of requests for small refinery exemptions could have a significant negative impact on demand for renewable fuels and the value of RINs.

Other WM 10-K year-over-year comparisons