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SoFi Technologies, Inc.

SoFi Technologies, Inc.SOFIEarnings & Financial Report

Nasdaq · Financials · Finance Services

SoFi Technologies, Inc. is an American financial technology company. Founded in 2011 by Stanford University students, it operates as a nationally chartered online bank and is a technology provider to other financial institutions. SoFi is the largest U.S. based online lender, and has 13.7 million customers as of 2025.

What changed in SoFi Technologies, Inc.'s 10-K — 2023 vs 2024

Top changes in SoFi Technologies, Inc.'s 2024 10-K

1025 paragraphs added · 954 removed · 723 edited across 8 sections

Item 1. Business

Business — how the company describes what it does

133 edited+39 added−43 removed178 unchanged
However, under Section 4 of the Bank Holding Company Act, the Federal Reserve has permitted us to continue our current digital assets related offering for a two-year conformance period from the date we became a bank holding company, with the possibility for three one-year extensions, provided that we do not expand our impermissible activities, except as authorized by the Bank Holding Company Act and Regulation Y, or increase our established risk limits for total customer digital assets maintained in wallets that are accessible online, referred to as “hot wallets”, or held on balance sheet.
However, under Section 4 of the Bank Holding Company Act, the Federal Reserve permitted us to continue our current digital assets related offering for a two-year conformance period from the date we became a bank holding company, with the possibility for three one-year extensions, provided that we do not expand our impermissible activities, except as authorized by the Bank Holding Company Act and Regulation Y, or increase our established risk limits for total customer digital assets maintained in wallets that are accessible online, referred to as “hot wallets”, or held on balance sheet.
To support the mental health of our employees, we offer a benefit that allows our employees to meet with coaches and clinical care providers at no cost to them. Our tuition reimbursement and student loan repayment programs in the U.S. provide financial support to our employees that allows them to advance their education and pay off existing student loan debt.
To support the mental health of our employees, we offer a benefit that allows them to meet with coaches and clinical care providers at no cost. Our tuition reimbursement and student loan repayment programs in the U.S. provide financial support to our employees, allowing them to advance their education and pay off existing student loan debt.
The key current and expected financial benefits to us of operating a national bank include: (i) lowering our cost to fund loans, as we can utilize deposits held at SoFi Bank to fund loans, which have a lower borrowing cost of funds than our warehouse and securitization financing model, (ii) increasing our flexibility to hold loans on our balance sheet for longer periods, thereby enabling us to earn interest on these loans for a longer period, (iii) supporting origination volume growth by providing an alternative financing option, while also maintaining our warehouse capacity, and (iv) through deposits, providing us with meaningful member data that can allow us to better serve our members’ financial needs.
The key current and expected financial benefits to us of operating a national bank include: (i) lowering our cost to fund loans, as we can utilize deposits held at SoFi Bank to fund loans, which generally have a lower borrowing cost of funds than warehouse and securitization financing, (ii) increasing our flexibility to hold loans on our balance sheet for longer periods, thereby enabling us to earn interest on these loans for a longer period, (iii) supporting origination volume growth by providing an alternative financing option, while also maintaining our warehouse capacity, and (iv) through deposits, providing us with meaningful member data that can allow us to better serve our members’ financial needs.
SoFi Invest SoFi Invest is a mobile-first investment platform offering members access to trading and advisory solutions, such as active investing and robo-advisory. Our interactive investing experience fosters engagement by allowing members to view and monitor other investors’ activity on the platform.
SoFi Invest A mobile-first investment platform offering members access to trading and advisory solutions, such as active investing and robo-advisory. Our interactive investing experience fosters engagement by allowing members to view and monitor other investors’ activity on the platform.
We apply the customer identification and verification program rules pursuant to the USA PATRIOT Act amendments to the BSA and its implementing regulations and screen certain customer information against the list of specially designated nationals and other lists of sanctioned countries, persons, and entities maintained by the Treasury Department’s OFAC.
We apply the customer identification and verification program rules pursuant to the USA PATRIOT Act amendments to the BSA and its implementing regulations and screen certain customer information against the list of specially designated nationals and other lists of sanctioned countries, persons, and entities maintained by the U.S. Treasury Department’s OFAC.
TABLE OF CONTENT S The existence of comprehensive privacy laws in different U.S. states would make our compliance obligations more complex and costly and may increase the likelihood that we may be subject to enforcement actions, civil litigation or otherwise incur liability for noncompliance.
The existence of comprehensive privacy laws in different U.S. states would make our compliance obligations more complex and costly and may increase the likelihood that we may be subject to enforcement actions, civil litigation or otherwise incur liability for noncompliance.
We offer our members a full suite of financial products and services all in one common mobile platform. To complement these products and services, we believe in building vertically-integrated technology platforms designed to manage and deliver the suite of solutions to our members in a low-cost and differentiated manner.
We offer our members a full suite of financial products and services all in one common mobile application. To complement these products and services, we believe in building vertically-integrated technology platforms designed to manage and deliver the suite of solutions to our members in a low-cost and differentiated manner.
Through the member home feed, there are significant opportunities to build frequent engagement and, to date, the member home feed has been an important driver of new product adoption. The member home feed is an important part of our strategy and our ability to use data as a competitive advantage.
Through the member home experience, there are significant opportunities to build frequent engagement and, to date, the member home experience has been an important driver of new product adoption. The member home experience is an important part of our strategy and our ability to use data as a competitive advantage.
Both SoFi Bank and the Company, which controls SoFi Bank, had total consolidated assets in excess of $10 billion as of December 31, 2023 which subjects them to additional regulatory requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act and other federal banking laws.
Both SoFi Bank and the Company, which controls SoFi Bank, had total consolidated assets in excess of $10 billion as of December 31, 2024 which subjects them to additional regulatory requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act and other federal banking laws.
(3) Content — Our financial education, insights, research content, actionable tools and advice are designed to provide meaningful value for our members. Our carefully-crafted and personalized content is offered through our member home feed and is designed to help our members get their money right.
(3) Content — Our financial education, insights, research content, actionable tools and advice are designed to provide meaningful value for our members. Our carefully-crafted and personalized content is offered through our member home experience and is designed to help our members get their money right.
We strive to provide digestible financial education, meaningful answers, salient information, advice, credit scores, financial calculators, investment research and financial news that enhance member loyalty and increase the likelihood that members will use additional SoFi products in the future.
We strive to provide digestible financial education, meaningful answers, salient information, advice, credit scores, financial calculators, investment research and financial news that enhance member loyalty and increase the likelihood that members will use additional SoFi products.
Regulation of Other Activities Through the Company’s website and mobile app under the brand name “SoFi Protect”, we offer members access to multiple insurance products and services, which today include life insurance, auto insurance, homeowners insurance, renters insurance and cyber insurance.
Regulation of Other Activities Through the Company’s website and mobile application under the brand name “SoFi Protect”, we offer members access to multiple insurance products and services, which today include life insurance, auto insurance, homeowners insurance, renters insurance and cyber insurance.
Home loans originated by SoFi that are agency-conforming loans are subject to credit, debt service, and collateral eligibility established by GSEs. Government loans, such as VA and Federal Housing Administration loans, are subject to the underwriting requirements established by the appropriate government agency.
Home loans originated by SoFi that are agency-conforming loans are subject to credit, debt-to-income, and collateral eligibility established by the GSEs. Government loans, such as VA and Federal Housing Administration loans, are subject to the underwriting requirements established by the appropriate government agency.
Technology Platform Segment We provide technology platform services through a diversified suite of offerings which include an event and authorization platform accessed via application programming interfaces, a cloud-native digital and core banking platform and services related to both platforms. Our customers include financial and non-financial institutions in North and Latin America.
Technology Platform Segment We provide technology platform services through a diversified suite of offerings which include an event and authorization platform accessed via application programming interfaces, a cloud-native digital and core banking platform and services related to both platforms. Our customers include financial institutions, government entities and non-financial institutions in primarily North America and Latin America.
For this purpose, “covered transactions” are defined by statute to include a loan or extension of credit to an affiliate; a purchase of or investment in securities issued by an affiliate; a purchase of assets from an affiliate unless exempted by the Federal Reserve; the acceptance of securities issued by an affiliate as collateral for a loan or extension of credit to any person or company; the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate; securities borrowing or lending transactions with an affiliate that creates a credit exposure to such affiliate; or a derivatives transaction with an affiliate that 16 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
For this purpose, “covered transactions” are defined by statute to include a loan or extension of credit to an affiliate; a purchase of or investment in securities issued by an affiliate; a purchase of assets from an affiliate unless exempted by the Federal Reserve; the acceptance of securities issued by an affiliate as collateral for a loan or extension of credit to any person or company; the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate; securities borrowing or lending transactions with an affiliate that creates a credit exposure to such affiliate; or a derivatives transaction with an affiliate that creates a credit exposure to such affiliate.
In addition, for so long as SoFi Lending Corp. acts as servicer of any of our private education loans, we are subject to certain state licensing requirements applicable to student loan servicers even though we have engaged MOHELA to service our private education loans, as we retain master servicing rights.
In addition, for so long as SoFi Lending Corp. acts as servicer of any of our private education loans, we are subject to certain state licensing requirements applicable to student loan servicers even though we have engaged third-party servicers to service our private education loans, as we retain master servicing rights.
The member home feed is personalized and delivers content to a member about what they must do that day in their financial life, what they should consider doing that day in their financial life, and what they can do that day in their financial life.
The member home experience is personalized and delivers content to a member about what they must do that day in their financial life, what they should consider doing that day in their financial life, and what they can do that day in their financial life.
TILA also regulates the advertising of credit, including limitations on co-branding private education lender’s products with educational institutions in the marketing of private education loans, and gives borrowers, among other things, certain rights regarding updated disclosures and periodic statements, security interests taken to secure the credit, the right to rescind certain loan transactions, a right to an investigation and resolution of billing errors, and the treatment of credit balances.
TABLE OF CONTENTS regulates the advertising of credit, including limitations on co-branding private education lender’s products with educational institutions in the marketing of private education loans, and gives borrowers, among other things, certain rights regarding updated disclosures and periodic statements, security interests taken to secure the credit, the right to rescind certain loan transactions, a right to an investigation and resolution of billing errors, and the treatment of credit balances.
Golden Pacific’s community bank business continues to operate as a division of SoFi Bank. As a bank holding company, we offer checking and savings accounts and credit cards through SoFi Bank. We are originating all new loan applications within SoFi Bank, and we intend to continue to explore other products for SoFi Bank over time.
Golden Pacific’s community bank business continues to operate as a division of SoFi Bank. As a bank holding company, we offer checking and savings accounts and credit cards through SoFi Bank. We are originating all new loans within SoFi Bank, and we intend to continue to explore other products for SoFi Bank over time.
TABLE OF CONTENT S Members We have created an innovative financial services platform designed to offer best-in-class products to meet the broad objectives of our members and the lifecycle of their financial needs. Our platform offers our members (as defined under Part II, Item 7.
Members We have created an innovative financial services platform designed to offer best-in-class products to meet the broad objectives of our members and the lifecycle of their financial needs. Our platform offers our members (as defined under Part II, Item 7.
We originate personal loans to help our members with a variety of financial needs, such as debt consolidation, home improvement projects, family planning, travel and weddings, to name a few. We offer fixed rate loans with flexible repayment terms, including unemployment protection.
We originate personal loans to help our members with a variety of financial needs, such as debt consolidation, home improvement projects, family planning, travel and weddings, to name a few. We offer fixed rate loans with flexible repayment terms.
Guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulatory agencies pursuant to the FDIA establish general standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings, and compensation and benefits.
Safety and Soundness Standard. Guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulatory agencies pursuant to the FDIA establish general standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings, and compensation and benefits.
The TILA and Regulation Z, which implements it, require lenders to provide consumers with uniform, understandable information concerning certain terms and conditions of their loan and credit transactions prior to the consummation of a credit transaction and, in the case of certain education, mortgage, and open-end loans, at the time of a loan solicitation, application, approval and origination of a credit transaction.
The TILA and Regulation Z, which implements it, require lenders to provide consumers with uniform, understandable information concerning certain terms and conditions of their loan and credit transactions prior to the consummation of a credit transaction and, in the case of certain education, mortgage, personal, credit card, overdraft, and other open-end loans, at the time of a loan solicitation, application, approval and origination of a credit transaction.
If an insured depository institution subsidiary of a financial holding company fails to maintain a “satisfactory” or better record of performance under the Community Reinvestment Act, the financial holding company will be prohibited, until the rating is raised to “satisfactory” or better, from engaging in new activities authorized particularly for financial holding companies or acquiring companies engaged in such activities.
If an insured depository institution subsidiary of a financial holding company fails to maintain a “satisfactory” or better record of performance under the CRA, the financial holding company will be prohibited, until the rating is raised to “satisfactory” or better, from engaging in new activities authorized particularly for financial holding companies or acquiring companies engaged in such activities.
In addition, we offer loan sizes up to $3,000,000 for jumbo loans (loans in the jumbo loan program), up to $1,500,000 for VA loans, and up to $472,030 for Federal Housing Administration loans in most areas. Our fixed rate home loans generally have terms of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 years.
In addition, we offer loan sizes up to $3,000,000 for jumbo loans (loans in the jumbo loan program), up to $1,500,000 for VA loans, and up to $524,225 for Federal Housing Administration loans in most areas. Our fixed rate home loans generally have terms of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 years.
We face competition from larger institutions that could make investments into an integrated platform as a service solution or to a cloud-native digital and core banking solution, and also undercut our pricing, preventing our current clients from renewing, while also impeding our attempts to acquire new clients. 11 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
We face competition from larger institutions that could make investments into an integrated platform as a service solution or to a cloud-native digital and core banking solution, and also undercut our pricing, preventing our current clients from renewing, while also impeding our attempts to acquire new clients.
Our legacy cash management product utilizes a sweep administrator to sweep funds to and from program banks, as necessary, under a program broker agreement between SoFi Securities and the sweep administrator, as well as program account and program bank agreements with a variety of sweep program banks.
Our legacy cash management product utilizes a sweep administrator to sweep funds to and from program banks (inclusive of SoFi Bank), as necessary, under a program broker agreement between SoFi Securities and the sweep administrator, as well as program account and program bank agreements.
These reports can also be found on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The content of any websites referred to in this report is not incorporated by reference into this report or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC. 27 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S
These reports can also be found on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The content of any websites referred to in this report is not incorporated by reference into this report or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC. 26 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Our personal loan and student loan underwriting models are typically based on credit reports, industry credit and bankruptcy prediction models, custom credit assessment models, and debt capacity analysis, as indicated by borrower free cash flow. Our underwriting strategy utilizes an advanced risk model that provides refined risk separation.
Our personal loan and student loan underwriting models are typically based on credit reports, standard industry credit scores, custom credit assessment models, and debt capacity analysis, as indicated by borrower free cash flow. Our underwriting strategy utilizes an advanced risk model that provides refined risk separation.
Net interest income, which we define as the difference between the earned interest income and interest expense to finance loans, is a key component of the profitability of our Lending segment. Personal Loans.
Net interest income, which we define as the difference between the earned interest income and interest expense to finance loans, is a key component of the profitability of our Lending segment, along with fee income. Personal Loans.
We offer adjustable rate mortgage products for conforming and jumbo loans, with a fixed rate for 5, 7 or 10 years followed by rate adjustments every six months for the remainder of the 30-year term, and for VA and Federal Housing Administration loans, with a fixed rate for 5 years followed by rate adjustments every year for the remainder of the 30-year term.
We offer adjustable rate mortgage products for conforming and jumbo loans, with a fixed rate for 5, 7 or 10 years followed by rate adjustments every six months for the remainder of the 30-year term, and for VA and FHA loans, with a fixed rate for 5 years followed by rate adjustments every year for the remainder of the 30-year term.
Restrictions on Bank Holding Company Dividends . The Federal Reserve has the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from paying dividends if such payment is deemed to be an unsafe or unsound practice.
The Federal Reserve has the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from paying dividends if such payment is deemed to be an unsafe or unsound practice.
Under the FDIA, insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC if the FDIC finds that the insured depository institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS deposits may be terminated by the FDIC if the FDIC finds that the insured depository institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.
The new CRA regulations will become effective on January 1, 2026. Failure of SoFi Bank to receive at least a “Satisfactory” rating could inhibit SoFi Bank or the Company from undertaking certain activities, including acquisitions of other financial institutions. Golden Pacific Bank, the predecessor to SoFi Bank, received a “Satisfactory” rating as of April 1, 2019. Lending Restrictions .
The new CRA regulations are currently expected to become effective on January 1, 2026. Failure of SoFi Bank to receive at least a “Satisfactory” rating could inhibit SoFi Bank or the Company from undertaking certain activities, including acquisitions of other financial institutions. Golden Pacific Bank, the predecessor to SoFi Bank, received a “Satisfactory” rating as of April 1, 2019.
We are subject to CFPB supervision and regulation of our loan servicing activities conducted by SoFi Bank and SoFi Lending Corp. even in scenarios where we have engaged third-party servicers such as MOHELA to service our private education loans and Cenlar FSB to service our home loans.
We are subject to CFPB supervision and regulation of our loan servicing activities conducted by SoFi Bank and SoFi Lending Corp. even in scenarios where we have engaged third-party servicers to service our private education loans and home loans.
Tier 2 capital generally consists of hybrid capital instruments, perpetual debt and mandatory convertible debt securities, cumulative perpetual preferred stock, term subordinated debt and intermediate-term preferred stock, and, subject to limitations, allowances for loan losses. The sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital less certain required deductions represents qualifying total risk-based capital.
Tier 2 capital generally consists of hybrid capital instruments, perpetual debt and mandatory convertible debt securities, cumulative perpetual preferred stock, term 15 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS subordinated debt and intermediate-term preferred stock, and, subject to limitations, allowances for loan losses. The sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital less certain required deductions represents qualifying total risk-based capital.
Bank Secrecy Act . We have implemented various anti-money laundering policies and procedures to comply with applicable federal anti-money laundering laws, regulations and requirements, such as designating a BSA officer, conducting an annual risk assessment, developing internal controls, independent testing, training, and suspicious activity monitoring and reporting.
Bank Secrecy Act . We have implemented various anti-money laundering policies and procedures to comply with applicable federal anti-money laundering laws, regulations and requirements, such as designating a BSA officer, conducting an annual risk assessment, developing internal controls, independent testing, training, and suspicious activity monitoring and 19 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS reporting.
These various privacy and security laws may impact our business activities, including our identification of research subjects, relationships with business partners and ultimately the marketing and distribution of our products. 22 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
These various privacy and security laws may impact our business activities, including our identification of research subjects, relationships with business partners and ultimately the marketing and distribution of our products.
FCRA also imposes rules and disclosure requirements on creditors’ use of consumer reports for marketing purposes, which impacts our ability to use consumer reports and prescreened lists to market consumer loans through direct mail and other means. Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.
FCRA also imposes rules and disclosure requirements on creditors’ use of consumer reports for marketing 18 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS purposes, which impacts our ability to use consumer reports and prescreened lists to market consumer loans through direct mail and other means. Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.
Any ambiguity under the laws and regulations to which we are subject may lead to regulatory investigations or enforcement actions and private causes of action, such as class-action lawsuits, with respect to our compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Risk Retention Regulations.
Any ambiguity under the laws and regulations to which we are subject may lead to regulatory investigations or enforcement actions and private causes of action, such as class-action lawsuits, with respect to our compliance with applicable laws and regulations. 20 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Risk Retention Regulations.
We directly service all of the personal loans that we originate. We act as master servicer for, and rely on sub-servicers to directly service, all of our student loans and GSE conforming home loans.
We act as master servicer for, and rely on sub-servicers to directly service, all of our student loans and GSE conforming home loans.
The terms of such extensions of credit may not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features and may not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the bank’s capital. Enhanced Prudential Supervision.
The terms of such extensions of credit may not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features and may not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the bank’s capital. 14 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Recently, the NACHA Board of Directors approved a change in the NACHA Operating Rules that requires ACH Originators to perform account validation as part of their commercially reasonable fraudulent transaction detection systems. 18 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act/Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.
Recently, the NACHA Board of Directors approved a change in the NACHA Operating Rules that requires ACH Originators to perform account validation as part of their commercially reasonable fraudulent transaction detection systems. Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act/Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.
We will continue to iterate, learn and innovate to broaden our selection in the same way we did this year by providing our members with 6 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S competitive interest rates on checking and savings accounts, options trading, “Pay in 4” (a buy now, pay later product), and SoFi Plus membership benefits.
TABLE OF CONTENTS to iterate, learn and innovate to broaden our selection in the same way we did this year by providing our members with competitive interest rates on checking and savings accounts, options trading, “Pay in 4” (a buy now, pay later product), and SoFi Plus membership benefits.
Covered transactions as well as other types of transactions between a bank and a bank holding company must be conducted under terms and conditions, including credit standards, which are at least as favorable to the bank as prevailing market terms.
Covered transactions are also subject to certain collateral security requirements. Covered transactions as well as other types of transactions between a bank and a bank holding company must be conducted under terms and conditions, including credit standards, which are at least as favorable to the bank as prevailing market terms.
The FHA prohibits discrimination in advertising regarding the sale or rental of a dwelling, which includes mortgage credit discrimination. The FHA may place restrictions on a creditor’s targeted marketing strategies, due to the risk that such strategies may increase a creditor’s fair lending risk. 17 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S Home Mortgage Disclosure Act.
The FHA prohibits discrimination in advertising regarding the sale or rental of a dwelling, which includes mortgage credit discrimination. The FHA may place restrictions on a creditor’s targeted marketing strategies, due to the risk that such strategies may increase a creditor’s fair lending risk. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act.
Generally, these arrangements are multi-year contracts, which require us to spend the necessary resources on implementation and interconnecting new clients onto our platform.
Competition for technology products and solutions. Generally, these arrangements are multi-year contracts, which require us to spend the necessary resources on implementation and interconnecting new clients onto our platform.
If a financial holding company or any depository institution subsidiary of a financial holding company fails to remain well capitalized and well managed, the Federal Reserve may impose such limitations on the conduct or activities of the financial holding company as the Federal Reserve determines to be appropriate, and the company and its affiliates may not commence any new activity or acquire control of shares of any company engaged in any activity that is authorized particularly 12 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
If a financial holding company or any depository institution subsidiary of a financial holding company fails to remain well capitalized and well managed, the Federal Reserve may impose such limitations on the conduct or activities of the financial holding company as the Federal Reserve determines to be appropriate, and the company and its affiliates may not commence any new activity or acquire control of shares of any company engaged in any activity that is authorized particularly for financial holding companies without first obtaining the approval of the Federal Reserve.
Additional sanctions that may be imposed for failure to comply with applicable 20 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S requirements include the prohibition of individuals from associating with an investment adviser or broker-dealer, the revocation of registrations and other censures and fines.
Additional sanctions that may be imposed for failure to comply with applicable requirements include the prohibition of individuals from associating with an investment adviser or broker-dealer, the revocation of registrations and other censures and fines.
SoFi Relay also provides us with unified intelligence about our members that offers information about what SoFi products and features may help our members best achieve their financial goals, allowing us to further personalize the SoFi experience for our members. • SoFi Protect : A service through which we partner with providers who offer insurance products to help our members protect their assets, including providers across auto, life, homeowners, renters, and cyber insurance products and estate planning. • SoFi Travel : A service through which we partner with a provider to offer an easy travel search and booking experience that can be managed directly through the SoFi app or website, alongside expanded member benefits including member prices on certain bookings and additional cash back rewards on purchases made with SoFi Credit Card. • SoFi At Work : A service through which we partner with other enterprises looking for a seamless way to provide financial benefits to their employees, such as student loan payments made on their employees’ behalf.
SoFi Relay also provides us with unified intelligence about our members that offers information about what SoFi products and features may help our members best achieve their financial goals, allowing us to further personalize the SoFi experience for our members. • Lantern : A financial services marketplace platform developed to help small businesses and individuals who do not qualify for SoFi products, through a simplified search and application experience that connects these users to alternative financial solutions from a curated network of other providers. • SoFi Protect : A service through which we partner with providers who offer insurance products to help our members protect their assets, including providers across auto, life, homeowners, renters, and cyber insurance products and estate planning. • SoFi Travel : A service through which we partner with a provider to offer an easy travel search and booking experience that can be managed directly through the SoFi app or website, alongside expanded member benefits including member prices on certain bookings and additional cash back rewards on purchases made with SoFi Credit Card. • SoFi At Work : A service through which we partner with other enterprises looking for a seamless way to provide financial benefits to their employees, such as student loan payments made on their employees’ behalf.
However, a bank holding company may engage in and may own shares of companies engaged in activities that the Federal Reserve has determined, by order or regulation, to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto.
However, a bank holding company may engage in and may own shares of companies engaged in activities that the Federal Reserve has determined, by order or regulation, to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto. The Company has elected to be treated as a financial holding company pursuant to Section 4(l) of the BHCA.
Technology and other companies have begun to offer some basic investing features and the ability to buy and sell digital and other assets. Competition to attract financial services content viewership. There are many sources of financial news in the marketplace, many of which are more established and have a larger subscriber base. Competition for technology products and solutions.
Technology and other companies have begun to offer some basic investing features and the ability to buy and sell digital and other assets. 11 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Competition to attract financial services content viewership. There are many sources of financial news in the marketplace, many of which are more established and have a larger subscriber base.
Further through SoFi Money, members have access to expanded FDIC insurance coverage of up to $2 million through a reciprocal deposit network of participating banks in our Insured Deposit Program.
Further, through SoFi Money, members have access to expanded FDIC insurance coverage of up to $2 million through a reciprocal deposit network of participating banks in our Insured Deposit Program. Under the FDIA, insurance of 13 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
(2) Selection — Given the digital nature of our products, the permutations of features and services that can be made available to our members across their needs to borrow, save, spend, invest and protect are significant.
(2) Selection — Given the digital nature of our products, the permutations of features and services that can be made available to our members across their needs to borrow, save, spend, invest and protect are significant. We will continue 6 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Item 1. Business Company Overview We are a member-centric, one-stop shop for financial services that, through our Lending and Financial Services products, allows members to borrow, save, spend, invest and protect their money. We refer to our customers as “members” and “clients”. Our mission is to help our members achieve financial independence in order to realize their ambitions.
In order to help achieve our mission, we are a member-centric, one-stop shop for financial services that, through our Lending and Financial Services products, allows members to borrow, save, spend, invest and protect their money. We refer to our customers as “members” and “clients”.
Competition We compete at multiple levels, including: (i) competition among other personal loan, student loan, credit card and residential mortgage lenders, (ii) competition for deposits among other banks, some challenger banks and a variety of technology and retail companies, (iii) competition for investment accounts among other introductory brokerage firms and a variety of technology and other companies, (iv) competition for subscribers to financial services content, and (v) competition among other technology platforms for the enterprise services we provide, such as platform as a service and cloud-native digital and core banking services.
Competition We compete at multiple levels, including: (i) competition among other personal loan, student loan, credit card and residential lenders, (ii) competition for deposits among other banks, some challenger banks and a variety of technology and retail companies, (iii) competition with social media and other commerce platforms and applications that offer peer-to-peer, in-app and social commerce payment capabilities, (iv) competition for investment accounts among other introductory brokerage firms and a variety of technology and other companies, (v) competition for subscribers to financial services content, and (vi) competition among other technology platforms for the enterprise services we provide, such as platform as a service and cloud-native digital and core banking services.
Where we have obtained licenses, state licensing statutes may impose a variety of requirements and restrictions on us, including: • record-keeping requirements; • restrictions on servicing and collection practices, including limits on finance charges and fees; • restrictions on collections; • usury rate caps to the extent the non-bank subsidiary originates loans; • restrictions on permissible terms in consumer agreements; • disclosure requirements; • examination requirements; • surety bond and minimum net worth requirements; • permissible investment requirements; • financial reporting requirements; • annual or biennial activity reporting and license renewal requirements; • notification and approval requirements for changes in principal officers, directors, stock ownership or corporate control; • restrictions on marketing and advertising; • qualified individual requirements; 21 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Where we have obtained licenses, state licensing statutes may impose a variety of requirements and restrictions on us, including: • record-keeping requirements; • restrictions on servicing and collection practices, including limits on finance charges and fees; • restrictions on collections; • usury rate caps to the extent the non-bank subsidiary originates loans; • restrictions on permissible terms in consumer agreements; • disclosure requirements; • examination requirements; • surety bond and minimum net worth requirements; • permissible investment requirements; • financial reporting requirements; • annual or biennial activity reporting and license renewal requirements; • notification and approval requirements for changes in principal officers, directors, stock ownership or corporate control; • restrictions on marketing and advertising; • qualified individual requirements; • anti-money laundering and compliance program requirements; • data security and privacy requirements; and • review requirements for loan forms and other customer-facing documents.
Our active investing service enables members to buy and sell stocks and ETFs, as well as alternative investment funds, mutual funds and money market funds beginning in January 2024, to engage in options trading, to purchase shares in IPOs before they trade on an exchange, to buy and sell fractional shares, to engage in margin investing and to access a retirement savings account.
Our active investing service enables members to buy and sell stocks and ETFs, as well as alternative investment funds, mutual funds and money market funds beginning in January 2024, to engage in options trading, to participate in IPOs, to buy and sell fractional shares, to engage in margin investing and to access a retirement investment account.
In addition, Galileo has been granted several patents. Our Culture We believe building a durable culture will be a key determinant in our ability to help our members get their money right and ultimately to achieve our mission. Creating great culture is a journey, not a destination.
In addition, our Technology Platform has been granted several patents. Our Culture and Human Capital Resources Building a durable culture is and will continue to be a key determinant in our ability to help our members get their money right and ultimately to achieve our mission. Creating great culture is a journey, not a destination.
As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve under the BHCA, and SoFi Bank is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the OCC, and beginning January 1, 2024, SoFi Bank and its affiliates became subject to supervision and examination by the CFPB.
As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve under the BHCA, and SoFi Bank is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the OCC and secondary supervisory authority by the FDIC as the insurer of SoFi Bank’s deposits, and beginning January 1, 2024, SoFi Bank and its affiliates became subject to supervision and examination by the CFPB.
We earn technology product and solutions revenue through the use of the platforms, either on a per use basis, or from overall license and maintenance fee service arrangements related to those respective platforms.
We earn technology product and solutions revenue through the use of the platforms, either as a stand ready obligation, or from overall license and maintenance fee service arrangements related to those respective platforms.
Our lending process primarily leverages an in-application, digital borrowing experience, which we believe serves as a competitive advantage as digital lending becomes increasingly ubiquitous. Furthermore, our platform supports the full transaction lifecycle, including credit application, underwriting, approval, funding and servicing.
We believe that our market opportunity within each of these lending channels is significant. Our lending process primarily leverages an in-application, digital borrowing experience, which we believe serves as a competitive advantage as digital lending becomes increasingly ubiquitous. Furthermore, our platform supports the full transaction lifecycle, including credit application, underwriting, approval, funding and servicing.
For one-unit properties, we generally offer loan sizes of $75,000 to $766,550 for in conforming normal cost areas (with exceptions for smaller loan sizes considered on a case-by-case basis), up to $1,149,825 in conforming high cost areas (GSE-eligible loans above the normal conforming limit, which is determined by county). For multi-unit properties, we offer loan sizes up to $2,211,600.
For one-unit properties, we generally offer loan sizes of $75,000 to $806,500 in conforming normal cost areas (with exceptions for smaller loan sizes considered on a case-by-case basis), up to $1,209,750 in conforming high cost areas (GSE-eligible loans above the normal conforming limit, which is determined by county). For multi-unit properties, we offer loan sizes up to $2,326,875.
Treasury to be financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity. Financial holding companies may also engage in activities that are determined by the Federal Reserve to be complementary to financial activities.
Treasury to be financial in nature or 12 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS incidental to such financial activity. Financial holding companies may also engage in activities that are determined by the Federal Reserve to be complementary to financial activities.
We regularly update the annual percentage rates offered on our fixed and variable-rate student loans. Home Loans. We offer agency, non-agency and, beginning in the second quarter of 2023, certain government loans (e.g., VA and Federal Housing Administration loans) for members purchasing a home or refinancing an existing mortgage.
We regularly update the annual percentage rates offered on our fixed and variable-rate student loans. Home Loans . We offer agency, non-agency and certain government loans (e.g., VA and FHA loans) for members purchasing a home or refinancing an existing mortgage.
TABLE OF CONTENT S In December 2023, we published our first comprehensive ESG report which shares how our company priorities, core values, mission and commitments to the communities we serve shape how we do business, support our employees, and create a meaningful and lasting impact for our members and customers.
In August 2024, we published our second comprehensive ESG report which shares how our company priorities, core values, mission and commitments to the communities we serve shape how we do business, support our employees, and create a meaningful and lasting impact for our members and customers.
However, for purposes of processing regulatory applications and notices, the Federal Reserve’s Regulation Y provides that a bank holding company is considered “well capitalized” if: (i) on a consolidated basis, the bank holding company maintains a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, (ii) on a consolidated basis, the bank holding company maintains a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, and (iii) the bank holding company is not subject to any written agreement, order, capital 15 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
However, for purposes of processing regulatory applications and notices, the Federal Reserve’s Regulation Y provides that a bank holding company is considered “well capitalized” if: (i) on a consolidated basis, the bank holding company maintains a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, (ii) on a consolidated basis, the bank holding company maintains a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, and (iii) the bank holding company is not subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive, or prompt corrective action directive issued by the Federal Reserve to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure.
Many of these state lending laws are vague and subject to differing interpretation, which exposes us to some risks. The number and complexity of these laws, and vagaries in their interpretations, present compliance and litigation risks from inadvertent error and omissions which we may not 19 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Many of these state lending laws are vague and subject to differing interpretation, which exposes us to some risks. The number and complexity of these laws, and vagaries in their interpretations, present compliance and litigation risks from inadvertent error and omissions which we may not be able to eliminate from our operations or activities.
Our affiliates operating outside the United States may also be subject to other regulatory capital requirements imposed by non-U.S. regulatory authorities.
There are also certain “early warning” requirements that apply. Our affiliates operating outside the United States may also be subject to other regulatory capital requirements imposed by non-U.S. regulatory authorities.
Net capital is a measure of a broker-dealer’s readily available liquid assets, reduced by its total liabilities (other than approved subordinated debt). Among other things, the SEC Net Capital Rule requires that a broker-dealer provide notice to the SEC and FINRA if its net capital is below certain required levels. There are also certain “early warning” requirements that apply.
Net capital is a measure of a broker-dealer’s readily available liquid assets, reduced by its total liabilities (other than approved subordinated 21 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS debt). Among other things, the SEC Net Capital Rule requires that a broker-dealer provide notice to the SEC and FINRA if its net capital is below certain required levels.
We believe that the content and features we provide within our mobile application can spur more financial education, which leads to more ways for our members to actively engage in getting their money right and can ultimately demonstrate the effectiveness of our Financial Services Productivity Loop.
We believe that the content and features we provide within our mobile application can spur more financial education, which leads to more ways for our members to actively engage in getting their money right and utilize SoFi products.
The enhanced prudential standards include risk-based and leverage capital requirements, liquidity standards, requirements for overall risk management, and stress-test requirements. Once the Company’s or SoFi Bank’s assets are equal to or greater than the applicable asset thresholds, we will be subject to these enhanced prudential regulations. Capital Adequacy and Safety and Soundness Regulatory Capital Requirements.
Once the Company’s or SoFi Bank’s assets are equal to or greater than the applicable asset thresholds, we will be subject to these enhanced prudential regulations. Capital Adequacy and Safety and Soundness Regulatory Capital Requirements.
For 2023, the FDIC insurance expense for SoFi Bank was $21.7 million. Activities and Investments of National Banking Associations.
For 2024, the FDIC insurance expense for SoFi Bank was $12.4 million. Activities and Investments of National Banking Associations.
EFTA requires that lenders make available loan payment methods other than automatic preauthorized electronic fund transfers, and prohibits lenders from conditioning the approval of a loan transaction on the borrower’s agreement to repay the loan through automatic fund transfers.
We obtain necessary electronic authorization from borrowers and investors for such transfers in compliance with such rules. EFTA requires that lenders make available loan payment methods other than automatic preauthorized electronic fund transfers, and prohibits lenders from conditioning the approval of a loan transaction on the borrower’s agreement to repay the loan through automatic fund transfers.
Deposit insurance premiums are based on assets, while taking into account various factors, including certain financial metrics and a bank’s supervisory ratings. The FDIC has the authority to adjust deposit insurance assessment rates at any time.
Deposit obligations of SoFi Bank are insured by the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund up to $250,000 per depositor. Deposit insurance premiums are based on assets, while taking into account various factors, including certain financial metrics and a bank’s supervisory ratings. The FDIC has the authority to adjust deposit insurance assessment rates at any time.
Great care is taken to onboard new hires and set them up for success, both in terms of a broad understanding of SoFi’s mission, values, strategic points of differentiation and products, as well as role-specific learning. To this end, throughout the year we offer ongoing learnings, 25 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Great care is taken to onboard new hires and set them up for success, both in terms of a broad understanding of SoFi’s mission, values, strategic points of differentiation and products, as well as role-specific learning.
TABLE OF CONTENT S be able to eliminate from our operations or activities. The laws, regulations and rules described above are subject to legislative, administrative and judicial interpretation, and some of these laws and regulations have been infrequently interpreted or only recently enacted.
The laws, regulations and rules described above are subject to legislative, administrative and judicial interpretation, and some of these laws and regulations have been infrequently interpreted or only recently enacted.
Underwriting Process We have developed an extensive underwriting process across each lending product that is focused on willingness to pay (measured by credit attributes and risk scores), ability to pay (measured through income and free cash flow), and stability (measured by credit experience).
We expect to benefit from the continued mix towards deposit funding through operating SoFi Bank. Underwriting Process We have developed an extensive underwriting process across each lending product that is focused on willingness to pay (measured by credit attributes and risk scores), ability to pay (measured through free cash flow), and stability (measured by credit experience).
Our strategy, which is rooted in what we refer to as our “Financial Services Productivity Loop”, is centered around building trust and a lifetime relationship with our members, which we believe will help build a sustainable competitive advantage.
A central part of our strategy is rooted in what we refer to as our “Financial Services Productivity Loop”, which is focused on building a durable relationship with our members, which we believe will help build a sustainable competitive advantage.
We also offer additional add-on technology solutions to support our clients and drive engagement, such as an AI-based virtual assistant for customers of banks and financial institutions, and a real-time payment risk platform to enhance payment fraud mitigation strategies for financial customers.
We also offer additional add-on technology solutions to support our clients and drive engagement, such as a conversational AI engine for customers of banks and financial institutions, and a real-time payment risk platform which employs AI and machine learning technology to enhance payment fraud mitigation strategies for financial customers. We 9 SoFi Technologies, Inc.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk Factors — what could go wrong, per management

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Fines and penalties incurred in one jurisdiction may cause investigations or other actions by regulators in other jurisdictions. We may not be able to maintain all currently required licenses and permits. If we change or expand our business activities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses before we can engage in those activities.
Fines and penalties incurred in one jurisdiction may cause investigations or other actions by regulators in other jurisdictions. We may not be able to obtain or maintain all currently required licenses and permits. If we change or expand our business activities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses before we can engage in those activities.
To resolve issues raised in examinations or other governmental actions, we may be required to take various corrective actions, including changing certain business practices, making refunds or taking other actions that could be financially or competitively detrimental to us.
To resolve issues raised in examinations or other governmental actions, we may be required to take various corrective actions, including changing certain business practices, making refunds or taking other actions that could be financially or competitively detrimental to us.
Although federal student loans are largely back in repayment, the increased focus in recent years by policymakers on outstanding federal student loans, including, among other things, on the total volume of outstanding loans and on the number of loans outstanding per borrower, has led to discussion of additional potential legislative and regulatory actions and other possible steps to, among other things: • permit private education loans such as our refinanced student loan and in-school student loan products to be discharged in bankruptcy without the need to show undue hardship; • amend the federal postsecondary education loan programs, including to reduce interest rates on certain loans, to revise repayment plans, to make income-driven repayment plans more attractive to borrowers, to implement broader loan forgiveness plans, to provide for refinancing of private education loans into federal student loans at low interest rates, to reduce or eliminate the Grad PLUS program (which authorizes loans that comprise a substantial portion of our student loan refinancing business) and to provide for refinancing of existing federally held student loans into new federal student loans at low interest rates; • require private education lenders to reform loan agreements to provide for income-driven repayment plans and other payment plans; and • make sweeping changes to the entire cost structure and financial aid system for higher education in the U.S., including proposals to provide free postsecondary education.
Although federal student loans are back in repayment, the increased focus in recent years by policymakers on outstanding federal student loans, including, among other things, on the total volume of outstanding loans and on the number of loans outstanding per borrower, has led to discussion of additional potential legislative and regulatory actions and other possible steps to, among other things: • permit private education loans such as our refinanced student loan and in-school student loan products to be discharged in bankruptcy without the need to show undue hardship; • amend the federal postsecondary education loan programs, including to reduce interest rates on certain loans, to revise repayment plans, to make income-driven repayment plans more attractive to borrowers, to implement broader loan forgiveness plans, to provide for refinancing of private education loans into federal student loans at low interest rates, to reduce or eliminate the Grad PLUS program (which authorizes loans that comprise a substantial portion of our student loan refinancing business) and to provide for refinancing of existing federally held student loans into new federal student loans at low interest rates; • require private education lenders to reform loan agreements to provide for income-driven repayment plans and other payment plans; and • make sweeping changes to the entire cost structure and financial aid system for higher education in the U.S., including proposals to provide free postsecondary education.
Additional factors that could make financing more expensive or unavailable to us include, but are not limited to, financial losses, events that have an adverse impact on our reputation, lawsuits challenging our business practices, adverse regulatory changes, changes in the activities of our business partners, loan performance, events that have an adverse impact on the financial services industry generally, counterparty availability, negative credit rating actions with respect to our rated securities, corporate and regulatory actions, interest rate changes, general economic conditions, including changing expectations for inflation and deflation, and the legal, regulatory and tax environments governing funding transactions, including existing or future securitization transactions.
Additional factors that could make financing more expensive or unavailable to us include, but are not limited to, financial losses, events that have an adverse impact on our reputation, lawsuits challenging our business practices, adverse regulatory changes, changes in the activities of our business partners, loan performance, events that have an adverse impact on the financial services industry generally, counterparty availability, negative credit rating actions with respect to our rated securities, corporate and regulatory actions, interest rate changes, general economic conditions, including changing expectations for inflation, and the legal, regulatory and tax environments governing funding transactions, including existing or future securitization transactions.
While our goal remains to increase the strength, recognition and trust in our brand by increasing our member base and expanding our products and services, if any of our current marketing channels becomes less effective, if regulatory requirements, including the FDIC’s advertising rules, restrict or diminish our ability to use these channels, if we are unable to continue to use any of these channels, if we receive negative publicity or fail to maintain our brand, if the cost of using these channels significantly increases or if we are not successful in generating new channels, we may not be able to attract new members or increase the activity of our existing members on our platform in a cost-effective manner.
While our goal remains to increase the strength, recognition and trust in our brand by increasing our member base and expanding our products and services, if any of our current marketing channels becomes less effective, if regulatory requirements, including the CFPB and FDIC’s advertising rules, restrict or diminish our ability to use these channels, if we are unable to continue to use any of these channels, if we receive negative publicity or fail to maintain our brand, if the cost of using these channels significantly increases or if we are not successful in generating new channels, we may not be able to attract new members or increase the activity of our existing members on our platform in a cost-effective manner.
Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, controls, people (e.g., human error or misconduct) or systems ( e.g. , technology problems), business continuity or external events (e.g., natural disasters), compliance, reputational, regulatory, or legal matters and includes those risks as they relate directly to us, fraud losses attributed to applications and any associated fines and monetary penalties as a result, transaction processing, or employees, as well as to third parties with whom we contract or otherwise do business.
Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, controls, people (e.g., human error or misconduct) or systems (e.g., technology problems), business continuity or external events (e.g., natural disasters), compliance, reputational, regulatory, cybersecurity or legal matters and includes those risks as they relate directly to us, fraud losses attributed to applications and any associated fines and monetary penalties as a result, transaction processing, or employees, as well as to third parties with whom we contract or otherwise do business.
Our future growth will depend on, among other things, our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system able to address such growth, our ability to grow and optimize deposit balances, and our ongoing ability to demonstrate to our regulators that our risk management and compliance practices are growing in a commensurate fashion, all of which has required and we expect will continue to require us to incur significant additional expenses, expand our workforce and commit additional time from senior management and operational resources.
Our future growth will depend on, among other things, our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system able to address such growth, our ability to grow and optimize deposit balances, and our ongoing ability to demonstrate to our regulators that our risk management and compliance practices are growing and evolving in a commensurate fashion, all of which has required, and we expect will continue to require, us to incur significant additional expenses, expand our workforce and commit additional time from senior management and operational resources.
Failures or security breaches by or of our third-party service providers or their subcontractors that result in an interruption in service, unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction of data or other similar occurrences could interrupt our business, have in the past and could in the future cause us to incur losses, result in decreased member or client satisfaction and increase member or client attrition, subject us to member or client complaints, significant fines, litigation, disputes, claims, regulatory investigations or other inquiries and harm our reputation.
Failures or security incidents or breaches by or of our third-party service providers or their subcontractors that result in an interruption in service, unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction of data or other similar occurrences could interrupt our business, have in the past and could in the future cause us to incur losses, result in decreased member or client satisfaction and increase member or client attrition, subject us to member or client complaints, significant fines, litigation, disputes, claims, regulatory investigations or other inquiries and harm our reputation.
We operate in a rapidly changing and highly competitive industry, and our results of operations and future prospects depend on, among others: • the continued growth and engagement of our member base; • our ability to monetize our member base, including through the use of additional products by our existing members; • our ability to acquire members at a lower cost; and • our ability to increase the overall value to us of each of our members while they remain on our platform (which we refer to as a member’s lifetime value).
We operate in a rapidly changing and highly competitive industry, and our results of operations and future prospects depend on, among others: • the continued growth and engagement of our member base; • our ability to further monetize our member base, including through the use of additional products by our existing members; • our ability to acquire members at a lower cost; and • our ability to increase the overall value to us of each of our members while they remain on our platform (which we refer to as a member’s lifetime value).
While we have generally seen increases in revenue from SoFi Credit Card, there can be no assurance that our investments in SoFi Credit Card to acquire members, provide differentiated features and services and spur usage of our card will continue to be effective, and developing our service offerings and forming new partnerships could have higher costs than anticipated, and could adversely impact our results or dilute our brand.
While we have generally seen increases in revenue from SoFi Credit Card, there can be no assurance that our investments in SoFi Credit Card to acquire members, provide differentiated features and services and spur usage of our cards will continue to be effective, and developing our service offerings and forming new partnerships could have higher costs than anticipated, and could adversely impact our results or dilute our brand.
We may incur losses and we may be unable to maintain profitability, for a number of reasons, including the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, differences between our assumptions and estimates and results, the effects of macroeconomic conditions and other unknown events.
We may incur future losses and we may be unable to maintain profitability, for a number of reasons, including the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, differences between our assumptions and estimates and results, the effects of macroeconomic conditions and other unknown events.
Further, if there were deficiencies in the oversight and control of our third-party relationships, and if our regulators held us responsible for those deficiencies, it could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations. The conditional conversion feature of the notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition.
Further, if there were deficiencies in the oversight and control of our third-party relationships, and if our regulators held us responsible for those deficiencies, it could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations. The conditional conversion feature of our convertible notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition.
For example, to provide our checking and savings account, cash management account, credit card and other products and services, we rely on third parties that we do not control, such as payment card networks, our acquiring and issuing processors, payment card issuers, various financial institution partners, systems like the ACH, and other partners.
For example, to provide our checking and savings account, cash management account, credit cards and other products and services, we rely on third parties that we do not control, such as payment card networks, our acquiring and issuing processors, payment card issuers, various financial institution partners, systems like the ACH, and other partners.
Prepayment rates are subject to a variety of economic, social, competitive and other factors, including fluctuations in interest rates, availability of alternative financings, legislative, regulatory or policy changes affecting the student loan market, the home loan market, consumer lending generally and the general economy, including changing expectations for inflation and deflation.
Prepayment rates are subject to a variety of economic, social, competitive and other factors, including fluctuations in interest rates, availability of alternative financings, legislative, regulatory or policy changes affecting the student loan market, the home loan market, consumer lending generally and the general economy, including changing expectations for inflation.
Such events could also result in legislation and additional regulatory requirements. Although we maintain insurance, there can be no assurance that liabilities or losses we may incur will be covered under such policies or that the amount of insurance will be adequate. SoFi may be unable to realize the anticipated benefits of acquiring Technisys.
Such events could also result in legislation and additional regulatory requirements. Although we maintain insurance, there can be no assurance that liabilities or losses we may incur will be covered under such policies or that the amount of insurance will be adequate. We may be unable to realize the anticipated benefits of acquiring Technisys.
We intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing, technology, and products and services in order to enhance our brand recognition and our value proposition to our members, prospective members and clients in our technology platform business, and these additional costs will create further challenges to maintaining or increasing near-term profitability.
We also intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing, technology, and additional products and services in order to enhance our brand, our brand recognition and our value proposition to our members, prospective members and clients in our technology platform business, and these additional costs will create further challenges to maintaining or increasing near-term profitability.
We have experienced rapid growth in recent years, including through the addition of new products and lines of business and into new geographies, which may place significant demands on our operational, risk management, sales and marketing, technology, compliance, and finance and accounting resources.
We have experienced rapid growth in recent years, including through the addition of new products and lines of business and entry into new geographies, which may place significant demands on our operational, risk management, sales and marketing, technology, compliance, and finance and accounting resources.
The future impact to our student loan refinancing product will largely depend on expectations regarding the introduction or implementation of these or any additional relief measures, the interest rate environment, how competitive our student loan refinancing products are compared to our competitors and macroeconomic factors.
The future impact to our student loan refinancing product will also largely depend on expectations regarding the introduction or implementation of these or any additional relief measures, the interest rate environment, how competitive our student loan refinancing products are compared to our competitors and macroeconomic factors.
We use internet-based loan processes to obtain application information and distribute certain legally required notices to applicants for, and borrowers of, our loans and to obtain electronically signed loan documents in lieu of paper documents with ink signatures obtained in person.
We use internet-based loan processes to obtain application information and distribute certain legally required notices to applicants for, and borrowers of, loans and to obtain electronically signed loan documents in lieu of paper documents with ink signatures obtained in person.
Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU’s GDPR, the EC has issued a decision recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU GDPR and, therefore, transfers of personal data originating in the EU to the UK remain unrestricted.
Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU GDPR, the EC has issued a decision recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU GDPR and, therefore, transfers of personal data originating in the EU to the UK remain unrestricted.
In addition, laws in Switzerland, the UK and LATAM similarly restrict personal data transfers outside of those jurisdictions to countries such as the United States of America that do not provide an adequate level of personal data protection.
In addition, laws in Switzerland and LATAM similarly restrict personal data transfers outside of those jurisdictions to countries such as the United States of America that do not provide an adequate level of personal data protection.
In addition to the broker-dealer proposals described above under “ Changes in applicable laws and regulations, as well as changes in government enforcement policies and priorities, may negatively impact the management of our business, results of operations, ability to offer certain products or the terms and conditions upon which they are offered, and ability to compete ”, a substantial number of proposed rules for investment advisers were introduced in 2023 and may be adopted this year.
In addition to the broker-dealer proposals described above under “ Changes in applicable laws and regulations, as well as changes in government enforcement policies and priorities, may negatively impact the management of our business, results of operations, ability to offer certain products or the terms and conditions upon which they are offered, and ability to compete ”, a substantial number of proposed rules for investment advisers were introduced in 2023 and 2024 and may be adopted or re-proposed this year.
If a service provider fails to provide the services required or expected, or fails to meet applicable contractual or regulatory requirements such as service levels or compliance with applicable laws, the failure could negatively impact our business.
If a service provider fails to either provide the services required or expected or meet applicable contractual or regulatory requirements such as service levels or compliance with applicable laws, the failure could negatively impact our business.
In addition, revenue growth for SoFi Credit Card is dependent on increasing the volume of members who open an account and on growing loan balances on those accounts.
In addition, revenue growth for the SoFi Credit Card program is dependent on increasing the volume of members who open an account and on growing loan balances on those accounts.
We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management intends to continue to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.
We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management intends to continue to devote substantial time to new risk management and compliance initiatives.
If financing is difficult, expensive or unavailable, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Changing expectations for inflation and deflation and corresponding fluctuations in interest rates could decrease demand for our lending products and negatively affect loan performance, as well as increase certain operating costs, such as employee compensation.
If financing is difficult, expensive or unavailable, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Changing expectations for inflation and fluctuations in interest rates could decrease demand for our lending products and negatively affect loan performance, as well as increase certain operating costs, such as employee compensation.
Our efforts to grow our business may be more costly than we expect, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our revenue sufficiently to offset our higher operating expenses.
Our efforts to continue to grow our business may be more costly than we expect, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our revenue sufficiently to offset our higher operating expenses.
To comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act and any new or revised accounting rules in the future, as necessary, we have, and may in the future further, work to upgrade SoFi’s legacy information technology systems; implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; and hire additional accounting and finance staff.
To comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act and any new or revised accounting rules in the future, as necessary, we have, and may in the future further, work to upgrade the Company’s legacy information technology systems; implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; and hire additional accounting and finance staff.
The provisions of our bylaws requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against our directors and officers, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable.
TABLE OF CONTENTS The provisions of our bylaws requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against our directors and officers, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable.
We have a history of net losses prior to the fourth quarter of 2023. We may incur net losses in the future, and such losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.
We have a history of net losses prior to the fourth quarter of 2023. We may incur net losses in the future, and any such losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.
Any failure on our part or on the part of third parties on whom we rely to perform functions related to our servicing activities to properly service our loans could result in us being removed as the servicer on the loans we originate, including loans financed by our warehouse facilities or sold into our whole loan sales channel and securitization transactions.
Any failure on our part or on the part of third parties on whom we rely to perform functions related to our servicing activities to properly service our loans or the loans originated by third parties could result in us being removed as the servicer on the loans, including loans financed by our warehouse facilities or sold into our whole loan sales channel and securitization transactions.
Compliance and trading problems or other deficiencies or weaknesses that are reported to regulators, such as the SEC and FINRA, by dissatisfied members or others, or that are identified by regulators themselves are investigated by such regulators, and may, if pursued, result in formal claims being filed against SoFi Securities and the Investment Advisers by members or disciplinary action being taken by regulators against us or our personnel.
Compliance and trading problems or other deficiencies or weaknesses that are reported to regulators, such as the SEC and FINRA, by dissatisfied members or others, or that are identified by regulators themselves are investigated by such regulators, and may, if pursued, result in formal claims being filed against SoFi Securities and the Investment Adviser by members or disciplinary action being taken by regulators against us or our personnel.
The longevity and severity of a downturn or recession will also place pressure on lenders under our debt warehouses, whole loan purchasers and investors in our securitizations, each of whom may have less available liquidity to invest in our loans, and long-term market disruptions could negatively impact the securitization market as a whole.
The longevity and severity of a downturn or recession would also place pressure on lenders under our debt warehouses, whole loan purchasers and investors in our securitizations, each of whom may have less available liquidity to invest in our loans, and long-term market disruptions could negatively impact the securitization market as a whole.
In addition, our Investment Advisers have been in the past, and will be in the future, subject to SEC examination. Moreover, the Advisers Act generally grants the SEC broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict an investment adviser from conducting advisory activities in the event it fails to comply with federal securities laws.
In addition, our Investment Adviser has been in the past, and will be in the future, subject to SEC examination. Moreover, the Advisers Act generally grants the SEC broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict an investment adviser from conducting advisory activities in the event it fails to comply with federal securities laws.
We will need to generate and sustain significant revenues for our business generally, and achieve greater scale and generate greater operating cash flows from our Financial Services segment, in particular, in future periods, as well as successfully navigate the macroeconomic environment, in order to maintain or increase our level of profitability.
We will need to continue to generate and sustain significant revenues for our business generally and achieve greater scale and generate increasing operating cash flows from our Financial Services segment, in particular, in future periods, as well as successfully navigate the macroeconomic environment, in order to maintain or increase our level of profitability.
Additionally, the migration of any such functions and/or services may introduce additional risks and could cause disruption to our business. Our third-party service providers are susceptible to operational, technological and security vulnerabilities, including security breaches, which may impact our business, and our ability to monitor our third-party service providers’ data security is limited.
Additionally, the migration of any such functions and/or services may introduce additional risks and could cause disruption to our business. Our third-party service providers are susceptible to operational, technological and security vulnerabilities, including security incidents and breaches and outages, which may impact our business, and our ability to monitor our third-party service providers’ data security is limited.
If one or more holders elect to convert their notes, we may settle any converted principal through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our financial results and liquidity and could result in a decline in our stock price. The Capped Call Transactions may affect the value of the notes and our common stock.
If one or more holders elect to convert their notes, we may settle converted principal through the payment of cash and/or shares of common stock, which could adversely affect our financial results and liquidity and could result in a decline in our stock price. The Capped Call Transactions may affect the value of the notes and our common stock.
Further, the concentration of our loans in one or more geographic locations may have a disproportionate effect on us or investors in our loans or securities backed by our loans if governmental authorities in any of those areas take action against us as originator, master servicer or servicer of those loans or take action affecting our ability as master servicer or servicer to service those loans.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Further, the concentration of our loans in one or more geographic locations may have a disproportionate effect on us or investors in our loans or securities backed by our loans if governmental authorities in any of those areas take action against us as originator, master servicer or servicer of those loans or take action affecting our ability as master servicer or servicer to service those loans.
Lawmakers, regulators and other public officials have signaled an increased focus on new or additional laws or regulations that could impact our broker-dealer business and require us to make significant changes to our business model and practices, and could result in significant costs to our business or loss of current revenue streams.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Lawmakers, regulators and other public officials have signaled an increased focus on new or additional laws or regulations that could impact our broker-dealer business and require us to make significant changes to our business model and practices and could result in significant costs to our business or loss of current revenue streams.
TABLE OF CONTENT S In addition, a number of participants in the financial services industry have been the subject of: putative class action lawsuits; state attorney general actions and other state regulatory actions; federal regulatory enforcement actions, including actions relating to alleged unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices; violations of state licensing and lending laws, including state usury laws; actions alleging discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender or other prohibited bases; and allegations of noncompliance with various state and federal laws and regulations relating to originating and servicing consumer finance loans.
In addition, a number of participants in the financial services industry have been the subject of: putative class action lawsuits; state attorney general actions and other state regulatory actions; federal regulatory enforcement actions, including actions relating to alleged unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices; violations of state licensing and lending laws, including state usury laws; actions alleging discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender or other prohibited bases; and allegations of noncompliance with various state and federal laws and regulations relating to originating and servicing consumer finance loans.
Furthermore, the success of the SoFi Credit Card product depends on our ability to execute on our funding strategy for the resulting credit card receivables. We may establish a credit card receivable securitization program in the future. There is no guarantee, however, that we will be successful in establishing a securitization program for these assets.
Furthermore, the success of the SoFi Credit Card products depends on our ability to execute on our funding strategy for the resulting credit card receivables. We may establish a credit card receivable securitization program in the future. There is no guarantee, however, that we will be successful in establishing a securitization program for these assets.
For example, while SoFi Bank met the definition of “well-capitalized” as of December 31, 2023 and currently has no restrictions regarding acceptance of brokered deposits or setting of interest rates, there can be no assurance that we will continue to meet this definition.
For example, while SoFi Bank met the definition of “well-capitalized” as of December 31, 2024 and currently has no restrictions regarding acceptance of brokered deposits or setting of interest rates, there can be no assurance that we will continue to meet this definition.
From time to time, SoFi Securities and the Investment Advisers may be threatened with or named as a defendant in lawsuits, arbitrations and administrative claims. As previously noted, these entities are also subject to regulatory examinations and inspections by regulators (including the SEC and FINRA, as applicable).
From time to time, SoFi Securities and the Investment Adviser may be threatened with or named as a defendant in lawsuits, arbitrations and administrative claims. As previously noted, these entities are also subject to regulatory examinations and inspections by regulators (including the SEC and FINRA, as applicable).
Further changes to prevailing interest rates could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could also affect (i) our ability to originate loans at competitive rates and obtain deposits; (ii) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities; (iii) the average duration of our loan portfolios and other interest-earning assets; (iv) the mix of lending products we originate which is influenced by demand for refinancing products; and (v) the competition faced by our SoFi Money deposit product from other investment products which may become more attractive as interest rates rise.
Further changes to prevailing interest rates could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes have in the past and could in the future also affect (i) our ability to originate loans at competitive rates and obtain deposits; (ii) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities; (iii) the average duration of our loan portfolios and other interest-earning assets; (iv) the mix of lending products we originate which is influenced by demand for refinancing products; and (v) the competition faced by our SoFi Money deposit product from other investment products which may become more attractive as interest rates rise.
Cybersecurity risks in the financial services industry have increased, in part because of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized criminals, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others.
Cybersecurity risks in the financial services industry have increased, in part because of new technologies, artificial intelligence, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized criminals, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others.
Recent macroeconomic factors, such as elevated interest rates, global events and market volatility, may cause the economy to enter into a period of slower economic growth or a recession, the length and severity of which cannot be predicted.
Recent macroeconomic factors, such as elevated interest rates, global events and market volatility and general uncertainty, may cause the economy to enter into a period of slower economic growth or a recession, the length and severity of which cannot be predicted.
If our criteria do not accurately prevent fraud or reflect credit risk on the SoFi Credit Card product, greater than expected losses may result and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
If our criteria do not accurately prevent fraud or reflect credit risk on the SoFi Credit Card products, greater than expected losses may result and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
In addition, in the normal course of business, SoFi Securities and the Investment Advisers discuss matters raised by its regulators during regulatory examinations or otherwise upon their inquiry. These matters could also result in censures, fines, penalties or other sanctions.
In addition, in the normal course of business, SoFi Securities and the Investment Adviser discuss matters raised by its regulators during regulatory examinations or otherwise upon their inquiry. These matters could also result in censures, fines, penalties or other sanctions.
Compliance with each of these rules, when and if required, would impose additional costs on our business. To the extent such proposals affect the equity market structure more broadly, our ability to generate revenue may be impaired. There is also the risk that, despite our best efforts, the SEC does not view our compliance measures as sufficient.
Compliance with each of these rules, when applicable and if required, would impose additional costs on our business. To the extent such proposals affect the equity market structure more broadly, our ability to generate revenue may be impaired. There is also the risk that, despite our best efforts, the SEC or FINRA does not view our compliance measures as sufficient.
Any of these developments could adversely affect our business, our members, our technology platform clients, the value of our loan portfolios, our level of charge-offs and provision for credit losses, our capital levels, our liquidity and our results of operations.
Treasury Bonds. Any of these developments could adversely affect our business, our members, our technology platform clients, the value of our loan portfolios, our level of charge-offs and provision for credit losses, our capital levels, our liquidity and our results of operations.
Regulatory scrutiny of banking as a service, or BaaS, solutions has recently increased and may require us to devote significant resources to enhancing our Technology Platform policies, procedures, operations, controls and products, and the failure to satisfy such increased scrutiny may cause regulators to take action against us or our BaaS partners, or result in a loss of one or more of our BaaS partners.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Regulatory scrutiny of banking as a service, or BaaS, solutions has increased and may require us to devote significant resources to enhancing our Technology Platform policies, procedures, operations, controls and products, and the failure to satisfy such increased scrutiny may cause regulators to take action against us or our BaaS partners, or result in a loss of one or more of our BaaS partners.
Our general and administrative expenses have in the past and may in the future increase to meet the increased compliance and other requirements associated with operating as a public company and a bank holding company, operating a bank, and evolving regulatory requirements.
Our general and administrative expenses have in the past and may in the future increase to meet the increased compliance and other requirements associated with operating as a public company and a bank holding company, operating a bank, and evolving regulatory requirements and policy changes.
Market and Interest Rate Risks Our business and results of operations have in the past and may in the future be adversely affected by the financial markets, fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies, and economic conditions generally.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Market and Interest Rate Risks Our business and results of operations have in the past and may in the future be adversely affected by the financial markets, fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies, and economic conditions generally.
Concerns in our ability, perceived or otherwise, to protect the privacy and security of personal information may affect our ability to retain and engage new and existing members, clients, investors, and employees, and thereby affect our financial condition.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Concerns in our ability, perceived or otherwise, to protect the privacy and security of personal information may affect our ability to retain and engage new and existing members, clients, investors, and employees, and thereby affect our financial condition.
If we were unable to arrange new or alternative methods of financing on favorable terms, we might have to hold loans on balance sheet in an amount that may negatively impact our financial condition, or curtail or cease the origination of loans, which could impair our growth, and, in each case, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our obligations under our facilities. 50 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
If we were unable to arrange new or alternative methods of financing on favorable terms, we might have to hold loans on balance sheet in an amount that may negatively impact our financial condition, or curtail or cease the origination of loans, which could impair our growth, and, in each case, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our obligations under our facilities.
Our financial condition and results of operations have been and may in the future be adversely impacted by an epidemic or pandemic, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Occurrences of epidemics or pandemics, depending on their scale, may cause different degrees of disruption to the regional, state and local economies in which we offer our products and services.
Our financial condition and results of operations have been and may in the future be adversely impacted by an epidemic or pandemic. Occurrences of epidemics or pandemics, depending on their scale, may cause different degrees of disruption to the regional, state and local economies in which we offer our products and services.
TABLE OF CONTENT S See “ Our business and results of operations have in the past and may in the future be adversely affected by the financial markets, fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies, and economic conditions generally ” and “ Management’s Discussion and Analysis of our Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Business Metrics ” and “ —Consolidated Results of Operations ” for further discussion of the impact of macroeconomic conditions in recent periods on our business and operating results.
See “ Our business and results of operations have in the past and may in the future be adversely affected by the financial markets, fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies, and economic conditions generally ” and “ Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Business Metrics ” and “ —Consolidated Results of Operations ” for further discussion of the impact of macroeconomic conditions in recent periods on our business and operating results.
Conversely, an improvement in economic conditions in one or more of the geographic areas in which we have members could result in higher prepayments of their payment obligations under their loans by borrowers in such states.
Conversely, an improvement in economic conditions in one or more of the geographic areas in which we have members could result in higher prepayments of their payment obligations under their loans in such states.
Reputational harm, including as a result of our actual or alleged conduct or public opinion of the financial services industry generally, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Reputational harm, including as a result of our actual or alleged conduct or public opinion of the financial services industry generally, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
In particular, markets in the U.S. or abroad have been and may in the future be affected by the level and volatility of interest rates, availability and market conditions of financing, recessionary pressures, inflation and hyperinflation, supply chain disruptions, changes in consumer spending, employment levels, labor shortages, federal government shutdowns, developments related to the U.S. federal debt ceiling, changes in legislation, regulations or policy, energy prices, home prices, commercial property values, bankruptcies, a default by a significant market participant or class of counterparties, market volatility, liquidity of the global financial markets, the growth of global trade and commerce, exchange rates, trade policies, the availability and cost of capital and credit, disruption of communication, transportation or energy infrastructure and investor sentiment and confidence.
In particular, markets in the U.S. or abroad have been and may in the future be affected by the level and volatility of interest rates, availability and market conditions of financing, recessionary pressures, inflation and hyperinflation, supply chain disruptions, changes in consumer spending, employment levels, labor shortages, changes to fiscal policy, including expansion of U.S. federal deficit spending and resultant debt issuance, federal government shutdowns, developments related to the U.S. federal debt ceiling, changes in legislation, regulations or policy, energy prices, home prices, commercial property values, bankruptcies, a default by a significant market participant or class of counterparties, market volatility, liquidity of the global financial markets, the growth of global trade and commerce, exchange rates, trade policies, the availability and cost of capital and credit, disruption of communication, transportation or energy infrastructure and investor sentiment and confidence.
For example, under the EU GDPR, government regulators may impose temporary or definitive bans on data processing, as well as fines of up to 20 million Euros or 4% of the annual global revenue of the company, whichever is greater; or private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests.
For example, under the EU GDPR, government regulators may impose temporary or definitive bans on data processing, as well as fines of up to 20 million Euros (£17.5 million in the UK) or 4% of the annual global revenue of the company, whichever is greater; or private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests.
The rate at which borrowers prepay their loans can have a material impact on our net revenue and the value of our residual interests in securitization trusts.
The rate at which borrowers prepay their loans can have a material impact on our net revenue, the value of our lending portfolio and the value of our residual interests in securitization trusts.
Although we have begun to hold loans on-balance sheet for longer periods, when we sell our personal loans, student loans and home loans, we sell to a concentrated number of whole loan purchasers. There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of a business is concentrated with a limited number of parties.
Although we continue to hold loans on-balance sheet for longer periods, when we sell our personal loans, student loans and home loans, we sell to a concentrated number of whole loan purchasers. There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of a business is concentrated with a limited number of parties.
Should we fail to expand and evolve SoFi Bank products in a successful manner, or should these new products, or new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations, impose requirements on us that are cumbersome or that we cannot satisfy, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Should we fail to expand and evolve SoFi Bank products in a successful manner, or should these new products, or new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations, impose requirements on us that are cumbersome or that we cannot satisfy, our business may be materially and adversely affected. The U.S.
Information Technology and Data Risks Cyberattacks and other security breaches could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation and expose us to liability and adversely affect our ability to collect payments and maintain accurate accounts. Efforts to prevent and respond to these attacks and breaches are costly.
Information Technology and Data Risks Cyberattacks and other security incidents and compromises could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation and expose us to liability and adversely affect our ability to collect payments and maintain accurate accounts. Efforts to prevent and respond to these attacks and incidents are costly.
These impacts, in addition to limiting our access to capital and negatively impacting our profitability, could also, in turn, increase the volatility of the mark-to-market methodology we use to determine the fair value of the loans and credit card receivables we hold on balance sheet and consequently have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations, capital requirements, liquidity and cash flows.
These impacts, in addition to limiting our access to capital and negatively impacting our profitability, could also in turn increase the volatility of the mark-to-market methodology we use to determine the fair value of the loans and credit card receivables we hold on balance sheet and consequently have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations, capital requirements, liquidity and cash flows. 44 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
If a regulatory authority found our or SoFi Bank’s service provider oversight to be lacking, the regulatory authority could require that we or SoFi Bank implement corrective action, including limiting or terminating certain relationships with service providers, which could be costly and disruptive to our business. 36 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
If a regulatory authority found our or SoFi Bank’s service provider oversight to be lacking, the regulatory authority could require that we or SoFi Bank implement corrective action, including limiting or terminating certain relationships with service providers, which could be costly and disruptive to our business.
Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks As a bank holding company, we are subject to extensive supervision and regulation, and changes in laws and regulations applicable to bank holding companies could limit or restrict our activities and could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks As a bank holding company, we are subject to extensive supervision and regulation, and changes in laws and regulations applicable to bank holding companies could limit or restrict our activities and could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
These provisions and duties also impose certain restrictions and obligations on us with respect to our dealings with our members, fund investors and our investments, including for example restrictions on transactions with our affiliates. Our Investment Advisers are also subject to other requirements under the Advisers Act and related regulations.
These provisions and duties also impose certain restrictions and obligations on us with respect to our dealings with our members, fund investors and our investments, including for example restrictions on transactions with our affiliates. Our Investment Adviser is also subject to other requirements under the Advisers Act and related regulations.
For example, absent appropriate safeguards or other circumstances, the EU GDPR generally restricts the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the EEA, such as the United States, which the European Commission does not consider to provide an adequate level of personal data protection.
For example, absent appropriate safeguards or other circumstances, the EU GDPR generally restricts the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the EEA, such as the United States, which the European Commission does not consider to be providing an adequate level of personal data protection.
TABLE OF CONTENT S Any violations of these laws and regulations may require us to change our business practices or operational structure, including limiting our activities in certain states and/or jurisdictions, address legal claims, and sustain monetary penalties, reputational damage and/or other harms to our business.
Any violations of these laws and regulations may require us to change our business practices or operational structure, including limiting our activities in certain states and/or jurisdictions, address legal claims, and sustain monetary penalties, reputational damage and/or other harms to our business.
Any such downturn, especially in the regions in which we operate, may adversely affect our asset quality, deposit levels, loan demand and results of operations.
Any economic downturn, especially in the regions in which we operate, may adversely affect our asset quality, deposit levels, loan demand and results of operations.
In addition, we are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, including: • political, social and/or economic instability or military conflict; • risks related to governmental regulations in foreign jurisdictions, including regulations relating to privacy, and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements and enforcement; • fluctuations in currency exchange rates and global market volatility; • higher levels of credit risk and fraud; • enhanced difficulties of integrating foreign acquisitions; • burdens of enforcing and complying with a variety of foreign laws; • reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries; • difficulties in staffing and managing global operations and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with multiple international locations and subsidiaries; • different regulations and practices with respect to employee/employer relationships, existence of workers’ councils and labor unions, and other challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, making it harder to do business in certain international jurisdictions; • compliance with statutory equity requirements; and • management of tax consequences.
In addition, we are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, including: • political, social and/or economic instability or military conflict; • risks related to governmental regulations in foreign jurisdictions, including regulations relating to privacy, and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements and enforcement; • fluctuations in currency exchange rates and global market volatility; • higher levels of credit risk and fraud; • enhanced difficulties of integrating foreign acquisitions; • burdens of enforcing and complying with a variety of foreign laws; • reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries; • difficulties in staffing and managing global operations and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with multiple international locations and subsidiaries; • different regulations and practices with respect to employee/employer relationships, existence of workers’ councils and labor unions, and other challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, making it harder to do business in certain international jurisdictions; 43 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
In addition, we and our officers, directors and/or employees have been, and may in the future be, named or otherwise involved in litigation or claims, including employment-related claims such as workplace discrimination or harassment, which could result in negative publicity and/or adversely impact our business, even if we are ultimately successful in defending against or litigating such claims.
In addition, we and our officers, directors and/or employees have been, and may in the future be, named or otherwise involved in litigation or claims, including employment-related claims such as workplace discrimination or harassment, which could result in negative publicity and/or adversely impact our business, even if we are ultimately successful in defending against or litigating such claims. 33 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
We service all of the personal loans we originate and credit cards we issue and have limited servicing experience, and we rely on third-party service providers to service the student loans and home loans we originate, and to perform various other functions in connection with the origination and servicing of certain of our loans.
We service all of the personal loans we originate and credit cards we issue, as well as other loans, and have limited servicing experience, and we rely on third-party service providers to service the student loans and home loans we originate, and to perform various other functions in connection with the origination and servicing of certain loans.
Furthermore, if our vendors and/or service providers are or become subject to laws and regulations in the jurisdictions that have enacted more stringent and expansive legislation applicable to privacy, information and/or data protection, the costs that these vendors and service providers must incur in becoming compliant may be passed along to us, resulting in increasing costs on our business.
Furthermore, if our vendors and/or service providers are or become subject to laws and regulations in the jurisdictions that have enacted more stringent and expansive legislation applicable to privacy, information and/or data protection, the costs that these vendors and service providers must incur in becoming compliant may be passed along to us, resulting in increasing costs on our business. 66 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
We may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches, especially because the techniques used change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources.
We may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security incidents and compromises, especially because the techniques used change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources.
TABLE OF CONTENT S many states continue to enact legislation on matters of privacy, information security, cybersecurity, data breach and data breach notification requirements. For example, as of January 1, 2020, the CCPA granted additional consumer rights with respect to data privacy in California. The CCPA was amended by a California ballot initiative, the CPRA, in November 2020.
Additionally, many states continue to enact legislation on matters of privacy, information security, cybersecurity, data breach and data breach notification requirements. For example, as of January 1, 2020, the CCPA granted additional consumer rights with respect to data privacy in California. The CCPA was amended by a California ballot initiative, the CPRA, in November 2020.
Until recently, we offered virtual currency and digital asset-related trading services through SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a subsidiary licensed and registered with various governmental authorities as a MSB, money transmitter, virtual currency business or the equivalent.
Until early 2024, we offered virtual currency and digital asset-related trading services through SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a subsidiary licensed and registered with various governmental authorities as a MSB, money transmitter, virtual currency business or the equivalent.
Risk, including, but not limited to, the risks outlined above, is inherent in our business, and therefore, despite our efforts to manage risk, there can be no assurance that we will not sustain unexpected losses.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Risk, including, but not limited to, the risks outlined above, is inherent in our business, and therefore, despite our efforts to manage risk, there can be no assurance that we will not sustain unexpected losses.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity — threats and controls disclosure

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Information security program risk assessments and third party attestations and assessments are conducted periodically by both internal and external resources. We leverage qualified third-party security assessors to identify vulnerabilities through both internal and external penetration tests and perform internal cybersecurity maturity assessments. In addition, our internal audit team conducts an information security and information technology audit on an annual basis.
Information security program risk assessments and third party attestations and assessments are conducted periodically by both internal and external resources. We leverage qualified third-party security assessors to identify vulnerabilities through both internal and external penetration tests and perform internal cybersecurity maturity assessments. In addition, our internal audit team conducts information security and information technology audits on an annual basis.
For more information on risks to us from cybersecurity threats, see “ Cyberattacks and other security breaches could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation and expose us to liability and adversely affect our ability to collect payments and maintain accurate accounts.
For more information on risks to us from cybersecurity threats, see “ Cyberattacks and other security incidents and compromises could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation and expose us to liability and adversely affect our ability to collect payments and maintain accurate accounts.
Efforts to prevent and respond to these attacks and breaches are costly ” in Part I, Item 1A. “ Risk Factors — Information Technology and Data Risks ”.
Efforts to prevent and respond to these attacks and incidents are costly ” in Part I, Item 1A. “ Risk Factors — Information Technology and Data Risks ”.
The CISO has served in this role at SoFi for three years and has over twenty years of experience working in senior leadership positions in the 82 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S cybersecurity industry. He previously served as the CISO at leading software and data analytics companies and co-founded a cybersecurity company.
The CISO has served in this role at SoFi for four years and has over twenty years of experience working in senior leadership positions in the cybersecurity industry. He previously served as the CISO at leading software and data analytics companies and co-founded a cybersecurity company.
Relevant duties include, but are not limited to, annually reviewing the cybersecurity program roadmap and materials related to significant planned projects and budgeted costs and approving the cybersecurity program. The Risk Committee meets at least four times each year and discusses cybersecurity risk management as relevant and applicable. Our CISO has primary responsibility for assessing and managing our cybersecurity program.
Relevant duties include, but are not limited to, annually reviewing Cybersecurity’s prior year performance and the upcoming program roadmap, and approving the cybersecurity program. The Risk Committee meets at least four times each year and discusses cybersecurity risk management as relevant and applicable. Our CISO has primary responsibility for assessing and managing our cybersecurity program.
We have not identified any cybersecurity incidents or threats that have materially affected us or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
This program includes the provision of a cybersecurity risk assessment to these suppliers during onboarding as well as ongoing monitoring, assessment, and contract review. We have not identified any cybersecurity incidents or threats that have materially affected us or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
We are also subject to examinations by applicable regulators. We conduct cybersecurity awareness training for personnel upon hire and on a periodic basis thereafter, which includes phishing training campaigns. As part of our cybersecurity risk management program, SoFi maintains a formal Third-Party Security Risk Management program that provides oversight of cybersecurity risks related to supplier relationships.
We are also subject to examinations by applicable regulators. We conduct cybersecurity awareness training for personnel upon hire and on a periodic basis thereafter, which includes phishing training campaigns. 82 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
During supplier onboarding, we perform risk-based due diligence for suppliers with access to confidential SoFi information or that require technical integration with SoFi systems. This program includes the provision of a cybersecurity risk assessment to these suppliers during onboarding as well as ongoing monitoring, assessment, and contract review.
TABLE OF CONTENTS As part of our cybersecurity risk management program, SoFi maintains a formal Third-Party Security Risk Management program that provides oversight of cybersecurity risks related to supplier relationships. During supplier onboarding, we perform risk-based due diligence for suppliers with access to confidential SoFi information or that require technical integration with SoFi systems.

Item 2. Properties

Properties — owned and leased real estate

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Item 2. Properties We primarily operate through a network of leased properties, including largely office spaces, which are primarily located in the United States. We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current business requirements, particularly as we now offer our employees the choice of working full time in the office, a hybrid approach, or full-time remote.
Item 2. Properties We primarily operate through a network of leased properties, including largely office spaces, which are primarily located in the United States. We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current business requirements, particularly as we offer our employees the choice of working full time in the office, a hybrid approach, or full-time remote.
Our properties total approximately 430,000 square feet, with the most significant properties and the reportable segments that primarily utilize those properties as follows: Location Approximate Square Footage Segments (1) California (San Francisco HQ, Sacramento) 111,000 L, TP, FS Utah (Cottonwood Heights, Sandy) 92,000 L, TP, FS North Carolina (Charlotte) 43,000 L Florida (Jacksonville) 37,000 L, FS Delaware (Claymont) 28,000 L, FS Montana (Helena) 20,000 L Uruguay (Montevideo) 14,000 TP New York (New York City) 13,000 L, FS Texas (Frisco) 13,000 L Argentina (Buenos Aires) 12,000 TP Washington (Seattle) 10,000 L, FS Kansas (Overland Park) 10,000 L ___________________ (1) Segment references include: L = Lending, TP = Technology Platform, and FS = Financial Services.
Our properties total approximately 396,000 square feet, with the most significant properties and the reportable segments that primarily utilize those properties as follows: Location Approximate Square Footage Segments (1) California (San Francisco HQ, Sacramento) 111,000 L, TP, FS Utah (Cottonwood Heights, Sandy) 92,000 L, TP, FS North Carolina (Charlotte) 43,000 L Florida (Jacksonville) 37,000 L, FS Montana (Helena) 20,000 L Uruguay (Montevideo) 14,000 TP New York (New York City) 13,000 L, FS Texas (Frisco) 13,000 L Washington (Seattle) 10,000 L, FS Kansas (Overland Park) 10,000 L Argentina (Buenos Aires) 8,000 TP Mexico (Cuauhtémoc) 7,000 TP ___________________ (1) Segment references include: L = Lending, TP = Technology Platform, and FS = Financial Services. 83 SoFi Technologies, Inc.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings — active lawsuits and investigations

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings The information required by Item 103 of Regulation S-K is included in Note 18. Commitments, Guarantees, Concentrations and Contingencies to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II
Item 3. Legal Proceedings The information required by Item 103 of Regulation S-K is included in Note 18. Commitments, Guarantees, Concentrations and Contingencies to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity

Market for Common Equity — stock, dividends, buybacks

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Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The equity compensation plan information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be set forth in the definitive Proxy Statement for the Company's annual meeting of stockholders, which we intend to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our 2023 fiscal year, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The equity compensation plan information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be set forth in the definitive Proxy Statement for the Company's annual meeting of stockholders, which we intend to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our 2024 fiscal year, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends, as applicable) from June 1, 2021 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market) to December 31, 2023.
The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends, as applicable) from June 1, 2021 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market) to December 31, 2024.
As of February 15, 2024, there were 482 holders of record of our common stock, which does not include persons whose stock is held in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers, banks and intermediaries.
As of January 31, 2025, there were 465 holders of record of our common stock, which does not include persons whose stock is held in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers, banks and intermediaries.
Additionally, refer to 83 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S Note 16. Share-Based Compensation to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8. for additional information on our equity compensation plans.
Additionally, refer to Note 16. Share-Based Compensation to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8. for additional information on our equity compensation plans. Performance Graph The following graph shows the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock compared to the cumulative total returns of the Nasdaq Composite index and the S&P Financial index.
June 1, 2021 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2023 SoFi $ 100.00 $ 70.42 $ 20.35 $ 43.93 Nasdaq Composite 100.00 114.30 77.11 111.54 S&P Financial 100.00 103.57 92.66 103.92 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities On December 6, 2023, we issued a total of 9,490,000 shares of common stock to repurchase and settle $88.0 million aggregate principal amount of convertible notes pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act.
June 1, 2021 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2024 SoFi $ 100.00 $ 70.42 $ 20.35 $ 43.93 $ 67.99 Nasdaq Composite 100.00 114.30 77.11 111.54 144.52 S&P Financial 100.00 103.57 92.66 103.92 135.67 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. 85 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
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Performance Graph The following graph shows the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock compared to the cumulative total returns of the Nasdaq Composite index and the S&P Financial index.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities We did not have any purchases of our equity securities during the fourth quarter of 2024. Dividends We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Item 6. Reserved
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This issuance was to a limited number of holders of our convertible notes, and exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act because such issuance did not involve a public offering. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities We did not have any purchases of our equity securities during the fourth quarter of 2023.
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Dividends We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our common stock. The terms of our Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock provide for the payment of semiannual dividends on the 30th day of June and 31st day of December of each year.
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Other than with respect to our Series 1 Redeemable Preferred Stock, we currently do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

Item 7. Management's Discussion & Analysis

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) — revenue / margin commentary

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Adjusted Net Revenue Adjusted net revenue is defined as total net revenue, adjusted to exclude the fair value changes in servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt due to valuation inputs and assumptions changes, which relate only to our Lending segment, as well as gains and losses on extinguishment of debt.
Adjusted net revenue is defined as total net revenue, adjusted to exclude the fair value changes in servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt due to valuation inputs and assumptions changes, which relate only to our Lending segment, as well as gains and losses on extinguishment of debt.
We also incur interest expense related to our revolving credit facility, as well as on our convertible notes in the form of amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount.
We also incur interest expense related to our revolving credit facility and convertible notes, as well as on our convertible notes in the form of amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount.
These obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, with fair value changes recorded within noninterest income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
These obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, with fair value changes recorded within noninterest income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
This was partially offset by the unfavorable impact of the suspension of principal and interest payments on federally-held student loans through August 30, 2023 and the expectation of debt cancellation for certain federal student loan borrowers which was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2023, combined with a continued rising interest rate environment in 2023.
This was partially offset by the unfavorable impact of the suspension of principal and interest payments on federally-held student loans through August 30, 2023 and the expectation of debt cancellation for certain federal student loan borrowers which was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2023, combined with a continued rising interest rate environment in 2023. Home Loans.
(2) Income taxes in 2023 were primarily attributable to income tax benefits from foreign losses in jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities related to Technisys, offset by income tax expense associated with the profitability of SoFi Bank in state jurisdictions where separate filings are required, as well as federal taxes where our tax credits and loss carryforwards may be limited.
Income taxes in 2023 were primarily attributable to income tax benefits from foreign losses in jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities related to Technisys, offset by income tax expense associated with the profitability of SoFi Bank in state jurisdictions where separate filings are required, as well as federal taxes where our tax credits and loss carryforwards may be limited.
(4) Restructuring charges in 2023 primarily included employee-related wages, benefits and severance associated with a small reduction in headcount in our Technology Platform segment in the first quarter of 2023 and expenses in the fourth quarter of 2023 related to a reduction in headcount across the Company, which do not reflect expected future operating expenses and are not indicative of our core operating performance.
Restructuring charges in 2023 primarily included employee-related wages, benefits and severance associated with a small reduction in headcount in our Technology Platform segment in the first quarter of 2023 and expenses in the fourth quarter of 2023 related to a reduction in headcount across the Company, which do not reflect expected future operating expenses and are not indicative of our core operating performance.
Further, we do not provide financial support beyond our initial equity investment, and our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with nonconsolidated VIEs is limited to our investment. For a more detailed discussion of nonconsolidated VIEs, including related activity during the year, see Note 7.
Further, we do not provide financial support beyond our initial equity investment, and our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with nonconsolidated VIEs is limited to that initial investment. For a more detailed discussion of nonconsolidated VIEs, including related activity during the year, see Note 7.
Sources of Funding Our primary funding sources include SoFi Bank deposits, warehouse funding, common and preferred equity capital, convertible debt, corporate revolving credit facility, securitizations, and other financings. We offer deposit accounts (checking and savings accounts) to our members through SoFi Bank. We also source brokered and non-brokered wholesale deposits, which include certificates of deposit.
Sources of Funding Our primary funding sources include SoFi Bank deposits, warehouse funding, common equity capital, convertible debt, corporate revolving credit facility, securitizations, and other financings. We offer deposit accounts (checking and savings accounts) to our members through SoFi Bank. We also source brokered and non-brokered wholesale deposits, which include certificates of deposit.
Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (loss), adjusted to exclude, as applicable: (i) corporate borrowing-based interest expense (our adjusted EBITDA measure is not adjusted for warehouse or securitization-based interest expense, nor deposit interest expense and finance lease liability interest expense, as these are direct operating expenses), (ii) income tax expense (benefit), (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) share-based expense (inclusive of equity-based payments to non-employees), (v) restructuring charges (vi) impairment expense (inclusive of goodwill impairment and property, equipment and software abandonments), (vii) transaction-related expenses, (viii) foreign currency impacts related to operations in highly inflationary countries, (ix) fair value changes in warrant liabilities, (x) fair value changes in each of servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt due to valuation assumptions, (xi) gain on extinguishment of debt, and (xii) other charges, as appropriate, that are not expected to recur and are not indicative of our core operating performance.
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (loss), adjusted to exclude, as applicable: (i) corporate borrowing-based interest expense (our adjusted EBITDA measure is not adjusted for warehouse or securitization-based interest expense, nor deposit interest expense and finance lease liability interest expense, as these are direct operating expenses), (ii) income tax expense (benefit), (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) share-based expense (inclusive of equity-based payments to non-employees), (v) restructuring charges, (vi) impairment expense (inclusive of goodwill impairment and property, equipment and software abandonments), (vii) transaction-related expenses, (viii) foreign currency impacts related to operations in highly inflationary countries, (ix) fair value changes in each of servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt due to valuation assumptions, (x) gain on extinguishment of debt, and (xi) other charges, as appropriate, that are not expected to recur and are not indicative of our core operating performance.
Specific economic factors, such as interest rate levels, changes in monetary and related policies, unemployment rates, market volatility, consumer confidence and changing expectations for inflation and deflation, also influence consumer spending, saving, investing and borrowing patterns.
Specific economic factors, such as interest rate levels, changes in monetary and related policies, unemployment rates, market volatility, consumer confidence and changing expectations for inflation, also influence consumer spending, saving, investing and borrowing patterns.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, as well as revenues and expenses.
Critical Accounting Estimates Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, as well as revenues and expenses.
Total noninterest expense increased by $531.7 million, or 28%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by: (i) goodwill impairment expense related to the Galileo and Technisys reporting units, further discussed within “ Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Goodwill ”, (ii) higher employee compensation and benefits, which was attributable to increases in headcount and salary and the inclusion of Technisys for the full 2023 period compared to a partial period in 2022, related to support of our growth and impacts of the inflationary environment, as well as restructuring charges during the first and fourth quarters of 2023 and partially offset by decreases in share-based compensation expense, (iii) increases in advertising and marketing expenditures, utilization of lead generation channels and direct member incentives, (iv) increased amortization of purchased and internally-developed software, and in tools and subscriptions costs, reflective of continued investments in technology, (v) an increase in product fulfillment costs, which included debit card fulfillment services, primarily related to our SoFi Money product, as well as payment processing network association fees associated with increased activity on our technology platform, and (vi) increases in amortization of intangible assets primarily due to acquired intangible assets in the Technisys Merger and Wyndham acquisition.
Total noninterest expense increased by $531.1 million, or 29%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by: (i) goodwill impairment expense related to the Galileo and Technisys reporting units, further discussed within “ Critical Accounting Estimates—Goodwill ”, (ii) higher employee compensation and benefits, which was attributable to increases in headcount and salary and the inclusion of Technisys for the full 2023 period compared to a partial period in 2022, related to support of our growth and impacts of the inflationary environment, as well as restructuring charges during the first and fourth quarters of 2023 and partially offset by decreases in share-based compensation expense, (iii) increases in advertising and marketing expenditures, utilization of lead generation channels and direct member incentives, (iv) increased amortization of purchased and internally-developed software, and in tools and subscriptions costs, reflective of continued investments in technology, (v) an increase in product fulfillment costs, which included debit card fulfillment services, primarily related to our SoFi Money product, as well as payment processing network association fees associated with increased activity on our technology platform, and (vi) increases in amortization of intangible assets primarily due to acquired intangible assets in the Technisys Merger and Wyndham acquisition.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities of $1.9 billion was primarily attributable to $1.4 billion related to loan activities, primarily driven by student loans, senior secured loans and credit cards, net purchases of $381.0 million related to our investments in AFS debt securities, $111.4 million for purchases of property, equipment and software, which primarily included internally-developed software and purchased software, $72.3 million related to business combinations, net of cash acquired, which includes our acquisition of Wyndham and settlements of vested employee performance awards associated with the Technisys Merger, and $66.6 million related to purchases of non-securitization investments, primarily FRB stock and FHLB stock.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities of $1.9 billion was primarily attributable to $1.4 billion related to loan activities, primarily driven by student loans, secured loans and credit cards, net purchases of $381.0 million related to our investments in AFS debt securities, $111.4 million for purchases of property, equipment and software, which primarily included internally-developed software and purchased software, $72.3 million related to business combinations, net of cash acquired, which includes our acquisition of Wyndham and settlements of vested employee performance awards associated with the Technisys Merger, and $66.6 million related to purchases of non-securitization investments, primarily FRB stock and FHLB stock.
The estimated interest payments assume that our borrowings under the revolving credit facility (i) remain unchanged, (ii) are held to maturity, and (iii) incur interest at the rate for standard withdrawals in effect as of December 31, 2023 through its maturity. See Note 12. Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our revolving credit facility.
The estimated interest payments assume that our borrowings under the revolving credit facility (i) remain unchanged, (ii) are held to maturity, and (iii) incur interest at the rate for standard withdrawals in effect as of December 31, 2024 through its maturity. See Note 12. Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our revolving credit facility.
As of December 31, 2023, our regulatory capital ratios exceeded the thresholds required to be regarded as a well-capitalized institution, and meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject. There have been no events or conditions since December 31, 2023 that management believes would change the categorization. See Note 21.
As of December 31, 2024, our regulatory capital ratios exceeded the thresholds required to be regarded as a well-capitalized institution, and meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject. There have been no events or conditions since December 31, 2024 that management believes would change the categorization. See Note 21.
Member growth is generally an indicator of future revenue, but is not directly correlated with revenues, since not all members who sign up for one of our products fully utilize or continue to use our products, and not all of our products (such as our complimentary product, SoFi Relay) provide direct sources of revenue.
Product growth is generally an indicator of future revenue, but is not directly correlated with revenues, since not all members who sign up for one of our products immediately or fully utilize or continue to use our products, and not all of our products (such as our complimentary product, SoFi Relay) provide direct sources of revenue.
Changes in origination volume are driven by the addition of new members and existing members, the latter of which at times will either refinance into a new SoFi loan or secure an additional, concurrent loan, as well as macroeconomic factors impacting consumer spending and borrowing behavior.
Changes in origination volume are driven by the addition of new members and existing members, the latter of which at times will either refinance into a new SoFi loan or secure an additional, concurrent loan, as well as macroeconomic factors impacting consumer spending and borrowing behavior. Personal Loans.
Technology Platform segment directly attributable expenses increased by $18.9 million, or 8%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to: (i) an increase in product fulfillment costs, primarily related to payment processing network association fees associated with increased activity on the platform, (ii) an increase in compensation and benefits expense, primarily related to bonus adjustments in the second quarter of 2023 and the inclusion of Technisys in our results for the full 2023 period, partially offset by a decrease in average headcount in 2023 corresponding with restructuring during the first quarter of 2023, and (iii) an increase in tools and subscriptions costs related to internal technology initiatives to support the growth of the platform, along with the inclusion of Technisys in our results for the full 2023 period. 111 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Technology Platform segment directly attributable expenses increased by $18.9 million, or 8%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to: (i) an increase in product fulfillment costs, primarily related to payment processing network association fees associated with increased activity on the platform, (ii) an increase in compensation and benefits expense, primarily related to bonus adjustments in the second quarter of 2023 and the inclusion of Technisys in our results for the full 2023 period, partially offset by a decrease in average headcount in 2023 corresponding with restructuring during the first quarter of 2023, and (iii) an increase in tools and subscriptions costs related to internal technology initiatives to support the growth of the platform, along with the inclusion of Technisys in our results for the full 2023 period.
These decreases were partially offset by: (i) higher fair value gains on personal loans and lower fair value losses on student loans in the 2023 period, which were primarily impacted by higher origination volume and lower prepayment assumptions, respectively, (ii) higher origination fees primarily related to a new product feature offered on personal loans, whereby a borrower may optionally elect to pay origination fees to qualify for a lower annual percentage rate, (iii) improvement in securitizations income primarily driven by an increase in securitization loan and residual interests in securitization trusts fair market values primarily associated with consolidated securitization transactions in the first and third quarters of 2023, and a positive variance in our securitization bond and residual interest position fair values, (iv) fair value gains on home loans (compared to losses in the 2022 period), which were primarily impacted by smaller decreases in benchmark rates, and (v) losses on home loan and student loan sale execution in the 2022 period, which were due to both volume and price factors. 2022 vs. 2021.
These decreases were partially offset by: (i) higher fair value gains on personal loans and lower fair value losses on student loans in the 2023 period, which were primarily impacted by higher origination volume and lower prepayment assumptions, respectively, (ii) higher origination fees primarily related to a new product feature offered on personal loans, whereby a borrower may optionally elect to pay origination fees to qualify for a lower annual percentage rate, (iii) improvement in securitizations income primarily driven by an increase in securitization loan and residual interests in securitization trusts fair market values primarily associated with consolidated securitization transactions in the first and third quarters of 2023, and a positive variance in our securitization bond and residual interest position fair values, (iv) fair value gains on home loans (compared to losses in the 2022 period), which were primarily impacted by smaller decreases in benchmark rates, and (v) losses on home loan and student loan sale execution in the 2022 period, which were due to both volume and price factors. 116 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
The strength of our results underscores our belief that our suite of differentiated products and services provides the foundation for a diversified business that can endure through market cycles as well as exogenous factors.
The strength of our results underscores our belief that our suite of differentiated products and services provides the foundation for a diversified business that can endure through market cycles as well as in the face of exogenous factors.
We have continued to see strong demand for our deposits as a result of our competitive interest rate offering and access to expanded FDIC insurance coverage through a network of participating banks in our Insured Deposit Program. However, rising interest rates have unfavorably impacted, and could continue to unfavorably impact, demand for refinancing loan products.
We have continued to see strong demand for our deposits as a result of our competitive interest rate offering and access to expanded FDIC insurance coverage through a network of participating banks in our Insured Deposit Program. High or rising interest rates have unfavorably impacted, and could continue to unfavorably impact, demand for refinancing loan products.
In addition, if the Federal Reserve does not effectively curb inflation or interest rates further rise unexpectedly or too quickly or macroeconomic conditions deteriorate or do not improve, it could have a negative impact on the overall economy and result in increased unemployment, which could adversely impact our results of operations.
In addition, if the Federal Reserve does not effectively curb inflation, interest rates were to rise unexpectedly or too quickly, or macroeconomic conditions deteriorate or do not improve, it could have a negative impact on the overall economy and result in increased unemployment, which could adversely impact our results of operations.
As such, these positive and negative non-cash changes in fair value attributable to assumption changes are adjusted out of net loss to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the earnings available to finance our operations. (11) Reflects gain on extinguishment of debt.
As such, these positive and negative non-cash changes in fair value attributable to assumption changes are adjusted out of net income (loss) to provide management and financial users with better visibility into the earnings available to finance our operations. (10) Reflects gain on extinguishment of debt.
Contribution profit (loss) is defined as total net revenue for each reportable segment less expenses directly attributable to the reportable segment and, in the case of our Lending segment, adjusted for fair value adjustments attributable to assumption changes associated with our servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt.
Contribution profit (loss) is defined as total net revenue for each reportable segment less expenses directly attributable to the reportable segment, provision for credit losses and, in the case of our Lending segment, adjusted for fair value adjustments attributable to assumption changes associated with our servicing rights and residual interests classified as debt.
These increases were partially offset by higher interest expense on deposits attributable to a higher average balance and higher interest rates offered to our members, and higher interest expense on warehouse facilities attributable to a higher average balance and higher interest rates incurred on our facilities, all of which are reflective of the higher interest rate environment year over year. 2022 vs. 2021.
These increases were partially offset by higher interest expense on deposits attributable to a higher average balance and higher interest rates offered to our members, and higher interest expense on warehouse facilities attributable to a higher average balance and higher interest rates incurred on our facilities, all of which are reflective of the higher interest rate environment year over year.
These benefits were offset by income tax expense associated with the profitability of SoFi Bank in state jurisdictions where separate filings are required, as well as federal taxes where our tax credits and loss carryforwards may be limited.
Our 2023 benefits were partially offset by income tax expense associated with the profitability of SoFi Bank in state jurisdictions where separate filings are required, as well as federal taxes where our tax credits and loss carryforwards may be limited.
Key Components of Results of Operations Net Interest Income Net interest income primarily reflects the excess of interest income earned on our loans over the interest expense incurred to fund such loans.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Key Components of Results of Operations Net Interest Income Net interest income primarily reflects the excess of interest income earned on our loans over the interest expense incurred to fund such loans.
Volume and rate changes have been allocated on a consistent basis using the respective percentage changes in average balances and average rates. 100 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Volume and rate changes have been allocated on a consistent basis using the respective percentage changes in average balances and average rates. 106 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, student loan origination volume increased relative to 2022, as demand for student loan refinancing products increased ahead of the resumption of principal and interest payments on federally-held student loans as borrowers looked to refinance at a lower rate or, given the high interest rate environment, to extend the loan term.
TABLE OF CONTENTS During the year ended December 31, 2023, student loan origination volume increased by 17% relative to 2022, as demand for student loan refinancing products increased ahead of the resumption of principal and interest payments on federally-held student loans as borrowers looked to refinance at a lower rate or, given the high interest rate environment, to extend the loan term.
Servicing We own the master servicing on all of the servicing rights that we retain and, in each case, recognize the gross servicing rate applicable to each serviced loan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Servicing We own the master servicing on all of the servicing rights that we retain and, in each case, recognize the gross servicing rate applicable to each serviced loan.
The increase in intercompany revenue was primarily attributable to increased usage of technology platform services during the 2023 periods by our Financial Services segment, as well as within our Technology Platform segment, as we continue to leverage synergies to enhance our product offerings. 2022 vs. 2021.
The increase in intercompany revenue was primarily attributable to increased usage of technology platform services during the 2023 periods by our Financial Services segment, as well as within our Technology Platform segment, as we continue to leverage synergies to enhance our product offerings.
These increases were partially offset by the absence of transaction expenses that were incurred in the 2022 period related to our acquisition of Technisys. 2022 vs. 2021.
These increases were partially offset by the absence of transaction expenses that were incurred in the 2022 period related to our acquisition of Technisys.
These residual debt obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, but they have no impact on our initial financing proceeds, our future obligations to the residual interest owner (because future residual interest claims are limited to contractual securitization collateral cash flows), or the general operations of our business.
These residual debt obligations are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, but they have no impact on our initial financing proceeds, our future obligations to the residual interest owner (because future residual interest claims are limited to contractual securitization collateral cash flows), or the general operations of our business. (3) Reflects gain on extinguishment of debt.
In addition, net interest income earned on our credit cards increased, which includes interest income earned on outstanding balances as well as interest expense incurred under the FTP framework, and was primarily attributable to growth in total credit cards. 2022 vs. 2021.
In addition, net interest income earned on our credit cards increased, which includes interest income earned on outstanding balances as well as interest expense incurred under the FTP framework, and was primarily attributable to growth in total credit cards.
Lending segment directly attributable expenses increased by $70.1 million, or 16%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to: (i) an increase in personal loan lead generation channels during 2023, (ii) an increase in allocated compensation and related benefits, which reflected increases in average compensation and average headcount in 2023, (ii) an increase in direct advertising primarily related to direct mail advertising, and (iv) an increase in other expenses, primarily related to loan marketing expenses and third-party loan fraud. 2022 vs. 2021.
Lending segment directly attributable expenses increased by $70.1 million, or 16%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to: (i) an increase in personal loan lead generation channels during 2023, (ii) an increase in allocated compensation and related benefits, which reflected increases in average compensation and average headcount in 2023, (ii) an increase in direct advertising primarily related to direct mail advertising, and (iv) an increase in other expenses, primarily related to loan marketing expenses and third-party loan fraud. 117 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Regulatory Capital to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the risk- and leverage-based capital ratios and amounts for SoFi Bank and SoFi Technologies.
Regulatory Capital to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the risk- and leverage-based capital ratios and amounts for SoFi Bank and SoFi Technologies. 125 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, personal loan origination volume increased significantly relative to 2022, primarily due to increased demand driven by expanded marketing efforts and increased demand for debt consolidation products in a rising interest rate environment.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, personal loan origination volume increased by 41% relative to 2022, primarily due to increased demand driven by expanded marketing efforts and increased demand for debt consolidation products in a rising interest rate environment. Student Loans.
The amount owed and outstanding on our loan warehouse facilities fluctuates significantly based on our origination volume, sales volume, the amount of time we strategically hold loans on our balance sheet, and the amount of loans being funded with our cash or member deposits.
The amount owed and outstanding on our loan warehouse facilities fluctuates significantly based on our origination volume, sales volume, the amount of time we strategically hold loans on our balance sheet, and the amount of loans being funded with our cash or member deposits. Refer to Note 12.
Total noninterest income decreased by $128.4 million, or 13%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily attributable to: (i) higher personal loan write-offs in 2023, (ii) higher origination fees primarily related to a new product feature offered on personal loans, whereby a borrower may optionally elect to pay origination fees to qualify for a lower annual percentage rate, (iii) the net effect of higher income related to in period originations, loan sale execution and fair value adjustments on loans and securitization loans, which were primarily impacted by higher personal loan origination volume, lower student loan prepayment assumptions, and an increase in securitization loan fair market values primarily associated with a consolidated securitization transaction in the first quarter of 2023, partially offset by losses in 2023 compared to gains in 2022 on loan hedging and risk retention hedge activities due to smaller increases in interest rates during the 2023 period, (iv) growth in technology products and solutions fees largely driven 101 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Total noninterest income decreased by $128.4 million, or 13%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily attributable to: (i) higher personal loan write-offs in 2023, (ii) higher origination fees primarily related to a new product feature offered on personal loans, whereby a borrower may optionally elect to pay origination fees to qualify for a lower annual percentage rate, (iii) the net effect of higher income related to in period originations, loan sale execution and fair value adjustments on loans and securitization loans, which were primarily impacted by higher personal loan origination volume, lower student loan prepayment assumptions, and an increase in securitization loan fair market values primarily associated with a consolidated securitization transaction in the first quarter of 2023, partially offset by losses in 2023 compared to gains in 2022 on loan hedging and risk retention hedge activities due to smaller increases in interest rates during the 2023 period, (iv) growth in technology products and solutions fees largely driven by revenue contribution from Technisys for the full period in 2023, (v) increased interchange revenue, and (vi) gain on extinguishment of debt during 2023. 108 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Total accounts is a primary indicator of the accounts dependent upon our technology platform to use virtual card products, virtual wallets, make peer-to-peer and bank-to-bank transfers, receive early paychecks, separate savings from spending balances, make debit transactions and rely upon real-time authorizations, all of which result in revenues for the Technology Platform segment.
Total accounts is a primary indicator of the accounts dependent upon our technology platform to use virtual card products, virtual wallets, make peer-to-peer and bank-to-bank transfers, receive early paychecks, separate savings from spending balances, make debit transactions and rely upon real-time authorizations, all of which result in revenues for the 99 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS Technology Platform segment.
(2) See footnote (2) to the table above.
(2) See footnote (2) to the table above. (3) See footnote (3) to the table above.
Product Growth Our aim is to develop and offer a best-in-class integrated financial services platform with products that meet the broad objectives of our members and the lifecycle of their financial needs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Product Offerings Our aim is to develop and offer a best-in-class integrated financial services platform with products that meet the broad objectives of our members and the lifecycle of their financial needs.
Noninterest income in our Financial Services segment increased by $26.6 million, or 35%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in interchange fees, which coincided with increased credit card and debit card transactions, as well as brokerage-related fees, which were primarily attributable to increased trading volume on our platform during 2023. 112 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Noninterest income in our Financial Services segment increased by $26.6 million, or 35%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in interchange fees of $17.9 million, which coincided with increased credit card and debit card transactions, as well as brokerage-related fees, which were primarily attributable to increased trading volume on our platform during 2023.
Our payments of debt issuance costs were in the normal course of business and reflective of our recurring debt warehouse facility activity, which involves securing new warehouse facilities and extending existing warehouse facilities. Finally, we paid redeemable preferred stock dividends of $40.4 million and taxes related to RSU vesting of $9.0 million.
Our payments of debt issuance costs were in the normal course of business and reflective of our recurring debt 128 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS warehouse facility activity, which involves securing new warehouse facilities and extending existing warehouse facilities. Finally, we paid redeemable preferred stock dividends of $40.4 million and taxes related to RSU vesting of $9.0 million.
Amounts in 2022 were determined to be immaterial. (7) Transaction-related expenses in 2023 and 2022 primarily included financial advisory and professional services costs associated with our acquisitions of Wyndham and Technisys, respectively.
Amounts in 2022 were determined to be immaterial. (7) Transaction-related expenses in 2024 and 2023 included financial advisory and professional services costs associated with our acquisition of Wyndham. Transaction-related expenses in 2022 primarily included financial advisory and professional services costs associated with our acquisition of Technisys.
We adjust total net revenue to exclude these items, as they are non-cash charges that are not realized during the period, and therefore positive or negative changes do not impact the cash available to fund our operations.
We adjust total net revenue to exclude these items, as they are non-cash charges that are not realized during the period or not indicative of our core operating performance, and therefore positive or negative changes do not impact the cash available to fund our operations.
Home Loans. During the year ended December 31, 2023, home loan origination volume remained relatively flat relative to 2022 due to continued rising interest rates, which tends to lower demand for home loans overall and shift demand from refinance originations to purchase originations, the latter of which is a more competitive landscape.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, home loan origination volume decreased by 3% relative to 2022 due to continued rising interest rates, which tends to lower demand for home loans overall and shift demand from refinance originations to purchase originations, the latter of which is a more competitive landscape.
From time to time, we may contribute capital to SoFi Bank. We are required to manage our capital position to maintain sufficient capital to satisfy these regulatory rules and support our business activities, including the requirement to maintain minimum regulatory capital ratios in accordance with the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision standardized approach for U.S. banking organizations (U.S. Basel III).
We are required to manage our capital position to maintain sufficient capital to satisfy these regulatory rules and support our business activities, including the requirement to maintain minimum regulatory capital ratios in accordance with the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision standardized approach for U.S. banking organizations (U.S. Basel III).
December 31, 2023 vs. 2022 2022 vs. 2021 2023 2022 2021 % Change % Change Total accounts 145,425,391 130,704,351 99,660,657 11 % 31 % Key Factors Affecting Operating Results Our future operating results and cash flows are dependent upon a number of opportunities, challenges and other factors, including our loan origination volume, financial services products and member activity on our platform, growth in technology platform clients, competition and industry trends, general economic conditions and our ability to optimize our national bank charter.
Technology Platform Accounts In Millions December 31, 2024 vs. 2023 2023 vs. 2022 2024 2023 2022 % Change % Change Total accounts 167,713,818 145,425,391 130,704,351 15 % 11 % Key Factors Affecting Operating Results Our future operating results and cash flows are dependent upon a number of opportunities, challenges and other factors, including our loan origination volume, financial services products and member activity on our platform, growth in technology platform clients, competition and industry trends, general economic conditions and our ability to optimize our national bank charter.
If the discount rate applied to the estimated cash flows was increased or decreased by 50 basis points, the fair value of the Galileo and Technisys reporting units would decrease or increase by 6% and 4%, respectively.
If the discount rate applied to the estimated cash flows was increased or decreased by 50 basis points, the fair value of the Galileo and Technisys reporting units would decrease or increase by approximately 7% and 5%, respectively.
Gains and losses are recognized during the period of extinguishment for the difference between the net carrying amount of debt extinguished and the fair value of equity securities issued.
Gains and losses are recognized during the period of extinguishment for the difference between the net carrying amount of debt extinguished and the fair value of equity securities issued. 90 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Moreover, third-party residual claims on these loans are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are presented as residual interests classified as debt in our consolidated balance sheet. We classify the residual interests classified as debt as Level 3 due to the reliance on significant unobservable valuation inputs.
Moreover, third-party residual claims on these loans are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are presented as residual interests classified as debt in our consolidated balance sheet. We classify the residual interests classified as debt as Level 3 due to the reliance on significant unobservable valuation 130 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS inputs.
The combination of these and other factors resulted in fair value gains recognized on our personal loans and student loans portfolios during the fourth quarter of 2023.
The combination of these and other factors resulted in fair value losses recognized on our personal and student loans portfolios during the fourth quarter of 2024.
Our fair value adjustments on loans impact our consolidated results of operations and include adjustments related to loans originated during the period, loans held at the balance sheet date, as well as gains (losses) on loans sold or repurchased during the period.
Our fair value adjustments on loans impact our consolidated results of operations and include adjustments related to loans originated during the period, loans held at the 101 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS balance sheet date, as well as gains (losses) on loans sold or repurchased during the period.
The conditional prepayment rate represents the monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period. The annual default rate represents the annualized rate of borrowers who do 121 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S not make loan payments on time.
The conditional prepayment rate represents the monthly annualized proportion of the principal of a pool of loans that is assumed to be paid off prematurely in each period. The annual default rate represents the annualized rate of borrowers who do not make loan payments on time.
(2) Includes personal loan, student loan, credit card and risk retention warehouse facilities. For risk retention facilities, we only include capacity amounts wherein we can pledge additional asset-backed bonds and residual investments as of the date indicated. As of December 31, 2023, warehouse facility maturity dates ranged from January 2024 through January 2032. See Note 9.
(2) Includes personal loan, student loan and risk retention warehouse facilities. For risk retention facilities, we only include capacity amounts wherein we can pledge additional asset-backed bonds and residual investments as of the date indicated. As of December 31, 2024, warehouse facility maturity dates ranged from January 2025 through November 2027. See Note 12.
As of December 31, 2023, our regulatory capital ratios exceeded the thresholds required to be regarded as a well-capitalized institution, and meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject. 118 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
As of December 31, 2024, our regulatory capital ratios exceeded the thresholds required to be regarded as a well-capitalized institution, and meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject.
Our ability to access whole loan buyers, to sell our loans on favorable terms, to maintain adequate warehouse capacity at favorable terms, to access new deposits and grow existing deposits and to strategically manage our continuing financial interest in securitization-related transfers is critical to our growth strategy and our ability to have adequate liquidity to fund our balance sheet.
Our ability to have adequate liquidity to fund our balance sheet is impacted by our ability to access new deposits, and retain and grow existing deposits, along with our ability to access whole loan buyers, sell our loans on favorable terms, maintain adequate warehouse capacity at favorable terms, and to strategically manage our continuing financial interest in securitization-related transfers.
Average loan balance tends to fluctuate based on the pace of loan originations relative to loan repayments and the initial loan origination size. 105 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Average loan balance tends to fluctuate based on the pace of loan originations relative to loan repayments and the initial loan origination size.
Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (3) As of December 31, 2023, the amount utilized under the revolving credit facility includes $13.1 million utilized to secure letters of credit. See Note 9. Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (3) As of December 31, 2024, the amount utilized under the revolving credit facility includes $12.3 million utilized to secure letters of credit. See Note 12. Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Checking and savings accounts are considered one account within our total products metric. Our SoFi Invest service is composed of three products: active investing accounts, robo-advisory accounts and digital assets accounts. Our members can select any one or combination of the types of SoFi Invest products. See Note 1.
Checking and savings accounts are considered one account within our total products metric. Our SoFi Invest service is composed of two products: active investing accounts and robo-advisory accounts. Our members can select any one or combination of the types of SoFi Invest products.
Noninterest income in our Lending segment decreased by $198.7 million, or 33%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, which was primarily driven by lower loan origination, sales, and securitizations income of $193.3 million. 2022 vs. 2021.
Noninterest income in our Lending segment decreased by $198.7 million, or 33%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, which was primarily attributable to lower loan origination, sales, and securitizations income of $193.3 million. 115 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Our fair value assumption for annual default rate incorporates fair value markdowns on loans beginning when they are 10 days or more delinquent, with additional markdowns at 30 days, 60 days and 90 days past due. For instance, personal loans are marked down on average 70% when the loans are 30 days past due.
Our fair value assumption for annual default rate incorporates fair value markdowns on loans beginning when they are 10 days or more delinquent, with additional markdowns at 30 days, 60 days and 90 days past due.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures Our management and Board of Directors use adjusted net revenue and adjusted EBITDA, which are non-GAAP financial measures, to evaluate our operating performance, formulate business plans, help better assess our overall liquidity position and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses and the allocation of internal resources.
Our management and Board of Directors use these non-GAAP measures, to evaluate our operating performance, formulate business plans, help better assess our overall liquidity position, and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses and the allocation of internal resources.
Our mission is to help our members achieve financial independence in order to realize their ambitions. We were founded in 2011 and have developed a suite of financial products that offers the speed, selection, content and convenience that only an integrated digital platform can provide.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Business Overview We are a mission driven company designed to help our members achieve financial independence in order to realize their ambitions. We were founded in 2011 and have developed a suite of financial products that offers the speed, selection, content and convenience that only an integrated digital platform can provide.
We also provided our members with access to expanded FDIC insurance coverage through a network of participating banks in our Insured Deposit Program, further enhancing our benefits offering to our members. Our total capital ratio, as calculated under applicable regulatory capital rules, was 15.3% as of December 31, 2023. See Note 21.
We also continue to provide our members with access to expanded FDIC insurance coverage through a network of participating banks in our Insured Deposit Program, further enhancing the benefits of our offering to our members. Our total capital ratio, as calculated under applicable regulatory capital rules, was 16.2% as of December 31, 2024. See Note 21.
“Company Overview—SoFi Bank ” for a discussion of the key expected financial benefits to us of operating a national bank. See Part I, Item 1A. “ Risk Factors ” for discussion of certain potential risks related to being a bank holding company.
“Company Overview—SoFi Bank ” and “ Government Supervision and Regulation ” for a discussion of the key expected financial benefits to us of operating a national bank and discussion of supervision and regulation that we are subject to. See Part I, Item 1A. “ Risk Factors ” for discussion of certain potential risks related to being a bank holding company.
If a member has multiple loan products of the same loan product type, such as two personal loans, that is counted as a single product. However, 92 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S if a member has multiple loan products across loan product types, such as one personal loan and one home loan, that is counted as two products.
If a member has multiple loan products of the same loan product type, such as two personal loans, that is counted as a single product. However, if a member has multiple loan products across loan product types, such as one personal loan and one home loan, that is counted as two products.
The following table reconciles adjusted net revenue for the Lending segment to total net revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP measure for the Lending segment: Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Total net revenue – Lending $ 1,370,621 $ 1,139,991 $ 738,323 Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (1) (34,700) (39,651) 2,651 Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (2) 425 6,608 22,802 Adjusted net revenue – Lending $ 1,336,346 $ 1,106,948 $ 763,776 __________________ (1) See footnote (1) to the table above.
The following table reconciles adjusted net revenue for the Lending segment to total net revenue for the Lending segment, the most directly comparable GAAP measure: Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Total net revenue – Lending (GAAP) $ 1,485,222 $ 1,370,621 $ 1,139,991 Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (1) (6,280) (34,700) (39,651) Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (2) 108 425 6,608 Adjusted net revenue – Lending (non-GAAP) $ 1,479,050 $ 1,336,346 $ 1,106,948 __________________ (1) See footnote (1) to the table above.
In our Lending segment, total products refers to the number of personal loans, student loans and home loans that have been originated through our platform through the reporting date, whether or not such loans have been paid off.
In our Lending segment, total products refers to the number of personal loans, student loans and home loans that have been originated through our platform through the reporting date, inclusive of loans which we originate as part of our Loan Platform Business, whether or not such loans have been paid off.
TABLE OF CONTENT S Total Net Revenue and Adjusted Net Revenue In Thousands The following table reconciles adjusted net revenue to total net revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP measure: Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Total net revenue $ 2,122,789 $ 1,573,535 $ 984,872 Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (1) (34,700) (39,651) 2,651 Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (2) 425 6,608 22,802 Gain on extinguishment of debt (3) (14,574) — — Adjusted net revenue $ 2,073,940 $ 1,540,492 $ 1,010,325 __________________ (1) Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions on servicing rights, including conditional prepayment, default rates and discount rates.
Total Net Revenue and Adjusted Net Revenue In Thousands The following table reconciles adjusted net revenue to total net revenue, the most directly comparable GAAP measure: Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Total net revenue (GAAP) $ 2,674,859 $ 2,122,789 $ 1,573,535 Servicing rights – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (1) (6,280) (34,700) (39,651) Residual interests classified as debt – change in valuation inputs or assumptions (2) 108 425 6,608 Gain on extinguishment of debt (3) (62,517) (14,574) — Adjusted net revenue (non-GAAP) $ 2,606,170 $ 2,073,940 $ 1,540,492 __________________ (1) Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions on servicing rights, including conditional prepayment, default rates and discount rates.
Further persistence of the aforementioned conditions and these other factors could result in additional impairment charges in future periods. See Note 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures related to goodwill. Recent Accounting Standards Issued, But Not Yet Adopted See Note 1.
Further persistence of the aforementioned conditions and these other factors could result in additional impairment charges in future periods. See Note 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures related to goodwill.
We implemented an FTP framework to attribute net interest income to our business segments based on their usage and/or provision of funding, under which Lending segment net interest income represents the difference between interest income earned on our loans and an FTP charge for the segment’s use of funds to originate loans, which can fluctuate based on changes in interest rates, funding curves, the composition of our balance sheet and the availability of capital.
Lending segment net interest income represents the difference between interest income earned on our loans and an FTP charge for the segment’s use of funds to originate loans, which can fluctuate based on changes in interest rates, funding curves, the composition of our balance sheet and the availability of capital.
Interest expense associated with funding our lending activities increased by $732.1 million, or 356%, primarily due to the sharp increases in benchmark rates which are reflective of the higher interest rate environment year over year, as well as higher average loan balances. 2022 vs. 2021.
The student loan average balance increase was primarily attributable to longer loan holding periods. Interest expense associated with funding our lending activities increased by $732.1 million, or 356%, primarily due to the sharp increases in benchmark rates which are reflective of the higher interest rate environment year over year, as well as higher average loan balances.
During the third quarter of 2023, management calculated the fair value amount of the Galileo and Technisys reporting units using a combination of a DCF calculation, which is a form of the income approach, and a market multiples calculation, which is a form of the market approach.
Management calculated the fair value amount of the Galileo and Technisys reporting units using an evenly weighted combination of a DCF calculation, which is a form of the income approach, and a market multiples calculation, which is a form of the market approach.
Our increased personal loan annualized charge-off rate year over year was reflective of our expectation of credit metrics to revert over time to more normalized levels, but remains healthy, while our higher credit card annualized charge-off rate was reflective of our maturing portfolio.
Our increased personal loan annualized charge-off rate year over year was reflective of our expectation of credit metrics to revert over time to more normalized levels, but remains healthy, while our lower credit card annualized charge-off rate was reflective of improvement in credit card delinquency rates.
Many of these contracts contain minimum monthly payments, which may result in credits if we do not meet the agreed upon monthly service levels. We also earn subscription and service fees for providing software licenses and associated services, including implementation, maintenance and subsequent development work. We charge a recurring subscription fee for the software license and related maintenance services.
Many of these contracts contain minimum monthly payments, which may result in credits if we do not meet the agreed upon monthly service levels. We also earn subscription and service fees for providing software licenses and associated services, including implementation, maintenance and subsequent 88 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS development work.
We also offer a variety of financial services products, such as SoFi Money checking and savings, SoFi Credit Card, SoFi Invest, and SoFi Relay, that provide more daily interactions with our members, and we offer products and capabilities, such as SoFi At Work, that are designed to appeal to enterprises.
We offer personal loans, student loans, home loans and related servicing and offer a variety of financial services products, such as SoFi Money, SoFi Credit Card, SoFi Invest and SoFi Relay, that provide more daily interactions with our members, as well as products and capabilities, such as SoFi At Work, that are designed to appeal to enterprises.
Noninterest Income Noninterest income primarily consists of: (i) revenue recognized from contracts with customers, which primarily relates to our technology products and solutions revenues and has grown due to our recent acquisitions and the growth and expansion of our financial services offerings, (ii) fair value changes in loans while we hold them on our consolidated balance sheet and our securitization activities, inclusive of our hedging activities, (iii) gains on sales of loans transferred into the securitization or whole loan sale channels, (iv) loan origination fees, whereby a borrower may optionally elect to pay origination fees to qualify for a lower annual percentage rate, (v) the income we receive from our loan servicing activities, as well as the assumption of servicing rights from third parties, (vi) gains and losses on non-securitization investments, and (vii) gains and losses on extinguishment of debt.
Noninterest Income Noninterest income primarily consists of: (i) fee-based revenue recognized from contracts with customers, which primarily relates to our technology products and solutions revenues and the growth and expansion of our financial services offerings, inclusive of referral fees generated through our Loan Platform Business for providing pre-qualified borrower referrals (referred loans) to be originated by a third-party partner, (ii) fees earned upon the sale of loans originated on behalf of third party partners through our Loan Platform Business, (iii) loan origination fees, whereby a borrower may optionally elect to pay origination fees to qualify for a lower annual percentage rate, (iv) fair value changes in loans while we hold them on our consolidated balance sheet and our securitization activities, inclusive of our hedging activities, (v) gains on sales of loans transferred into the securitization or whole loan sale channels, (vi) the income we receive from our loan servicing activities, as well as the assumption of servicing rights from third parties, (vii) gains and losses on non-securitization investments, and (viii) gains and losses on extinguishment of debt.
TABLE OF CONTENT S (10) Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions, including conditional prepayment, default rates and discount rates. When third parties finance our consolidated VIEs through purchasing residual interests, we receive proceeds at the time of the securitization close and, thereafter, pass along contractual cash flows to the residual interest owner.
(2) Reflects changes in fair value inputs and assumptions on residual interests classified as debt, including conditional prepayment, default rates and discount rates. When third parties finance our consolidated securitization VIEs by purchasing residual interests, we receive proceeds at the time of the closing of the securitization and, thereafter, pass along contractual cash flows to the residual interest owner.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk — interest-rate, FX, commodity exposure

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Operational Risk Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, controls, people (e.g., human error or misconduct) or systems (e.g., technology problems), business continuity or external events (e.g., natural disasters), compliance, reputational, regulatory, or legal matters and includes those risks as they relate directly to us, fraud losses attributed to applications and any associated fines and monetary penalties as a result, transaction processing, or employees, as well as to third parties with whom we contract or otherwise do business.
Operational Risk Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed internal processes, controls, people (e.g., human error or misconduct) or systems (e.g., technology problems), business continuity or external events (e.g., natural disasters), compliance, reputational, regulatory, cybersecurity or legal matters and includes those risks as they relate directly to us, fraud losses attributed to applications and any associated fines and monetary penalties as a result, transaction processing, or employees, as well as to third parties with whom we contract or otherwise do business.
The following table summarizes the potential effect on earnings over the next 12 months and the potential effect on the fair values of our loans for which we elected the fair value option and residual investments recorded on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 based on upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming an immediate hypothetical change in credit loss rates by a rate of 10%.
The following table summarizes the potential effect on earnings over the next 12 months and the potential effect on the fair values of our loans for which we elected the fair value option and residual investments recorded on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 based on upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming an immediate hypothetical change in credit loss rates by a rate of 10%.
In order to be effective, among other things, our enterprise risk management capabilities must adapt and align to support any new product or loan features, capability, strategic development, or external change. 126 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS
In order to be effective, among other things, our enterprise risk management capabilities must adapt and align to support any new product or loan features, capability, strategic development, or external change. 136 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS
In the case of our call options on our common stock (referred to herein as the “Capped Call Transactions”), if the Capped Call Counterparties, which are financial institutions and initial purchasers of our convertible notes, are unable to meet their obligations under the contract, we may not be able to mitigate the dilutive effect on our common stock upon conversions of our convertible notes or offset any potential cash payments we may be required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted convertible notes.
In the case of our call options on our common stock, if the capped call counterparties, which are financial institutions and initial purchasers of our convertible notes, are unable to meet their obligations under the contract, we may not be able to mitigate the dilutive effect on our common stock upon conversions of our convertible notes or offset any potential cash payments we may be required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted convertible notes.
TABLE OF CONTENT S In the case of our loan warehouse facilities, we are subject to risk if the counterparty chooses not to renew a borrowing agreement and we are unable to obtain financing to originate loans.
In the case of our loan warehouse facilities, we are subject to risk if the counterparty chooses not to renew a borrowing agreement and we are unable to obtain financing to originate loans.
Any interruption in services or deterioration in the quality of the service or performance of such third-party systems or providers could be disruptive to our business and adversely affect our results of operations and the perception of the reliability of our networks and services and the quality of our brand.
TABLE OF CONTENTS services or deterioration in the quality of the service or performance of such third-party systems or providers could be disruptive to our business and adversely affect our results of operations and the perception of the reliability of our networks and services and the quality of our brand.
With our loan warehouse facilities, we seek to mitigate this risk by ensuring that we have sufficient borrowing capacity with a variety of well-established counterparties to meet our funding needs. As of December 31, 2023, we had total borrowing capacity under loan warehouse facilities of $9.2 billion, of which $3.2 billion was utilized. Refer to Note 12.
With our loan warehouse facilities, we seek to mitigate this risk by ensuring that we have sufficient borrowing capacity with a variety of well-established counterparties to meet our funding needs. As of December 31, 2024, we had total borrowing capacity under loan warehouse facilities of $6.8 billion, of which $1.3 billion was utilized. Refer to Note 12.
The fair value and earnings sensitivities are applied only to financial assets that existed at the balance sheet date, which included loans, investments in AFS debt securities (which had an immaterial impact from credit risk) and residual investments as of December 31, 2023.
The fair value and earnings sensitivities are applied only to financial 134 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS assets that existed at the balance sheet date, which included loans, investments in AFS debt securities (which had an immaterial impact from credit risk) and residual investments as of December 31, 2024.
We rely on third-party computer systems and third-party providers to support and carry out certain functions on our platform, which are themselves susceptible to operational risk or which may rely on subcontractors to provide services to us that face similar risks.
We rely on third-party computer systems and third-party providers to support and carry out certain functions on our platform, which are themselves susceptible to operational risk or which may rely on subcontractors to provide services to us that face similar risks. Any interruption in 135 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
Impact if Credit Loss Rates: ($ in thousands) Increase 10 Percent Decrease 10 Percent Fair value $ (113,313) $ 113,313 Carrying value (5,470) 5,470 Income (loss) before income taxes (118,783) 118,783 Counterparty Risk We are subject to risk that arises from our debt warehouse facilities, economic hedging activities, third-party custodians, and capped call options on our common stock.
Impact if Credit Loss Rates: ($ in thousands) Increase 10 Percent Decrease 10 Percent Fair value $ (121,431) $ 121,431 Carrying value (4,668) 4,668 Income (loss) before income taxes (126,099) 126,099 Counterparty Risk We are subject to risk that arises from our debt warehouse facilities, economic hedging activities, third-party custodians, and capped call options on our common stock.
The following table summarizes the potential effect on net interest income and fair value of interest rate sensitive financial assets and liabilities recorded on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming a hypothetical, immediate and parallel increase and decrease in market interest rates of 100 basis points.
TABLE OF CONTENTS The following tables summarize the potential effect on (i) net interest income; and (ii) the change in fair value of interest rate sensitive financial assets recorded on our consolidated balance sheet, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming a hypothetical, immediate and parallel increase and decrease in market interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points.
We incurred no losses due to nonperformance by any of our counterparties during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, gross derivative asset and liability positions subject to master netting arrangements were $2.2 million and $6.0 million, respectively. 125 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
We incurred no losses due to nonperformance by any of our counterparties during the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, gross derivative asset and liability positions subject to master netting arrangements were $289.0 million and less than $1 million, respectively.
For loans that were repurchased or not sold in the secondary market, we are subject to credit risk to the extent a borrower defaults and we are not able to fully recover the principal balance.
For such loans, our credit risk is generally limited to repurchase obligations due to fraud or origination defects. For loans that were repurchased or not sold in the secondary market, we are subject to credit risk to the extent a borrower defaults and we are not able to fully recover the principal balance.
We are also exposed to market risk through our investments in equity securities, which are either measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient or which may have positive or negative adjustments that impact our results of operations resulting from observable price changes based on current market conditions.
We are also exposed to market risk through our investments in equity securities, which we elect to measure using the measurement alternative method of accounting and therefore may have positive or negative adjustments that impact our results of operations resulting from observable price changes based on current market conditions.
Refer to Note 13. Equity to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our Capped Call Transactions. We are also subject to counterparty risk associated with our use of third-party custodians to safeguard digital assets on behalf of our members. Refer to Note 1.
Refer to Note 13. Equity to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our capped call transactions.
Impact if Interest Rates: ($ in thousands) Increase 100 Basis Points Decrease 100 Basis Points Fair value $ (409,956) $ 438,486 Net interest income (expense) (33,942) 42,855 Credit Risk We are subject to credit risk, which is the risk of default that results from a borrower’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required loan payments or declines in home loan collateral values.
Credit Risk We are subject to credit risk, which is the risk of default that results from a borrower’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required loan payments or declines in home loan collateral values. Generally, all loans sold into the secondary market are sold without recourse.
The fair value sensitivities are applied only to 124 SoFi Technologies, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENT S interest rate sensitive financial assets that existed at the balance sheet date, which included loans, securitization investments, servicing rights and investments in AFS debt securities as of December 31, 2023.
Fair value sensitivities measure the interest rate sensitivity of balance sheet assets recorded at fair value which primarily consists of loans and securitization investments. Servicing rights and AFS securities in the investment portfolio are also measured as fair value sensitivities.
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We utilize simulations to evaluate changes in net interest income under multiple interest rate scenarios relative to the baseline forecast. The sensitivity is defined as the changes in net interest income relative to the baseline forecast.
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We manage and mitigate these risks using interest rate derivative hedges, our investment portfolio, and broader asset liability management activities. Our Corporate Treasury group, under the supervision of our ALCO and Board Risk Management committees, centrally manages our interest rate risk. Our ALCO includes leadership from Treasury, Finance, Independent Risk Management, and Business Units.
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The net interest income sensitivities are applied to our 12 month forecast, which incorporates market expectations of interest rates, contractual cash flows, repricing characteristics, and our projected business activity, including deposit forecasts as a key assumption. Our consolidated balance sheet is liability sensitive, given liabilities reprice faster than assets, resulting in higher net interest income in decreasing interest rate scenarios.
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ALCO is responsible for identifying key risks and exposures, establishing tolerances and limits, monitoring them appropriately, and managing these risks. Risk management activities are conducted under the oversight of respective Board Risk Management committees. Our primary metrics for the measurement and monitoring of interest rate risk (IRR) on a company-wide basis include Net Interest Income (NII) and fair value sensitivity.
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Generally, all loans sold into the secondary market are sold without recourse. For such loans, our credit risk is generally limited to repurchase obligations due to fraud or origination defects.
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Additionally, we utilize Economic Value of Equity (EVE) as a longer term metric of interest rate risk. These interest rate risk metrics are calculated for a wide range of interest rate scenarios, and risk appetite limits have been established. The interest rate risk exposures and historical trends against risk limit scenarios are reported to our ALCO and EBRC.
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Organization, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Standards to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under the section entitled “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Safeguarding Asset and Liability” and to Part I, Item 1A.
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The NII risk metric measures the change in net interest income under an interest rate shock relative to the forecasted baseline scenario over a 12 month horizon. Our baseline forecast takes into consideration the current balance sheet, projections of future business activity, and the market expectations of benchmark interest rates.
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“Risk Factors” under “ Regulatory, Tax and Other Legal Risks ” for additional information on our counterparty risk as it relates to our digital assets product offering.
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The NII metric is driven by key modeling assumptions for both assets and liabilities. For assets, key assumptions include prepayment speeds, new lending origination volumes, and new lending origination pricing. For liabilities, key assumptions include forecasted deposit balances and deposit pricing betas.
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The fair value sensitivity reflects the change in asset price due to an interest rate shock to the underlying benchmark discount rate. Key assumptions for the fair value sensitivity include conditional prepayment rates, annual default rates, and discount rates. Please refer to the Level 3 Significant Inputs in Note 15.
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Fair Value Measurements to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on these assumptions. 133 SoFi Technologies, Inc.
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While a relevant measure of our interest rate exposure, this sensitivity analysis does not represent a forecast of our net interest income.
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Net Interest Income (Expense) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Basis point change scenario +200 $ (140,315) $ (80,484) +100 (62,415) (33,942) -100 53,730 42,855 -200 99,763 81,436 Change in Fair Value December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Basis point change scenario +200 $ (1,102,784) $ (802,857) +100 (562,526) (409,956) -100 591,349 438,486 -200 1,209,383 896,011 Our consolidated balance sheet is liability sensitive, given that liabilities are expected to reprice faster than assets resulting in higher net interest income in decreasing interest rate scenarios.
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The period over period change in sensitivity reflected in the tables above are attributed to changes in balance sheet composition and asset-liability management activities. In addition to our net interest income and fair value sensitivity analysis above, we also utilize EVE as a longer term measure of interest rate risk.
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EVE is a point-in-time analysis of the sensitivity of the current balance sheet and off-balance sheet assets and liabilities that incorporates all cash flows over their estimated remaining lives. Due to this longer forecast, EVE only uses the current balance sheet and does not include assumptions related to future activities.
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Key modeling assumptions in the EVE metric include asset prepayment speeds, deposit pricing beta, and deposit decay rates. The scenarios, methodologies and assumptions used in the IRR framework are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the market environment, changes in our balance sheet composition, enhancements in our modeling and other factors.
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The identification and testing of key assumptions are influenced by market conditions and management views of key risks. IRR measurement across interest rate scenarios is driven by key modeling assumptions that influence the calculated exposures. Calibration of key assumptions is based upon a combination of factors including historical experience and management judgment.
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Key modeling assumptions are subject to periodic review and validation. In addition, sensitivity testing is performed on key assumptions by increasing and decreasing the modeling inputs relative to the base value and then comparing the resulting impact to the IRR exposure. Sensitivity testing is periodically reported to ALCO.
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The carrying value and earnings sensitivities are applied only to financial assets that existed at the balance sheet date, which included loans at amortized cost, for which we have recorded an allowance as of December 31, 2024.
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With respect to cybersecurity risk, which can also translate to financial and reputational risk, our technology and cybersecurity teams rely on a layered system of preventive and detective technologies, controls, and policies to detect, mitigate, and contain cybersecurity threats. In addition, our cybersecurity team, and the third-party consultants they engage, regularly assess our cybersecurity risks and mitigation efforts.

Other SOFI 10-K year-over-year comparisons